Possible methods for the prevention of bone loss in persons with epilepsy

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Living Well With Epilepsy: Report of the 2003 National Conference on Public Health and Epilepsy. Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD, USA 1–52 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Gaitatzis A, Carroll K, Majeed A, W Sander J. The epidemiology of the comorbidity of epilepsy in the general population. Epilepsia45(12), 1613–1622 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souverein PC, Webb DJ, Petri H, Weil J, Van Staa TP, Egberts T. Incidence of fractures among epilepsy patients: a population-based retrospective cohort study in the General Practice Research Database. Epilepsia46(2), 304–310 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestergaard P. Epilepsy, osteoporosis and fracture risk – a meta-analysis. Acta Neurol. Scand.112(5), 277–286 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai KB, Ribbans WJ, Taylor GJ. Incidence of five common fracture types in an institutional epileptic population. Injury27(2), 97–100 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Persson HB, Alberts KA, Farahmand BY, Tomson T. Risk of extremity fractures in adult outpatients with epilepsy. Epilepsia43(7), 768–772 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheth RD, Gidal BE, Hermann BP. Pathological fractures in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav.9(4), 601–605 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Fracture risk associated with use of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia45(11), 1330–1337 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pack AM, Gidal B, Vazquez B. Bone disease associated with antiepileptic drugs. Cleve. Clin. J. Med.71(Suppl. 2), S42–S48 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick LA. Pathophysiology of bone loss in patients receiving anticonvulsant therapy. Epilepsy Behav.5(Suppl. 2), S3–S15 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pack A. Bone health in people with epilepsy: is it impaired and what are the risk factors? Seizure17(2), 181–186 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung S, Ahn C. Effects of anti-epileptic drug therapy on bone mineral density in ambulatory epileptic children. Brain Dev.16(5), 382–385 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo CY, Ronen GM, Atkinson SA. Long-term valproate and lamotrigine treatment may be a marker for reduced growth and bone mass in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia42(9), 1141–1147 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheth RD, Binkley N, Hermann BP. Progressive bone deficit in epilepsy. Neurology70(3), 170–176 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheth RD, Binkley N, Hermann BP. Gender differences in bone mineral density in epilepsy. Epilepsia49(1), 125–131 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheth RD, Wesolowski CA, Jacob JC et al. Effect of carbamazepine and valproate on bone mineral density. J. Pediatr.127(2), 256–262 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oner N, Kaya M, Karasalihoglu S, Karaca H, Celtik C, Tutunculer F. Bone mineral metabolism changes in epileptic children receiving valproic acid. J. Paediatr. Child Health40(8), 470–473 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erbayat Altay E, Serdaroglu A, Tumer L, Gucuyener K, Hasanoglu A. Evaluation of bone mineral metabolism in children receiving carbamazepine and valproic acid. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.13(7), 933–939 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhat G, Yamout B, Mikati MA, Demirjian S, Sawaya R, El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Effect of antiepileptic drugs on bone density in ambulatory patients. Neurology58(9), 1348–1353 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Dib L, Yamout B, Sawaya R, Mikati MA. Predictors of bone density in ambulatory patients on antiepileptic drugs. Bone43(1), 149–155 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cansu A, Yesilkaya E, Serdaroglu A et al. Evaluation of bone turnover in epileptic children using oxcarbazepine. Pediatr. Neurol.39(4), 266–271 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Lee JW, Choi KG, Chung HW, Lee HW. A 6-month longitudinal study of bone mineral density with antiepileptic drug monotherapy. Epilepsy Behav.10(2), 291–295 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty SJ, Paton LM, O’Brien TJ et al. Effect of antiepileptic medication on bone mineral measures. Neurology65(9), 1358–1365 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintzer S, Boppana P, Toguri J, DeSantis A. Vitamin D levels and bone turnover in epilepsy patients taking carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. Epilepsia47(3), 510–515 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valimaki MJ, Tiihonen M, Laitinen K et al. Bone mineral density measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and novel markers of bone formation and resorption in patients on antiepileptic drugs. J. Bone Miner. Res.9(5), 631–637 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filardi S, Guerreiro CA, Magna LA, Marques Neto JF. Bone mineral density, vitamin D and anticonvulsant therapy. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr.58(3A), 616–620 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pack AM, Morrell MJ, Marcus R et al. Bone mass and turnover in women with epilepsy on antiepileptic drug monotherapy. Ann. Neurol.57(2), 252–257 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen LJ, McLellan AR, Harrison JH et al. Bone density and antiepileptic drugs: a case–controlled study. Seizure8(6), 339–342 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluskiewicz W, Nowakowska J. Bone status after long-term anticonvulsant therapy in epileptic patients: evaluation using quantitative ultrasound of calcaneus and phalanges. Ultrasound Med. Biol.23(4), 553–558 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldkamp J, Becker A, Witte OW, Scharff D, Scherbaum WA. Long-term anticonvulsant therapy leads to low bone mineral density – evidence for direct drug effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine on human osteoblast-like cells. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes108(1), 37–43 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedrera JD, Canal ML, Carvajal J et al. Influence of vitamin D administration on bone ultrasound measurements in patients on anticonvulsant therapy. Eur. J. Clin. Invest.30(10), 895–899 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sato Y, Kondo I, Ishida S et al. Decreased bone mass and increased bone turnover with valproate therapy in adults with epilepsy. Neurology57(3), 445–449 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andress DL, Ozuna J, Tirschwell D et al. Antiepileptic drug-induced bone loss in young male patients who have seizures. Arch. Neurol.59(5), 781–786 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ensrud KE, Walczak TS, Blackwell T, Ensrud ER, Bowman PJ, Stone KL. Antiepileptic drug use increases rates of bone loss in older women: a prospective study. Neurology62(11), 2051–2057 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pack AM. The association between antiepileptic drugs and bone disease. Epilepsy Curr.3(3), 91–95 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kulak CA, Borba VZ, Silvado CE et al. Bone density and bone turnover markers in patients with epilepsy on chronic antiepileptic drug therapy. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol.51(3), 466–471 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyngstad-Brechan MA, Tauboll E, Nakken KO et al. Reduced bone mass and increased bone turnover in postmenopausal women with epilepsy using antiepileptic drug monotherapy. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest.10, 1–8 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Ensrud KE, Walczak TS, Blackwell TL et al. Antiepileptic drug use and rates of hip bone loss in older men: a prospective study. Neurology71(10), 723–730 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevathan E. Epilepsy-associated bone mineral density loss should be prevented. Neurology70(3), 166–167 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valmadrid C, Voorhees C, Litt B, Schneyer CR. Practice patterns of neurologists regarding bone and mineral effects of antiepileptic drug therapy. Arch. Neurol.58(9), 1369–1374 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank E, Breyan J, Elon L. Physician disclosure of healthy personal behaviors improves credibility and ability to motivate. Arch. Fam. Med.9(3), 287–290 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang SF, Chen CM, Chen PL, Chung UL. Predictors of community women’s osteoporosis prevention intention – a pilot study. J. Nurs. Res.11(4), 231–240 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epilepsy Action (UK). Anti-Epileptic Drugs and the Risk of Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia: How Much Information Do Patients Taking Anti-Epileptic Drugs Feel They Receive About Side Effects of this Medication? British Epilepsy Association, Leeds, UK (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Elliott JO, Seals BF, Jacobson MP. Use of the Precaution Adoption Process Model to examine predictors of osteoprotective behavior in epilepsy. Seizure16(5), 424–437 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JO, Seals BF, Jacobson MP. Osteoprotective knowledge in a multiethnic epilepsy population. J. Neurosci. Nurs.40(1), 14–24, 39 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schettler AE, Gustafson EM. Osteoporosis prevention starts in adolescence. J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract.16(7), 274–282 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Intake of dietary calcium to reduce the incidence of osteoporosis. Arch. Fam. Med.6(5), 495–499 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stear SJ, Prentice A, Jones SC, Cole TJ. Effect of a calcium and exercise intervention on the bone mineral status of 16–18-y-old adolescent girls. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.77(4), 985–992 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prentice A, Ginty F, Stear SJ, Jones SC, Laskey MA, Cole TJ. Calcium supplementation increases stature and bone mineral mass of 16- to 18-year-old boys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(6), 3153–3161 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid IR, Ames R, Mason B et al. Randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation in healthy, nonosteoporotic, older men. Arch. Intern. Med.168(20), 2276–2282 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpe SL, Schall JI, Gallagher PR, Stallings VA, Bergqvist AGC. Nutrient intake of children with intractable epilepsy compared with healthy children. J. Am. Diet Assoc.107(6), 1014–1018 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JO, Lu B, Moore JL, McAuley JW, Long L. Exercise, diet, health behaviors, and risk factors among persons with epilepsy based on the California Health Interview Survey, 2005. Epilepsy Behav.13(2), 307–315 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Strength training among adults aged >/=65 years – United States, 2001. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.53(2), 25–28 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seguin R, Nelson ME. The benefits of strength training for older adults. Am. J. Prev. Med.25(3 Suppl. 2), 141–149 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler JM, Duncan PW, Kochersberger G, Studenski S. Is lower extremity strength gain associated with improvement in physical performance and disability in frail, community-dwelling elders? Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.79(1), 24–30 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler M, Norton R, Lee-Joe T, Coggan C. Preventing falls and fall-related injuries among older people living in institutions: current practice and future opportunities. NZ Med. J.111(1074), 359–361 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobau R, DiIorio CA, Price PH et al. Prevalence of epilepsy and health status of adults with epilepsy in Georgia and Tennessee: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2002. Epilepsy Behav.5(3), 358–366 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JO, Moore JL, Lu B. Health status and behavioral risk factors among persons with epilepsy in Ohio based on the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Epilepsy Behav.12(3), 434–444 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arida RM, Scorza FA, dos Santos NF, Peres CA, Cavalheiro EA. Effect of physical exercise on seizure occurrence in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. Epilepsy Res.37(1), 45–52 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arida RM, de Jesus Vieira A, Cavalheiro EA. Effect of physical exercise on kindling development. Epilepsy Res.30(2), 127–132 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dubow JS, Kelly JP. Epilepsy in sports and recreation. Sports Med.33(7), 499–516 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenk H. Pro- and anticonvulsant actions of morphine and the endogenous opioids: involvement and interactions of multiple opiate and non-opiate systems. Brain Res.287(2), 197–210 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakken KO, Loyning A, Loyning T, Gloersen G, Larsson PG. Does physical exercise influence the occurrence of epileptiform EEG discharges in children? Epilepsia38(3), 279–284 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth DL, Goode KT, Williams VL, Faught E. Physical exercise, stressful life experience, and depression in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsia35(6), 1248–1255 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong J, Wirrell E. Physical activity in children/teens with epilepsy compared with that in their siblings without epilepsy. Epilepsia47(3), 631–639 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arida RM, Scorza FA, de Albuquerque M, Cysneiros RM, de Oliveira RJ, Cavalheiro EA. Evaluation of physical exercise habits in Brazilian patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav.4(5), 507–510 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuley JW, Long L, Heise J et al. A prospective evaluation of the effects of a 12-week outpatient exercise program on clinical and behavioral outcomes in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav.2(6), 592–600 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heise J, Buckworth J, McAuley JW, Long L, Kirby T. Exercise training results in positive outcomes in persons with epilepsy. Clin. Exerc. Physiol.4(2), 79–84 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen HR, Ellertsen B, Gronningsaeter H, Nakken KO, Loyning Y, Ursin H. Physical exercise in women with intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia35(6), 1256–1264 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassmen P, Koivula N, Uutela A. Physical exercise and psychological well-being: a population study in Finland. Prev. Med.30(1), 17–25 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruuskanen JM, Ruoppila I. Physical activity and psychological well-being among people aged 65 to 84 years. Age Ageing24(4), 292–296 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens T. Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: evidence from four population surveys. Prev. Med.17(1), 35–47 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanner AM. Epilepsy and mood disorders. Epilepsia48(Suppl. 9), 20–22 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosse AL, Sheets ES, Lett HS, Blumenthal JA. Exercise and the treatment of clinical depression in adults: recent findings and future directions. Sports Med.32(12), 741–760 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumer D, Montouris G, Davies K. The interictal dysphoric disorder: recognition, pathogenesis, and treatment of the major psychiatric disorder of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav.5(6), 826–840 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Convulsive disorders and participation in sports and physical education. JAMA206(6), 1291 (1968).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee on children with handicaps, the epileptic child and competitive school athletics. Pediatrics42(4), 700–702 (1968).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbitt RW, Cooper DL, Erickson DJ, Kriss FC, Thornton ML, Craig TT. Editorial: epileptics and contact sports. JAMA229(7), 820–821 (1974).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee on Children with Handicaps, Committee on Sports Medicine. Sports and the child with epilepsy. Pediatrics72(6), 884–885 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ILAE Commission report. Restrictions for children with epilepsy. Commission of Pediatrics of the ILAE. International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia38(9), 1054–1056 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinhoff BJ, Neususs K, Thegeder H, Reimers CD. Leisure time activity and physical fitness in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia37(12), 1221–1227 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autier P, Gandini S. Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med.167(16), 1730–1737 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahonen MH, Tenkanen L, Teppo L, Hakama M, Tuohimaa P. Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland). Cancer Causes Control11(9), 847–852 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin MH, Holmes MD, Hankinson SE, Wu K, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and risk of breast cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst.94(17), 1301–1311 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H et al. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch. Intern. Med.168(12), 1340–1349 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA293(18), 2257–2264 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents severe falls in elderly community-dwelling women: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. Aging Clin. Exp. Res.17(2), 125–132 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flicker L, MacInnis RJ, Stein MS et al. Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomized trial. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.53(11), 1881–1888 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff HA, Stahelin HB, Dick W et al. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Miner. Res.18(2), 343–351 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon CM, Feldman HA, Sinclair L et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy infants and toddlers. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.162(6), 505–512 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas MK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Thadhani RI et al. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. N. Engl. J. Med.338(12), 777–783 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berk M, Jacka FN, Williams LJ, Ng F, Dodd S, Pasco JA. Is this D vitamin to worry about? Vitamin D insufficiency in an inpatient sample. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry42(10), 874–878 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binkley N, Novotny R, Krueger D et al. Low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92(6), 2130–2135 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utiger RD. The need for more vitamin D. N. Engl. J. Med.338(12), 828–829 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarlett WL. Ultraviolet radiation: sun exposure, tanning beds, and vitamin D levels. What you need to know and how to decrease the risk of skin cancer. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc.103(8), 371–375 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pack AM, Morrell MJ. Epilepsy and bone health in adults. Epilepsy Behav.5(Suppl. 2), S24–S29 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascussi JM, Robert A, Nguyen M et al. Possible involvement of pregnane X receptor-enhanced CYP24 expression in drug-induced osteomalacia. J. Clin. Invest.115(1), 177–186 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalueff AV, Minasyan A, Tuohimaa P. Anticonvulsant effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in chemically induced seizures in mice. Brain Res. Bull.67(1–2), 156–160 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalueff AV, Minasyan A, Keisala T, Kuuslahti M, Miettinen S, Tuohimaa P. Increased severity of chemically induced seizures in mice with partially deleted vitamin D receptor gene. Neurosci. Lett.394(1), 69–73 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janjoppi L, Katayama MH, Scorza FA et al. Expression of vitamin D receptor mRNA in the hippocampal formation of rats submitted to a model of temporal lobe epilepsy induced by pilocarpine. Brain Res. Bull.76(5), 480–484 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christiansen C, Rodbro P, Sjo O. “Anticonvulsant action” of vitamin D in epileptic patients? A controlled pilot study. Br. Med. J.2(5913), 258–259 (1974).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ali FE, Al-Bustan MA, Al-Busairi WA, Al-Mulla FA. Loss of seizure control due to anticonvulsant-induced hypocalcemia. Ann. Pharmacother.38(6), 1002–1005 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulak CA, Borba VZ, Bilezikian JP, Silvado CE, Paola L, Boguszewski CL. Bone mineral density and serum levels of 25 OH vitamin D in chronic users of antiepileptic drugs. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr.62(4), 940–948 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JO, Lu B, Shneker B, Charyton C, Layne Moore J. Comorbidity, health screening, and quality of life among persons with a history of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav.14(1), 125–129 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan CL, Kerr MP. Epilepsy and mortality: a record linkage study in a U.K. population. Epilepsia43(10), 1251–1255 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohanraj R, Norrie J, Stephen LJ, Kelly K, Hitiris N, Brodie MJ. Mortality in adults with newly diagnosed and chronic epilepsy: a retrospective comparative study. Lancet Neurol5(6), 481–487 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lhatoo SD, Johnson AL, Goodridge DM, MacDonald BK, Sander JWAS, Shorvon SD. Mortality in epilepsy in the first 11 to 14 years after diagnosis: multivariate analysis of a long-term, prospective, population-based cohort. Ann. Neurol.49(3), 336–344 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde J, Hansen JM, Siersbaek-Nielsen K, Fuglsang-Frederiksen V. Vitamin D in patients on anticonvulsants. Br. Med. J.4(5839), 547 (1972).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christiansen C, Rodbro P, Lund M. Incidence of anticonvulsant osteomalacia and effect of vitamin D: controlled therapeutic trial. Br. Med. J.4(5894), 695–701 (1973).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodbro P, Christiansen C. Letter: anticonvulsant osteomalacia and vitamin D. Br. Med. J.2(5920), 667–668 (1974).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hahn TJ, Halstead LR. Anticonvulsant drug-induced osteomalacia: alterations in mineral metabolism and response to vitamin D3 administration. Calcif. Tissue Int.27(1), 13–18 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjellesen L, Gotfredsen A, Christiansen C. Different actions of vitamin D2 and D3 on bone metabolism in patients treated with phenobarbitone/phenytoin. Calcif. Tissue Int.37(3), 218–222 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver J, Davies TJ, Kupersmitt E, Orme M, Petrie A, Vajda F. Prevalence and treatment of vitamin D deficiency in children on anticonvulsant drugs. Arch. Dis. Child.49(5), 344–350 (1974).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mikati MA, Dib L, Yamout B, Sawaya R, Rahi AC, Fuleihan G. Two randomized vitamin D trials in ambulatory patients on anticonvulsants: impact on bone. Neurology67(11), 2005–2014 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett NA, Brasure M, Schmitz KH, Schultz MM, Huber MR. Physical inactivity: direct cost to a health plan. Am. J. Prev. Med.27(4), 304–309 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South-Paul JE. Osteoporosis: part I. Evaluation and assessment. Am .Fam. Physician63(5), 897–904, 908 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fitzpatrick LA. Secondary causes of osteoporosis. Mayo Clin. Proc.77(5), 453–468 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hughes B, Tosteson AN, Melton LJ 3rd et al. Implications of absolute fracture risk assessment for osteoporosis practice guidelines in the USA. Osteoporos. Int.19(4), 449–458 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genant HK, Cooper C, Poor G et al. Interim report and recommendations of the World Health Organization Task-Force for Osteoporosis. Osteoporos. Int.10(4), 259–264 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schousboe JT. Cost effectiveness of screen-and-treat strategies for low bone mineral density: how do we screen, who do we screen and who do we treat? Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy.6(1), 1–18 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marci CD, Anderson WB, Viechnicki MB, Greenspan SL. Bone mineral densitometry substantially influences health-related behaviors of postmenopausal women. Calcif. Tissue Int.66(2), 113–118 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ali II, Schuh L, Barkley GL, Gates JR. Antiepileptic drugs and reduced bone mineral density. Epilepsy Behav.5(3), 296–300 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheth RD, Harden CL. Screening for bone health in epilepsy. Epilepsia48(Suppl. 9), 39–41 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed SN, Quigley D, Siddiqi ZA. Smoking cessation a byproduct of EEG telemetry monitoring. Epilepsia46(4), 597–598 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Arch. Intern. Med.166(8), 869–875 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.87(4), 1080S–1086S (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux C, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Papapoulos SE, de Papp AE, West JA, Bouillon R. New insights into the role of vitamin D and calcium in osteoporosis management: an expert roundtable discussion. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.24(5), 1363–1370 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offermann G, Pinto V, Kruse R. Antiepileptic drugs and vitamin D supplementation. Epilepsia20(1), 3–15 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouillon R, Reynaert J, Claes JH, Lissens W, De Moor P. The effect of anticonvulsant therapy on serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, calcium, and parathyroid hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.41(06), 1130–1135 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drezner MK. Treatment of anticonvulsant drug-induced bone disease. Epilepsy Behav.5(Suppl. 2), S41–S47 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA293(9), 1082–1088 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apeland T, Mansoor MA, Pentieva K, McNulty H, Seljeflot I, Strandjord RE. The effect of B-vitamins on hyperhomocysteinemia in patients on antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Res.51(3), 237–247 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apeland T, Mansoor MA, Strandjord RE. Antiepileptic drugs as independent predictors of plasma total homocysteine levels. Epilepsy Res.47(1–2), 27–35 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karabiber H, Sonmezgoz E, Ozerol E, Yakinci C, Otlu B, Yologlu S. Effects of valproate and carbamazepine on serum levels of homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Brain Dev.25(2), 113–115 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwaninger M, Ringleb P, Winter R et al. Elevated plasma concentrations of homocysteine in antiepileptic drug treatment. Epilepsia40(3), 345–350 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishi T, Fujita N, Eguchi T, Ueda K. Mechanism for reduction of serum folate by antiepileptic drugs during prolonged therapy. J. Neurol. Sci.145(1), 109–112 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James GK, Jones MW, Pudek MR. Homocyst(e)ine levels in patients on phenytoin therapy. Clin. Biochem.30(8), 647–649 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cagnacci A, Baldassari F, Rivolta G, Arangino S, Volpe A. Relation of homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 to bone mineral density of postmenopausal women. Bone33(6), 956–959 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morris MS, Jacques PF, Selhub J. Relation between homocysteine and B-vitamin status indicators and bone mineral density in older Americans. Bone37(2), 234–242 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjesdal CG, Vollset SE, Ueland PM et al. Plasma total homocysteine level and bone mineral density: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Arch. Intern. Med.166(1), 88–94 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JO, Jacobson MP, Haneef Z. Homocysteine and bone loss in epilepsy. Seizure16(1), 22–34 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbody S, Lightfoot T, Sheldon T. Is low folate a risk factor for depression? A meta-analysis and exploration of heterogeneity. J. Epidemiol. Community Health61(7), 631–637 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosche J, Uhlmann C, Froscher W. Low serum folate levels as a risk factor for depressive mood in patients with chronic epilepsy. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci.15(1), 64–66 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant RH, Stores OP. Folic acid in folate-deficient patients with epilepsy. Br. Med. J.4(5736), 644–648 (1970).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arida RM, Cavalheiro EA, da Silva AC, Scorza FA. Physical activity and epilepsy: proven and predicted benefits. Sports Med.38(7), 607–615 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith BJ, van der Ploeg HP, Buffart LM, Bauman AE. Encouraging physical activity – five steps for GPs. Aust. Fam. Physician37(1–2), 24–28 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blalock SJ. Toward a better understanding of calcium intake: behavioral change perspectives. J. Reprod. Med.50(11 Suppl.), 901–906 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blalock SJ, Norton LL, Patel RA, Cabral K, Thomas CL. Development and assessment of a short instrument for assessing dietary intakes of calcium and vitamin D. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc.43(6), 685–693 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Benhamou CL. Effects of osteoporosis medications on bone quality. Joint Bone Spine74(1), 39–47 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean C, Newberry S, Maglione M et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of treatments to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis. Ann. Intern. Med.148(3), 197–213 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pioletti DP, Rakotomanana LR. Can the increase of bone mineral density following bisphosphonates treatments be explained by biomechanical considerations? Clin. Biomech.19(2), 170–174 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tonino RP, Meunier PJ, Emkey R et al. Skeletal benefits of alendronate: 7-year treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study Group. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.85(9), 3109–3115 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehy O, Kindundu CM, Barbeau M, Lelorier J. Differences in persistence among different weekly oral bisphosphonate medications. Osteoporos.Int. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-008-0795-8 (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feldstein AC, Weycker D, Nichols GA et al. Effectiveness of bisphosphonate therapy in a community setting. Bone44(1), 153–159 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosteson AN, Melton LJ 3rd, Dawson-Hughes B et al. Cost-effective osteoporosis treatment thresholds: the United States perspective. Osteoporos. Int.19(4), 437–447 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosteson AN, Burge RT, Marshall DA, Lindsay R. Therapies for treatment of osteoporosis in US women: cost–effectiveness and budget impact considerations. Am. J. Manag. Care14(9), 605–615 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haneef Z, Jacobson MP, Mostofi N, Elliott JO. Bisphosphonates in the treatment of antiepileptic drug induced osteoporosis. Ann. Neurol.62(Suppl. 11), S29 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hughes B; National Osteoporosis Foundation Guide Committee. A revised clinician’s guide to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.93(7), 2463–2465 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JO, Charyton C, Long L. A health literacy assessment of the National Epilepsy Foundation Web site. Epilepsy Behav.11(4), 525–532 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oates DJ, Paasche-Orlow MK. Health literacy: communication strategies to improve patient comprehension of cardiovascular health. Circulation119(7), 1049–1051 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobau R, Zahran H, Thurman DJ et al. Epilepsy surveillance among adults – 19 States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2005. MMWR Surveill. Summ.57(6), 1–20 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobau R, Zahran H, Grant D, Thurman DJ, Price PH, Zack MM. prevalence of active epilepsy and health-related quality of life among adults with self-reported epilepsy in California: California Health Interview Survey, 2003. Epilepsia48(10), 1904–1913 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller HJ, Sakhaee K. Anticonvulsant-induced bone disease: a plea for monitoring and treatment. Arch. Neurol.58(9), 1352–1353 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pack AM, Morrell MJ, Randall A, McMahon DJ, Shane E. Bone health in young women with epilepsy after one year of antiepileptic drug monotherapy. Neurology70(18), 1586–1593 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekgul H, Dizdarer G, Demir N, Ozturk C, Tutuncuoglu S. Antiepileptic drug-induced osteopenia in ambulatory epileptic children receiving a standard vitamin D3 supplement. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.18(6), 585–588 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen LJ, McLellan AR, Harrison JH, Shapiro D, Dominiczak MH, Sills GJ, Brodie MJ. Bone density and antiepileptic drugs: a case-controlled study. Seizure8(6), 339–342 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar