264
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

Controversies surrounding the diagnosis of schizophrenia and other psychoses

, , &
Pages 1475-1486 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Freedman R. Schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med.349(18), 1738–1749 (2003).
  • Thaker GK, Carpenter WT Jr. Advances in schizophrenia. Nat. Med.7(6), 667–671 (2001).
  • Jablensky A. Boundaries of mental disorders. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry18(6), 653–658 (2005).
  • Picchioni MM, Murray RM. Schizophrenia. BMJ335(7610), 91–95 (2007).
  • Rittmannsberger H. Polypharmacy in psychiatric inpatient treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry161(4), 761 (2004).
  • Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Evidence-based health policy – lessons from the Global Burden of Disease study. Science274(5288), 740–743 (1996).
  • Andlin-Sobocki P, Rossler W. Cost of psychotic disorders in Europe. Eur. J. Neurol.12(Suppl. 1), 74–77 (2005).
  • WHO. Report of the International pilot study of Schizophrenia VIG, Switzerland, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (1973).
  • Perälä J, Suvisaari J, Saarni SI et al. Lifetime prevalence of psychotic and bipolar I disorders in a general population. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry64(1), 19–28 (2007).
  • McGrath J, Saha S, Chant D, Welham J. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol. Rev.30, 67–76 (2008).
  • Arnold SE, Talbot K, Hahn CG. Neurodevelopment, neuroplasticity, and new genes for schizophrenia. Prog. Brain Res.147, 319–345 (2005).
  • Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR. Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Mol. Psychiatry10(1), 40–68 (2005).
  • Rapoport JL, Addington AM, Frangou S, Psych MR. The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005. Mol. Psychiatry10(5), 434–449 (2005).
  • Ross CA, Margolis RL, Reading SA, Pletnikov M, Coyle JT. Neurobiology of schizophrenia. Neuron52(1), 139–153 (2006).
  • Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science196(4286), 129–136 (1977).
  • Zubin J, Spring B. Vulnerability – a new view of schizophrenia. J. Abnorm. Psychol.86(2), 103–126 (1977).
  • Sullivan PF. Spurious genetic associations. Biol. Psychiatry61(10), 1121–1126 (2007).
  • McGuffin P, Farmer AE, Gottesman II, Murray RM, Reveley AM. Twin concordance for operationally defined schizophrenia: confirmation of familiality and heritability. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry41(6), 541–545 (1984).
  • Burmeister M, McInnis MG, Zollner S. Psychiatric genetics: progress amid controversy. Nat. Rev. Genet.9(7), 527–540 (2008).
  • Morrison A, Read J, Turkington D. Trauma and psychosis: theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.112(5), 327–329 (2005).
  • Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry52(12), 1048–1060 (1995).
  • Shaw K, McFarlane A, Bookless C. The phenomenology of traumatic reactions to psychotic illness. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.185(7), 434–441 (1997).
  • Tanskanen A, Hintikka J, Honkalampi K, Haatainen K, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Viinamaki H. Impact of multiple traumatic experiences on the persistence of depressive symptoms – a population-based study. Nord. J. Psychiatry58(6), 459–464 (2004).
  • Morrison AP, Frame L, Larkin W. Relationships between trauma and psychosis: a review and integration. Br. J. Clin. Psychol.42(Pt 4), 331–353 (2003).
  • Read J, van Os J, Morrison AP, Ross CA. Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.112(5), 330–350 (2005).
  • Janssen I, Krabbendam L, Bak M et al. Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.109(1), 38–45 (2004).
  • Whitfield CL, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Anda RF. Adverse childhood experiences and hallucinations. Child Abuse Negl.29(7), 797–810 (2005).
  • Read J, Agar K, Argyle N, Aderhold V. Sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adulthood as predictors of hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Psychol. Psychother.76(Pt 1), 1–22 (2003).
  • Schenkel LS, Spaulding WD, DiLillo D, Silverstein SM. Histories of childhood maltreatment in schizophrenia: relationships with premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and cognitive deficits. Schizophr. Res.76(2–3), 273–286 (2005).
  • Shevlin M, Murphy J, Dorahy MJ, Adamson G. The distribution of positive psychosis-like symptoms in the population: a latent class analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. Schizophr. Res.89(1–3), 101–109 (2007).
  • Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Rutter M. Strategy for investigating interactions between measured genes and measured environments. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry62(5), 473–481 (2005).
  • Kendler KS. “A gene for...”: the nature of gene action in psychiatric disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry162(7), 1243–1252 (2005).
  • van Os J, Rutten BP, Poulton R. Gene–environment interactions in schizophrenia: review of epidemiological findings and future directions. Schizophr. Bull.34(6), 1066–1082 (2008).
  • Hardy J, Singleton A. Genomewide association studies and human disease. N. Engl. J. Med.360(17), 1759–1768 (2009).
  • Ramocki MB, Zoghbi HY. Failure of neuronal homeostasis results in common neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Nature455(7215), 912–918 (2008).
  • Yuwiler A. Diagnosis and the hunt for etiology. Biol. Psychiatry37(1), 1–3 (1995).
  • Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Clinical models of schizophrenia: a critical approach to competing conceptions. Psychopathology33(5), 252–258 (2000).
  • Hegarty JD, Baldessarini RJ, Tohen M, Waternaux C, Oepen G. One hundred years of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the outcome literature. Am. J. Psychiatry151(10), 1409–1416 (1994).
  • Modestin J, Huber A, Satirli E, Malti T, Hell D. Long-term course of schizophrenic illness: Bleuler’s study reconsidered. Am. J. Psychiatry160(12), 2202–2208 (2003).
  • Salvatore P, Tohen M, Khalsa HM, Baethge C, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ. Longitudinal research on bipolar disorders. Epidemiol. Psichiatr. Soc.16(2), 109–117 (2007).
  • Pope HG Jr, Lipinski JF Jr. Diagnosis in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness: a reassessment of the specificity of ‘schizophrenic’ symptoms in the light of current research. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry35(7), 811–828 (1978).
  • Cuesta MJ, Peralta V. Current psychopathological issues in psychosis: towards a phenome-wide scanning approach. Schizophr. Bull.34(4), 587–590 (2008).
  • Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Diagnostic significance of Schneider’s first-rank symptoms in schizophrenia. Comparative study between schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychotic disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry174, 243–248 (1999).
  • Cuesta MJ, Peralta V. Does formal thought disorder differ among patients with schizophrenic, schizophreniform and manic schizoaffective disorders? Schizophr. Res.10(2), 151–158 (1993).
  • Cuesta MJ, Peralta V. Thought disorder in schizophrenia. Testing models through confirmatory factor analysis. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.249(2), 55–61 (1999).
  • Peralta V, Cuesta MJ, Martinez-Larrea A, Serrano JF. Differentiating primary from secondary negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a study of neuroleptic-naive patients before and after treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry157(9), 1461–1466 (2000).
  • Carpenter WT Jr, Heinrichs DW, Wagman AM. Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. Am. J. Psychiatry145(5), 578–583 (1988).
  • Foussias G, Remington G. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: avolition and Occam’s razor. Schizophr. Bull. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn094 (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Cuesta MJ, Peralta V. Are positive and negative symptoms relevant to cross-sectional diagnosis of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients? Compr. Psychiatry36(5), 353–361 (1995).
  • Carroll BJ. Symptoms do not helpfully distinguish unipolar and bipolar depression. Br. J. Psychiatry193(5), 426 (2008).
  • Vieta E, Phillips ML. Deconstructing bipolar disorder: a critical review of its diagnostic validity and a proposal for DSM-V and ICD-11. Schizophr. Bull.33(4), 886–892 (2007).
  • Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Characterization of affective domains within the nonaffective psychotic disorders. Schizophr. Res.111(1–3), 61–69 (2009).
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) American Psychiatric Association, DC, USA (2000).
  • Cuesta MJ, Ugarte MD, Goicoa T, Eraso S, Peralta V. A taxometric analysis of schizophrenia symptoms. Psychiatry Res.150(3), 245–253 (2007).
  • Lieberman DZ, Peele R, Razavi M. Combinations of DSM-IV-TR criteria sets for bipolar disorders. Psychopathology41(1), 35–38 (2008).
  • van Os J, Driessen G, Gunther N, Delespaul P. Neighbourhood variation in incidence of schizophrenia. Evidence for person–environment interaction. Br. J. Psychiatry176, 243–248 (2000).
  • Verdoux H, van Os J. Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis. Schizophr. Res.54(1–2), 59–65 (2002).
  • Eaton WW. Update on the epidemiology of schizophrenia. Epidemiol. Rev.13, 320–328 (1991).
  • Tien AY. Distributions of hallucinations in the population. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol.26(6), 287–292 (1991).
  • Wiles NJ, Zammit S, Bebbington P, Singleton N, Meltzer H, Lewis G. Self-reported psychotic symptoms in the general population: results from the longitudinal study of the British National Psychiatric Morbidity survey. Br. J. Psychiatry188, 519–526 (2006).
  • Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. The underlying structure of diagnostic systems of schizophrenia: a comprehensive polydiagnostic approach. Schizophr. Res.79(2–3), 217–229 (2005).
  • Jansson LB, Parnas J. Competing definitions of schizophrenia: what can be learned from polydiagnostic studies? Schizophr. Bull.33(5), 1178–1200 (2007).
  • Jablensky A. The conflict of the nosologists: views on schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness in the early part of the 20th century. Schizophr. Res.39(2), 95–100; discussion 159 (1999).
  • Berrios GE. The History of Mental Symptoms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1996).
  • Berrios GE, Porter R. A History of Clinical Psychiatry. The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders. Athlone, London, UK (1995).
  • Greene T. The Kraepelinian dichotomy: the twin pillars crumbling? Hist. Psychiatry18(71 Pt 3), 361–379 (2007).
  • Healy D, Harris M, Farquhar F, Tschinkel S, Le Noury J. Historical overview: Kraepelin’s impact on psychiatry. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.258(Suppl. 2), 18–24 (2008).
  • Hippius H, Muller N. The work of Emil Kraepelin and his research group in Munchen. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.258(Suppl. 2), 3–11 (2008).
  • Jablensky A. Subtyping schizophrenia: implications for genetic research. Mol. Psychiatry11(9), 815–836 (2006).
  • Kendell RE, Brockington IF. The identification of disease entities and the relationship between schizophrenic and affective psychoses. Br. J. Psychiatry137, 324–331 (1980).
  • van Os J, Tamminga C. Deconstructing psychosis. Schizophr. Bull.33(4), 861–862 (2007).
  • Craddock N, Owen MJ. Rethinking psychosis: the disadvantages of a dichotomous classification now outweigh the advantages. World Psychiatry6(2), 84–91 (2007).
  • Regier DA. Dimensional approaches to psychiatric classification: refining the research agenda for DSM-V: an introduction. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res.16(Suppl. 1), S1–S5 (2007).
  • Gaebel W, Zielasek J. Psychiatry as a diagnostic discipline. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.258(Suppl. 5), 1 (2008).
  • Correll CU, Smith CW, Auther AM et al. Predictors of remission, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder in adolescents with brief psychotic disorder or psychotic disorder not otherwise specified considered at very high risk for schizophrenia. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.18(5), 475–490 (2008).
  • Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. A dimensional and categorical architecture for the classification of psychotic disorders. World Psychiatry6(2), 100–101 (2007).
  • Peralta V, Cuesta MJ, Zandio M. Cycloid psychosis: an examination of the validity of the concept. Curr. Psychiatry Rep.9(3), 184–192 (2007).
  • Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Cycloid psychosis. Int. Rev. Psychiatry17(1), 53–62 (2005).
  • Siris SG, Addington D, Azorin JM, Falloon IR, Gerlach J, Hirsch SR. Depression in schizophrenia: recognition and management in the USA. Schizophr. Res.47(2–3), 185–197 (2001).
  • Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Havens JR et al. Psychosis in bipolar disorder: phenomenology and impact on morbidity and course of illness. Compr. Psychiatry44(4), 263–269 (2003).
  • Kempf L, Hussain N, Potash JB. Mood disorder with psychotic features, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia with mood features: trouble at the borders. Int. Rev. Psychiatry17(1), 9–19 (2005).
  • Zimmerman M, Chelminski I. Generalized anxiety disorder in patients with major depression: is DSM-IV’s hierarchy correct? Am. J. Psychiatry160(3), 504–512 (2003).
  • Bermanzohn PC, Porto L, Arlow PB, Pollack S, Stronger R, Siris SG. Hierarchical diagnosis in chronic schizophrenia: a clinical study of co-occurring syndromes. Schizophr. Bull.26(3), 517–525 (2000).
  • Buckley PF, Miller BJ, Lehrer DS, Castle DJ. Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull.35(2), 383–402 (2009).
  • Marneros A, Deister A, Rohde A. Comparison of long-term outcome of schizophrenic, affective and schizoaffective disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl.18, 44–51 (1992).
  • Schwartz JE, Fennig S, Tanenberg-Karant M et al. Congruence of diagnoses 2 years after a first-admission diagnosis of psychosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry57(6), 593–600 (2000).
  • Forrester A, Owens DG, Johnstone EC. Diagnostic stability in subjects with multiple admissions for psychotic illness. Psychol. Med.31(1), 151–158 (2001).
  • Salvatore P, Baldessarini RJ, Tohen M et al. McLean-Harvard international first-episode project: two-year stability of DSM-IV diagnoses in 500 first-episode psychotic disorder patients. J. Clin. Psychiatry70(4), 458–466 (2009).
  • Baca-Garcia E, Perez-Rodriguez MM, Basurte-Villamor I et al. Diagnostic stability of psychiatric disorders in clinical practice. Br. J. Psychiatry190, 210–216 (2007).
  • Kendler KS. Explanatory models for psychiatric illness. Am. J. Psychiatry165(6), 695–702 (2008).
  • Cuesta MJ, Peralta V. Psychopathological dissection of schizophrenia and major mood disorders: relevance for classification. Curr. Psychiatry Rep.11(4), 324–331 (2009).
  • Fanous AH, van den Oord EJ, Riley BP et al. Relationship between a high-risk haplotype in the DTNBP1 (dysbindin) gene and clinical features of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry162(10), 1824–1832 (2005).
  • Cook EH Jr, Scherer SW. Copy-number variations associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. Nature455(7215), 919–923 (2008).
  • Ivleva E, Thaker G, Tamminga CA. Comparing genes and phenomenology in the major psychoses: schizophrenia and bipolar 1 disorder. Schizophr. Bull.34(4), 734–742 (2008).
  • Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Bjork C et al. Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet373(9659), 234–239 (2009).
  • Owen MJ, Craddock N. Diagnosis of functional psychoses: time to face the future. Lancet373(9659), 190–191 (2009).
  • Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: same genes, (partly) different environments? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry49(9), 716–722 (1992).
  • Kendler KS, Karkowski-Shuman L, Walsh D. Age at onset in schizophrenia and risk of illness in relatives: results from the Roscommon Family study. Br. J. Psychiatry169(2), 213–218 (1996).
  • Cardno AG, Rijsdijk FV, Sham PC, Murray RM, McGuffin P. A twin study of genetic relationships between psychotic symptoms. Am. J. Psychiatry159(4), 539–545 (2002).
  • Vassos E, Sham PC, Cai G et al. Correlation and familial aggregation of dimensions of psychosis in affected sibling pairs from China. Br. J. Psychiatry193(4), 305–310 (2008).
  • Dikeos DG, Wickham H, McDonald C et al. Distribution of symptom dimensions across Kraepelinian divisions. Br. J. Psychiatry189, 346–353 (2006).
  • DeRosse P, Funke B, Burdick KE et al. Dysbindin genotype and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry163(3), 532–534 (2006).
  • Burdick KE, Goldberg TE, Funke B et al. DTNBP1 genotype influences cognitive decline in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res.89(1–3), 169–172 (2007).
  • DeRosse P, Lencz T, Burdick KE, Siris SG, Kane JM, Malhotra AK. The genetics of symptom-based phenotypes: toward a molecular classification of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull.34(6), 1047–1053 (2008).
  • Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Walsh D. The structure of psychosis: latent class analysis of probands from the Roscommon Family study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry55(6), 492–499 (1998).
  • DeLisi LE. A new classification for the psychoses? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry56(7), 672–673 (1999).
  • Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Familial liability and schizophrenia phenotypes: a polydiagnostic approach. Schizophr. Res.96(1–3), 125–134 (2007).
  • Cannon TD, van Erp TG, Rosso IM et al. Fetal hypoxia and structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry59(1), 35–41 (2002).
  • Done DJ, Crow TJ, Johnstone EC, Sacker A. Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. BMJ309(6956), 699–703 (1994).
  • van Os J, Jones P, Lewis G, Wadsworth M, Murray R. Developmental precursors of affective illness in a general population birth cohort. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry54(7), 625–631 (1997).
  • Jones PB, Tarrant CJ. Specificity of developmental precursors to schizophrenia and affective disorders. Schizophr. Res.39(2), 121–125 (1999).
  • Van Os J, Gilvarry C, Bale R et al. A comparison of the utility of dimensional and categorical representations of psychosis: UK700 group. Psychol. Med.29(3), 595–606 (1999).
  • Dutta R, Greene T, Addington J, McKenzie K, Phillips M, Murray RM. Biological, life course, and cross-cultural studies all point toward the value of dimensional and developmental ratings in the classification of psychosis. Schizophr. Bull.33(4), 868–876 (2007).
  • Allardyce J, McCreadie RG, Morrison G, van Os J. Do symptom dimensions or categorical diagnoses best discriminate between known risk factors for psychosis? Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol.42(6), 429–437 (2007).
  • Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rabinowitz J et al. A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry159(12), 2027–2035 (2002).
  • Cannon M, Caspi A, Moffitt TE et al. Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry59(5), 449–456 (2002).
  • Thompson PM, Vidal C, Giedd JN et al. Mapping adolescent brain change reveals dynamic wave of accelerated gray matter loss in very early-onset schizophrenia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98(20), 11650–11655 (2001).
  • McDonald C, Bullmore ET, Sham PC et al. Association of genetic risks for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with specific and generic brain structural endophenotypes. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry61(10), 974–984 (2004).
  • Shields J, Gottesman, II. Cross-national diagnosis of schizophrenia in twins: the heritability and specificity of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry27(6), 725–730 (1972).
  • Gottesman II, Gould TD. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am. J. Psychiatry160(4), 636–645 (2003).
  • Thaker G. Psychosis endophenotypes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr. Bull.34(4), 720–721 (2008).
  • Lin PI, Mitchell BD. Approaches for unraveling the joint genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr. Bull.34(4), 791–797 (2008).
  • Hill SK, Harris MS, Herbener ES, Pavuluri M, Sweeney JA. Neurocognitive allied phenotypes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr. Bull.34(4), 743–759 (2008).
  • Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology12(3), 426–445 (1998).
  • Cuesta MJ, Peralta V. Cognitive disorders in the positive, negative, and disorganization syndromes of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res.58(3), 227–235 (1995).
  • Green MF. Cognitive impairment and functional outcome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry67(10), e12 (2006).
  • Keefe RS, Fenton WS. How should DSM-V criteria for schizophrenia include cognitive impairment? Schizophr. Bull.33(4), 912–920 (2007).
  • David AS, Zammit S, Lewis G, Dalman C, Allebeck P. Impairments in cognition across the spectrum of psychiatric disorders: evidence from a Swedish conscript cohort. Schizophr. Bull.34(6), 1035–1041 (2008).
  • Krabbendam L, Arts B, van Os J, Aleman A. Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophr. Res.80(2–3), 137–149 (2005).
  • Daban C, Martinez-Aran A, Torrent C et al. Specificity of cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder versus schizophrenia: a systematic review. Psychother. Psychosom.75(2), 72–84 (2006).
  • Reichenberg A, Harvey PD, Bowie CR et al. Neuropsychological function and dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders. Schizophr. Bull.35(5), 1022–1029 (2009).
  • Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, Zarzuela A. Empirical validation of competing definitions of schizophrenia: a poly-diagnostic study of cognitive impairment in non-affective psychosis. Schizophr. Res.95(1–3), 39–47 (2007).
  • Kendler KS. Reflections on the relationship between psychiatric genetics and psychiatric nosology. Am. J. Psychiatry163(7), 1138–1146 (2006).
  • Cuesta MJ, Peralta V. Integrating psychopathological dimensions in functional psychoses: a hierarchical approach. Schizophr. Res.52(3), 215–229 (2001).
  • Sato M. Renaming schizophrenia: a Japanese perspective. World Psychiatry5(1), 53–55 (2006).
  • O’Sullivan D, Pell M. Long-term follow-up of DBS of thalamus for tremor and STN for Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res. Bull.78(2–3), 119–121 (2009).
  • Collip D, Myin-Germeys I, Van Os J. Does the concept of “sensitization” provide a plausible mechanism for the putative link between the environment and schizophrenia? Schizophr. Bull.34(2), 220–225 (2008).
  • van Os J. A salience dysregulation syndrome. Br. J. Psychiatry194(2), 101–103 (2009).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.