176
Views
58
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Stroke - Review

Antiplatelet resistance in stroke

, &
Pages 251-263 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation121(7), e46–e215 (2010).
  • Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Aspirin resistance. Lancet367(9510), 606–617 (2006).
  • Breet NJ, van Werkum JW, Bouman HJ et al. Comparison of platelet function tests in predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation. JAMA303(8), 754–762 (2010).
  • Michelson AD. Methods for the measurement of platelet function. Am. J. Cardiol.103(3 Suppl.), A20–A26 (2009).
  • Jeon SB, Song HS, Kim BJ et al. Biochemical aspirin resistance and recurrent lesions in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Eur. Neurol.64(1), 51–57 (2010).
  • Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J, Uhry S, Alessi MC, Bonnet JL. Post-PCI fatal bleeding in aspirin and clopidogrel hyper responder: shifting from antiplatelet resistance to bleeding risk assessment? Int. J. Cardiol.138(2), 212–213 (2010).
  • May AE, Geisler T, Gawaz M. Individualized antithrombotic therapy in high risk patients after coronary stenting. A double-edged sword between thrombosis and bleeding. Thromb. Haemost.99(3), 487–493 (2008).
  • Collet JP, Montalescot G. Platelet function testing and implications for clinical practice. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther.14(3), 157–169 (2009).
  • Blais N, Pharand C, Lordkipanidze M, Sia YK, Merhi Y, Diodati JG. Response to aspirin in healthy individuals. Cross-comparison of light transmission aggregometry, VerifyNow system, platelet count drop, thromboelastography (TEG) and urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B(2). Thromb. Haemost.102(2), 404–411 (2009).
  • Lordkipanidze M, Pharand C, Schampaert E, Turgeon J, Palisaitis DA, Diodati JG. A comparison of six major platelet function tests to determine the prevalence of aspirin resistance in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart. J.28(14), 1702–1708 (2007).
  • Santilli F, Rocca B, De Cristofaro R et al. Platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition by low-dose aspirin is not reflected consistently by platelet function assays: implications for aspirin ‘resistance’. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.53(8), 667–677 (2009).
  • Cuisset T, Frere C, Poyet R et al. Clopidogrel response: head-to-head comparison of different platelet assays to identify clopidogrel non responder patients after coronary stenting. Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis.103(1), 39–45 (2010).
  • Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, DiChiara J et al. Evaluation of dose-related effects of aspirin on platelet function: results from the Aspirin-Induced Platelet Effect (ASPECT) study. Circulation115(25), 3156–3164 (2007).
  • Broadley AJ, Gapper P, Schmitt M, Frenneaux MP. Supine rest reduces platelet activation and aggregation. Platelets14(1), 3–7 (2003).
  • Smock KJ, Rodgers GM. Laboratory evaluation of aspirin responsiveness. Am. J. Hematol.85(5), 358–360 (2010).
  • Grotemeyer KH. The platelet-reactivity-test – a useful ‘by-product’ of the blood-sampling procedure? Thromb. Res.61(4), 423–431 (1991).
  • Dalby MC, Davidson SJ, Burman JF, Davies SW. Diurnal variation in platelet aggregation with the PFA-100 platelet function analyser. Platelets11(6), 320–324 (2000).
  • Pamukcu B, Oflaz H, Acar RD et al. The role of exercise on platelet aggregation in patients with stable coronary artery disease: exercise induces aspirin resistant platelet activation. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis20(1), 17–22 (2005).
  • Gremmel T, Steiner S, Seidinger D, Koppensteiner R, Panzer S, Kopp CW. Smoking promotes clopidogrel-mediated platelet inhibition in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy. Thromb. Res.124(5), 588–591 (2009).
  • Addad F, Chakroune T, Asma A et al. Clopidogrel but not Aspirin prevents acute smoking-induced platelet aggregation in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Thromb. Res.123(4), 640–643 (2009).
  • Gremmel T, Steiner S, Seidinger D, Koppensteiner R, Panzer S, Kopp CW. Adenosine diphosphate-inducible platelet reactivity shows a pronounced age dependency in the initial phase of antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel. J. Thromb. Haemost.8(1), 37–42 (2010).
  • Zuern CS, Lindemann S, Gawaz M. Platelet function and response to aspirin: gender-specific features and implications for female thrombotic risk and management. Semin. Thromb. Hemost.35(3), 295–306 (2009).
  • Modica A, Karlsson F, Mooe T. Platelet aggregation and aspirin non-responsiveness increase when an acute coronary syndrome is complicated by an infection. J. Thromb. Haemost.5(3), 507–511 (2007).
  • Tamminen M, Lassila R, Westerbacka J, Vehkavaara S, Yki-Jarvinen H. Obesity is associated with impaired platelet-inhibitory effect of acetylsalicylic acid in nondiabetic subjects. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.27(8), 907–911 (2003).
  • Ertugrul DT, Tutal E, Yildiz M et al. Aspirin resistance is associated with glycemic control, the dose of aspirin, and obesity in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.95(6), 2897–2901 (2010).
  • Hovens MM, Snoep JD, Groeneveld Y, Tamsma JT, Eikenboom JC, Huisman MV. High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and suboptimal glycemic control predict diminished ex vivo aspirin responsiveness in patients with Type 2 diabetes. J. Thromb. Haemost.5(7), 1562–1564 (2007).
  • Lee PY, Chen WH, Ng W et al. Low-dose aspirin increases aspirin resistance in patients with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Med.118(7), 723–727 (2005).
  • Karepov V, Tolpina G, Kuliczkowski W, Serebruany V. Plasma triglycerides as predictors of platelet responsiveness to aspirin in patients after first ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis.26(3), 272–276 (2008).
  • Bouman HJ, van Werkum JW, Hackeng CM, Verheugt FW, Ten Berg JM. The importance of anticoagulant agents in measuring platelet aggregation in patients treated with clopidogrel and aspirin. J. Thromb. Haemost.6(6), 1040–1042 (2008).
  • Mansour K, Taher AT, Musallam KM, Alam S. Aspirin resistance. Adv. Hematol.2009, 937352 (2009).
  • Hedegaard SS, Hvas AM, Grove EL et al. Optical platelet aggregation versus thromboxane metabolites in healthy individuals and patients with stable coronary artery disease after low-dose aspirin administration. Thromb. Res.124(1), 96–100 (2009).
  • Alberts MJ. Platelet function testing for aspirin resistance is reasonable to do: yes! Stroke41(10), 2400–2401 (2010).
  • Ziegler S, Maca T, Alt E, Speiser W, Schneider B, Minar E. Monitoring of antiplatelet therapy with the PFA-100 in peripheral angioplasty patients. Platelets13(8), 493–497 (2002).
  • Grundmann K, Jaschonek K, Kleine B, Dichgans J, Topka H. Aspirin non-responder status in patients with recurrent cerebral ischemic attacks. J. Neurol.50(1), 63–66 (2003).
  • Linnemann B, Schwonberg J, Toennes SW, Mani H, Lindhoff-Last E. Variability of residual platelet function despite clopidogrel treatment in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Atherosclerosis209(2), 504–509 (2010).
  • Lev EI. Aspirin resistance transient laboratory finding or important clinical entity? J. Coll. Cardiol.53(8), 678–680 (2009).
  • Helgason CM, Bolin KM, Hoff JA et al. Development of aspirin resistance in persons with previous ischemic stroke. Stroke25(12), 2331–2336 (1994).
  • Schwartz KA, Schwartz DE, Barber K, Reeves M, De Franco AC. Non-compliance is the predominant cause of aspirin resistance in chronic coronary arterial disease patients. J. Transl. Med.6, 46 (2008).
  • Serebruany V, Cherala G, Williams C et al. Association of platelet responsiveness with clopidogrel metabolism: role of compliance in the assessment of ‘resistance’. Am. Heart J.158(6), 925–932 (2009).
  • Hamann GF, Weimar C, Glahn J, Busse O, Diener HC. Adherence to secondary stroke prevention strategies – results from the German Stroke Data Bank. Cerebrovasc. Dis.15(4), 282–288 (2003).
  • Herlitz J, Toth PP, Naesdal J. Low-dose aspirin therapy for cardiovascular prevention: quantification and consequences of poor compliance or discontinuation. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs10(2), 125–141 (2010).
  • Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J et al. Aspirin noncompliance is the major cause of ‘aspirin resistance’ in patients undergoing coronary stenting. Am. Heart J.157(5), 889–893 (2009).
  • Cox D, Maree AO, Dooley M, Conroy R, Byrne MF, Fitzgerald DJ. Effect of enteric coating on antiplatelet activity of low-dose aspirin in healthy volunteers. Stroke37(8), 2153–2158 (2006).
  • Maree AO, Fitzgerald DJ. Variable platelet response to aspirin and clopidogrel in atherothrombotic disease. Circulation115(16), 2196–2207 (2007).
  • Schwertner HA, McGlasson D, Christopher M, Bush AC. Effects of different aspirin formulations on platelet aggregation times and on plasma salicylate concentrations. Thromb. Res.118(4), 529–534 (2006).
  • Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, Kapoor SC et al. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. N. Engl. J. Med.345(25), 1809–1817 (2001).
  • Gilard M, Arnaud B, Cornily JC et al. Influence of omeprazole on the antiplatelet action of clopidogrel associated with aspirin: the randomized, double-blind OCLA (Omeprazole Clopidogrel Aspirin) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.51(3), 256–260 (2008).
  • Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J et al. Comparison of omeprazole and pantoprazole influence on a high 150-mg clopidogrel maintenance dose the PACA (Proton Pump Inhibitors and Clopidogrel Association) prospective randomized study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.54(13), 1149–1153 (2009).
  • Small DS, Farid NA, Payne CD et al. Effects of the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel. J. Clin. Pharmacol.48(4), 475–484 (2008).
  • Sibbing D, Morath T, Stegherr J et al. Impact of proton pump inhibitors on the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel. Thromb. Haemost.101(4), 714–719 (2009).
  • Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT et al. A population-based study of the drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel. CMAJ180(7), 713–718 (2009).
  • Ho PM, Maddox TM, Wang L et al. Risk of adverse outcomes associated with concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors following acute coronary syndrome. JAMA301(9), 937–944 (2009).
  • O’Donoghue ML, Braunwald E, Antman EM et al. Pharmacodynamic effect and clinical efficacy of clopidogrel and prasugrel with or without a proton-pump inhibitor: an analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet374(9694), 989–997 (2009).
  • Rassen JA, Choudhry NK, Avorn J, Schneeweiss S. Cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients using clopidogrel with proton pump inhibitors after percutaneous coronary intervention or acute coronary syndrome. Circulation120(23), 2322–2329 (2009).
  • Lau WC, Waskell LA, Watkins PB et al. Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: a new drug–drug interaction. Circulation107(1), 32–37 (2003).
  • Neubauer H, Gunesdogan B, Hanefeld C, Spiecker M, Mugge A. Lipophilic statins interfere with the inhibitory effects of clopidogrel on platelet function – a flow cytometry study. Eur. Heart J.24(19), 1744–1749 (2003).
  • Saw J, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB et al. Lack of adverse clopidogrel–atorvastatin clinical interaction from secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled clopidogrel trial. Circulation108(8), 921–924 (2003).
  • Mitsios JV, Papathanasiou AI, Rodis FI, Elisaf M, Goudevenos JA, Tselepis AD. Atorvastatin does not affect the antiplatelet potency of clopidogrel when it is administered concomitantly for 5 weeks in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation109(11), 1335–1338 (2004).
  • Saw J, Brennan DM, Steinhubl SR et al. Lack of evidence of a clopidogrel–statin interaction in the CHARISMA trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.50(4), 291–295 (2007).
  • Gremmel T, Steiner S, Seidinger D, Koppensteiner R, Panzer S, Kopp CW. Calcium-channel blockers decrease clopidogrel-mediated platelet inhibition. Heart96(3), 186–189 (2010).
  • Harmsze AM, Robijns K, van Werkum JW et al. The use of amlodipine, but not of P-glycoprotein inhibiting calcium channel blockers is associated with clopidogrel poor-response. Thromb. Haemost.103(5), 920–925 (2010).
  • Siller-Matula JM, Lang I, Christ G, Jilma B. Calcium-channel blockers reduce the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.52(19), 1557–1563 (2008).
  • Feher G, Feher A, Pusch G, Lupkovics G, Szapary L, Papp E. The genetics of antiplatelet drug resistance. Clin. Genet.75(1), 1–18 (2009).
  • Goodman T, Ferro A, Sharma P. Pharmacogenetics of aspirin resistance: a comprehensive systematic review. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.66(2), 222–232 (2008).
  • Simon T, Verstuyft C, Mary-Krause M et al. Genetic determinants of response to clopidogrel and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med.360(4), 363–375 (2009).
  • Sugunaraj JP, Palaniswamy C, Selvaraj DR, Chaitanya Arudra SK, Sukhija R. Clopidogrel resistance. Am. J. Ther.17(2), 210–215 (2010).
  • Collet JP, Hulot JS, Pena A et al. Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism in young patients treated with clopidogrel after myocardial infarction: a cohort study. Lancet373(9660), 309–317 (2009).
  • Patti G, Colonna G, Pasceri V, Pepe LL, Montinaro A, Di Sciascio G. Randomized trial of high loading dose of clopidogrel for reduction of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing coronary intervention: results from the ARMYDA-2 (Antiplatelet therapy for Reduction of Myocardial Damage during Angioplasty) study. Circulation111(16), 2099–2106 (2005).
  • Seip RL, Duconge J, Ruano G. Implementing genotype-guided antithrombotic therapy. Future Cardiol.6(3), 409–424 (2010).
  • Michelson AD, Cattaneo M, Eikelboom JW et al. Aspirin resistance: position paper of the Working Group on Aspirin Resistance. J. Thromb. Haemost.3(6), 1309–1311 (2005).
  • Gasparyan AY, Watson T, Lip GY. The role of aspirin in cardiovascular prevention: implications of aspirin resistance. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.51(19), 1829–1843 (2008).
  • Angiolillo DJ, Suryadevara S. Aspirin and clopidogrel: efficacy and resistance in diabetes mellitus. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.23(3), 375–388 (2009).
  • Grove EL, Hvas AM, Kristensen SD. Immature platelets in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Thromb. Haemost.101(1), 151–156 (2009).
  • Gaborit B, Frere C, Cuisset T, Alessi MC, Dutour A. Enhanced post-clopidogrel platelet reactivity in diabetic patients is independently related to plasma fibrinogen level but not to glycemic control. J. Thromb. Haemost.7(11), 1939–1941 (2009).
  • Pamukcu B, Oflaz H, Onur I et al. Relationship between the serum sCD40L level and aspirin-resistant platelet aggregation in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circ. J.72(1), 61–66 (2008).
  • Erlinge D, Varenhorst C, Braun OO et al. Patients with poor responsiveness to thienopyridine treatment or with diabetes have lower levels of circulating active metabolite, but their platelets respond normally to active metabolite added ex vivo. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.52(24), 1968–1977 (2008).
  • Simon DI, Schmaier AH. Sweet and sticky: diabetic platelets, enhanced reactivity, and cardiovascular risk. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.50(16), 1548–1550 (2007).
  • Watala C, Pluta J, Golanski J et al. Increased protein glycation in diabetes mellitus is associated with decreased aspirin-mediated protein acetylation and reduced sensitivity of blood platelets to aspirin. J. Mol. Med.83(2), 148–158 (2005).
  • Michelson AD, Frelinger AL 3rd, Furman MI. Current options in platelet function testing. Am. J. Cardiol.98(10A), 4N-10N (2006).
  • Ohmori T, Yatomi Y, Nonaka T et al. Aspirin resistance detected with aggregometry cannot be explained by cyclooxygenase activity: involvement of other signaling pathway(s) in cardiovascular events of aspirin-treated patients. J. Thromb. Haemost.4(6), 1271–1278 (2006).
  • Harrison P KD. Laboratory monitoring of antiplatelet therapy. In: Platelets in Hematologic and Cardiovascular Disorders – A Clinical Handbook. Gresele P, Fuster V, Lopez J, Page C, Vermylen J (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 386–407 (2008).
  • Favaloro EJ. Clinical utility of the PFA-100. Semin. Thromb. Hemost.34(8), 709–733 (2008).
  • Harrison P KD. Clinical tests of platelet function. In: Platelets. Michelson A (Ed.). Elsevier Inc./Academic Press, CA, USA, 445–474 (2007).
  • Velik-Salchner C, Maier S, Innerhofer P et al. Point-of-care whole blood impedance aggregometry versus classical light transmission aggregometry for detecting aspirin and clopidogrel: the results of a pilot study. Anesth. Analg.107(6), 1798–1806 (2008).
  • Grotemeyer KH, Scharafinski HW, Husstedt IW. Two-year follow-up of aspirin responder and aspirin non responder. A pilot-study including 180 post-stroke patients. Thromb. Res.71(5), 397–403 (1993).
  • Gengo FM, Rainka M, Robson M et al. Prevalence of platelet nonresponsiveness to aspirin in patients treated for secondary stroke prophylaxis and in patients with recurrent ischemic events. J. Clin. Pharmacol.48(3), 335–343 (2008).
  • Snoep JD, Hovens MM, Eikenboom JC, van der Bom JG, Huisman MV. Association of laboratory-defined aspirin resistance with a higher risk of recurrent cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med.167(15), 1593–1599 (2007).
  • Krasopoulos G, Brister SJ, Beattie WS, Buchanan MR. Aspirin ‘resistance’ and risk of cardiovascular morbidity: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ336(7637), 195–198 (2008).
  • Snoep JD, Hovens MM, Eikenboom JC, van der Bom JG, Jukema JW, Huisman MV. Clopidogrel nonresponsiveness in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. Heart J.154(2), 221–231 (2007).
  • Bonello L, Camoin-Jau L, Arques S et al. Adjusted clopidogrel loading doses according to vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation index decrease rate of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with clopidogrel resistance: a multicenter randomized prospective study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.51(14), 1404–1411 (2008).
  • Hovens MM, Snoep JD, Eikenboom JC, van der Bom JG, Mertens BJ, Huisman MV. Prevalence of persistent platelet reactivity despite use of aspirin: a systematic review. Am. Heart J.153(2), 175–181 (2007).
  • Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ324(7329), 71–86 (2002).
  • Gladding P, Webster M, Zeng I et al. The pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel response: an analysis from the PRINC (Plavix Response in Coronary Intervention) trial. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv.1(6), 620–627 (2008).
  • Lev EI, Patel RT, Maresh KJ et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel drug response in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the role of dual drug resistance. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.47(1), 27–33 (2006).
  • Milicic D, Skoric B, Lovric D. Drug-specific thienopyridine resistance in patient with recurrent coronary stent thrombosis. J. Invasive Cardiol.21(8), E157–E160 (2009).
  • Campo G, Valgimigli M, Gemmati D et al. Poor responsiveness to clopidogrel: drug-specific or class-effect mechanism? Evidence from a clopidogrel-to-ticlopidine crossover study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.50(12), 1132–1137 (2007).
  • Gladding P, Webster M, Ormiston J, Olsen S, White H. Antiplatelet drug nonresponsiveness. Am. Heart J.155(4), 591–599 (2008).
  • Gladding PA, Webster MW, Farrell HB, Zeng IS, Park R, Ruijne N. The antiplatelet effect of six non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their pharmacodynamic interaction with aspirin in healthy volunteers. Am. J. Cardiol.101(7), 1060–1063 (2008).
  • Schroeder WS, Ghobrial L, Gandhi PJ. Possible mechanisms of drug-induced aspirin and clopidogrel resistance. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis22(2), 139–150 (2006).
  • Neubauer H, Engelhardt A, Kruger JC et al. Pantoprazole does not influence the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel – a whole blood aggregometry study following coronary stenting. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol.56(1), 91–97 (2010).
  • Stockl KM, Le L, Zakharyan A et al. Risk of rehospitalization for patients using clopidogrel with a proton pump inhibitor. Arch. Intern. Med.170(8), 704–710 (2010).
  • Abraham NS, Hlatky MA, Antman EM et al. ACCF/ACG/AHA 2010 Expert Consensus Document on the Concomitant Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Thienopyridines: A Focused Update of the ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 Expert Consensus Document on Reducing the Gastrointestinal Risks of Antiplatelet Therapy and NSAID Use. Circulation122(24), 2619–2633 (2010).
  • Bhindi R, Ormerod O, Newton J, Banning AP, Testa L. Interaction between statins and clopidogrel: is there anything clinically relevant? QJM101(12), 915–925 (2008).
  • Berger PB, Bhatt DL, Fuster V et al. Bleeding complications with dual antiplatelet therapy among patients with stable vascular disease or risk factors for vascular disease: results from the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial. Circulation121(23), 2575–2583 (2010).
  • Grotemeyer KH. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid in stroke patients. Evidence of nonresponders in a subpopulation of treated patients. Thromb. Res.63(6), 587–593 (1991).
  • Helgason CM, Tortorice KL, Winkler SR et al. Aspirin response and failure in cerebral infarction. Stroke24(3), 345–350 (1993).
  • Grau AJ, Reiners S, Lichy C, Buggle F, Ruf A. Platelet function under aspirin, clopidogrel, and both after ischemic stroke: a case-crossover study. Stroke34(4), 849–854 (2003).
  • Alberts MJ, Bergman DL, Molner E, Jovanovic BD, Ushiwata I, Teruya J. Antiplatelet effect of aspirin in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Stroke35(1), 175–178 (2004).
  • Macchi L, Petit E, Brizard A, Gil R, Neau JP. Aspirin resistance in vitro and hypertension in stroke patients. J. Thromb. Haemost.2(11), 2051–2053 (2004).
  • Harrison P, Segal H, Blasbery K, Furtado C, Silver L, Rothwell PM. Screening for aspirin responsiveness after transient ischemic attack and stroke: comparison of 2 point-of-care platelet function tests with optical aggregometry. Stroke36(5), 1001–1005 (2005).
  • McCabe DJ, Harrison P, Mackie IJ et al. Assessment of the antiplatelet effects of low to medium dose aspirin in the early and late phases after ischaemic stroke and TIA. Platelets16(5), 269–280 (2005).
  • Berrouschot J, Schwetlick B, von Twickel G et al. Aspirin resistance in secondary stroke prevention. Acta Neurol. Scand.113(1), 31–35 (2006).
  • Hohlfeld T, Weber AA, Junghans U et al. Variable platelet response to aspirin in patients with ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis.24(1), 43–50 (2007).
  • Bennett D, Yan B, Macgregor L, Eccleston D, Davis SM. A pilot study of resistance to aspirin in stroke patients. J. Clin. Neurosci.15(11), 1204–1209 (2008).
  • Englyst NA, Horsfield G, Kwan J, Byrne CD. Aspirin resistance is more common in lacunar strokes than embolic strokes and is related to stroke severity. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.28(6), 1196–1203 (2008).
  • Seok JI, Joo IS, Yoon JH et al. Can aspirin resistance be clinically predicted in stroke patients? Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg.110(2), 110–116 (2008).
  • Cha JK, Jeon HW, Kang MJ. ADP-induced platelet aggregation in acute ischemic stroke patients on aspirin therapy. Eur. J. Neurol.15(12), 1304–1308 (2008).
  • Boncoraglio GB, Bodini A, Brambilla C, Corsini E, Carriero MR, Parati EA. Aspirin resistance determined with PFA-100 does not predict new thrombotic events in patients with stable ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg.111(3), 270–273 (2009).
  • Bernstein PL, Jacobson BF, Connor MD, Becker PJ. Aspirin resistance in South African Caucasian patients with thrombotic cerebrovascular events. J. Neurol. Sci.277(1–2), 80–82 (2009).
  • von Lewinski F, Riggert J, Paulus W. Towards a rationale of platelet aggregation monitoring in stroke prophylaxis? J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis.18(2), 111–115 (2009).
  • Lee JH, Cha JK, Lee SJ, Ha SW, Kwon SU. Addition of cilostazol reduces biological aspirin resistance in aspirin users with ischaemic stroke: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Eur. J. Neurol.17(3), 434–442 (2010).
  • Fong J, Cheng-Ching E, Hussain MS, Katzan I, Gupta R. Predictors of biochemical aspirin and clopidogrel resistance in patients with ischemic stroke. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.12.004 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Tousoulis D, Siasos G, Stefanadis C. Aspirin resistance: what the cardiologist needs to know? Int. J. Cardiol.132(2), 153–156 (2009).
  • Seegmiller A, Sarode R. Laboratory evaluation of platelet function. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am.21(4), 731–742, vii (2007).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.