552
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current concept of anxiety: implications from Darwin to the DSM-V for the diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder

, , , , &
Pages 1307-1320 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Gross C, Hen R. The developmental origins of anxiety. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.5, 545–552 (2004).
  • Marsahall RD, Klein DF. Conceptual antecedents of the anxiety disorders. In: Anxiety Disorders. Nutt D, Ballenger J (Eds). Blackwell Publishing Company, Oxford, UK, 1–22 (2003).
  • Antony MM, Pickren W, Koerner N. Historical perspectives on psychiatric classification and anxiety disorders. In: Current Perspectives on the Anxiety Disorder: Implications for DSM-V and Beyond. McKay D, Abramowitz JS, Taylor S, Asmundson GJG (Eds). Springer Publishing Company (LLC), NY, USA, 9–40 (2009).
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (First Edition). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (1952).
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Second Edition). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (1968).
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (1980).
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (1994).
  • Ellis A. Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. Lyle Stuart, NY, USA (1962).
  • Beck AT. Thinking and depression: I. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry9, 324–333 (1963).
  • Lazarus RS. Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. Am. Psychol.37(9), 1019–1024 (1982).
  • Stone MH. History of Anxiety Disorders. In: Textbook of Anxiety Disorders (Second Edition). Stein DJ, Hollander E, Rothbaum BO (Eds). American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., VA, USA, 3–15 (2009).
  • Wunderlich G. Griesinger’s psychiatric approach. Psychiatr. Neurol. Med. Psychol. (Leipz.)37(9), 541–547 (1985).
  • Morel BA. Traité des Dégénérescences Physiques, Intellectuelles et Morales de L’espèce Humaine. Bailly-Baillière, Paris, France (1857).
  • Berrios GE. Anxiety disorders: a conceptual history. J. Affect. Disord.56, 83–94 (1999).
  • Freud S. Obsessions and phobias: their psychical mechanisms and their aetiology. In: Collected Papers. The Hogarth Press, London, UK, 128–137 (1953).
  • Freud S. The justification for detaching from neurasthenia a particular syndrome: the anxiety-neurosis. In: Collected Papers. The Hogarth Press, London, UK, 76–106 (1894)
  • Freud S. A reply to criticisms on the anxiety neurosis. I. In: Collected Papers. The Hogarth Press, London, UK, 107–127 (1953).
  • Darwin CR. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (First Edition). John Murray, London, UK (1859).
  • Darwin CR. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and in Animals (1872). Fontana Press, London, UK (1999).
  • Suinn RM. Anxiety Management Training: A Behavior Therapy. Plenum Press, NY, USA (1990).
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition, Revised). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (1987).
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition Revised). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (2000).
  • Brown TA, Leyfer O. Classification of Anxiety Disorders. In: Textbook of Anxiety Disorders (Second Edition). Stein DJ, Hollander E, Rothbaum BO. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., Washington, DC, USA, 17–33 (2009).
  • Andrews G, Hobbs M, Borkovec T et al. Generalized worry disorder: a review of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM-V. Depress. Anxiety27(2), 134–147 (2010).
  • Lee S, Tsang A, Ruscio A et al. Implications of modifying the duration requirement of generalized anxiety disorder in developed and developing countries. Psychol. Med.39, 1163–1176 (2009).
  • Clark LA, Watson D. Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J. Aborm. Psychol.100, 316–336 (1991).
  • Kendler KS. Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder: same genes, (partly) different environments – revisited. Br. J. Psychiatry168(Suppl. 30), 68–75 (1996).
  • Filho AS, Hetem LAB, Ferrari MCF et al. Social anxiety disorder: what are we losing with the current diagnostic criteria? Acta Psychiatr. Scand.121, 216–226 (2010).
  • Cosmides L, Tooby J. Evolutionary psychology and the emotions. In: Handbook of Emotions. Lewis M, Haviland-Jones J (Eds). Guilford, NY, USA, 91–115 (2000).
  • Brown TA, Barlow DH, Liebowitz MR. The empirical basis of generalized anxiety disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry151, 1272–1280 (1994).
  • Haselton MG, Ketelaar T. Irrational emotions or emotional wisdom? The evolutionary psychology of emotions and behavior. In: Hearts and Minds: Affective Influences on Social Cognition and Behavior. Forgas JP (Ed.). Psychology Press, NY, USA, 21–40 (2006).
  • Nesse RM. Natural selection and the regulation of defenses: a signal detection analysis of the smoke detector principle. Evol. Hum. Behav.26(1), 88–105 (2005).
  • Ekman P. An argument for basic emotions. Cogn. Emot.6, 169–200 (1992).
  • Fessler DMT. Toward an understanding of the universality of second order emotions. In: Biocultural Approaches to the Emotions. Hinton AL (Ed.). Cambridge University Press, NY, USA, 75–116 (1999).
  • Baron-Cohen S. Mindblindness: an Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. MIT Press, MA, USA (1997).
  • Butler G, Fennell M, Robson P, Gelder M. Comparison of behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.59(1), 167–175 (1991).
  • Hunot V, Churchill R, Teixeira V et al. Psychological therapies for generalised anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.1, CD001848 (2007).
  • Kelly D. Clinical aspects of anxiety. In: Anxiety and Emotions. Thomas CC (Ed.). Springfield, IL, USA, 3–19 (1980).
  • Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA (1989).
  • Tallman JF, Paul SM, Skolnick P, Gallager DW. Receptor for the age of anxiety: pharmacology of the benzodiazepines. Science207, 274–281 (1980).
  • Gross C, Hen R. The developmental origins of anxiety. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.5, 545–552 (2004).
  • Landgraf R, Wigger A. High x low anxiety-related behavior rats: an animal model of extremes in trait anxiety. Behav. Genet.32, 301–314 (2002).
  • Godsil BP, Quinn JJ, Fanselow MS. Body temperature as a conditional response measure for pavlovian fear conditioning. Learning Memory.7, 353–356 (2000).
  • LeDoux J. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.23, 155–184 (2000).
  • Rezayat M, Roohbakhsh A, Zarrindast M-R et al. Cholecystokinin and GABA interaction in the dorsal hippocampus of rats in the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety. Physiol. Behav.84, 775–782 (2005).
  • Borman J. The ABC of GABA receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.21, 16–19 (2000).
  • Nemeroff CB. The role of GABA in the pathophysiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacol. Bull.37(4), 133–146 (2003).
  • Sanders SK, Shekhar A. Regulation of anxiety by GABAA receptors in the rat amygdala. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.52, 701–706 (1995).
  • Dalvi A, Rodgers RJ. GABAergic influences on plus-maze behavior in mice. Psychopharmacology128, 380–397 (1996).
  • Zarrindast MR, Rostami P, Sadeghi-Hariri M. GABAA but not GABAB receptor stimulation induces anti-anxiety profile in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.69, 9–15 (2001).
  • Van Megen HJ, Westenberg HG, Den Boer J et al. Cholecystokinin in anxiety. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.6, 263–280 (1996).
  • Nazar M, Jessa M, Plaznik A. Benzodiazepine–GABAA receptor complex ligands in two models of anxiety. J. Neural Transm.104, 733–746 (1997).
  • Weinberger DR. Anxiety at the frontier of molecular medicine. N. Engl. J. Med.344(16), 1247–1249 (2001).
  • Malizia AL, Cunningham VJ, Bell CJ et al. Decreased brain GABAA benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder: preliminary results from a quantitative PET study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry55, 715–720 (1998).
  • Bremner JD, Innis RB, Southwick SM et al. Decreased benzodiazepine receptor binding in prefrontal cortex in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry157, 20–1126 (2000).
  • Jetty PV, Charney DS, Goddard AW. Neurobiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am.24, 75–97 (2001).
  • Ferrari MCF, Busatto GF, McGuire PK, Crippa JAS. Structural magnetic in anxiety disorders: an update of research findings. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.30, 251–264 (2008).
  • Maslowsky J, Mogg K, Bradley BP et al. A preliminary investigation of neural correlates of treatment in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.20, 105–111 (2010).
  • Ball SG, Kuhn A, Wall D, Shekhar A, Goddard AW. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind, prospective comparison between paroxetine and sertraline. J. Clin. Psychiatry66, 94–99 (2005).
  • Lutz B. The endocannabinoid system and extinction learning. Mol. Neurobiol.36, 92–101 (2007).
  • Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E et al.; WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Anxiety, Obsessive–Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders: first revision. World J. Biol. Psychiatry9(4), 248–312 (2008).
  • Davidson JR, Zhang W, Connor KM et al. A psychopharmacological treatment algorithm for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). J. Psychopharmacol.24(1), 3–26 (2008).
  • Allgulander C. Novel approaches to treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry23, 37–42 (2010).
  • Allgulander C, Florea I, Huusom A. Prevention of relapse in generalized anxiety disorder by escitalopram treatment. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.9, 495–505 (2006).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.