1,115
Views
154
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Multiple sclerosis-associated fatigue

, &
Pages 1437-1447 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Minden SL, Frankel D, Hadden L, Perloffp J, Srinath KP, Hoaglin DC. The Sonya Slifka Longitudinal Multiple Sclerosis Study: methods and sample characteristics. Mult. Scler.12(1), 24–38 (2006).
  • Krupp LB, Alvarez LA, LaRocca NG, Scheinberg LC. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol.45(4), 435–437 (1988).
  • Flachenecker P, Meissner H. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis presenting as acute relapse: subjective and objective assessment. Mult. Scler.14(2), 274–277 (2008).
  • Smith MM, Arnett PA. Factors related to employment status changes in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.11(5), 602–609 (2005).
  • Julian LJ, Vella L, Vollmer T, Hadjimichael O, Mohr DC. Employment in multiple sclerosis. Exiting and re-entering the work force. J. Neurol.255(9), 1354–1360 (2008).
  • Hadjimichael O, Vollmer T, Oleen-Burkey M. Fatigue characteristics in multiple sclerosis: the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) survey. Health Qual. Life Outcomes6, 100 (2008).
  • Amato MP, Ponziani G, Rossi F, Liedl CL, Stefanile C, Rossi L. Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: the impact of depression, fatigue and disability. Mult. Scler.7(5), 340–344 (2001).
  • Schwartz CE, Coulthard-Morris L, Zeng Q. Psychosocial correlates of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.77(2), 165–170 (1996).
  • Strober LB, Arnett PA. An examination of four models predicting fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol.20(5), 631–646 (2005).
  • van Kessel K, Moss-Morris R, Willoughby E, Chalder T, Johnson MH, Robinson E. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for multiple sclerosis fatigue. Psychosom. Med.70(2), 205–213 (2008).
  • Motl RW, McAuley E, Snook EM. Physical activity and multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Mult. Scler.11(4), 459–463 (2005).
  • McCullagh R, Fitzgerald AP, Murphy RP, Cooke G. Long-term benefits of exercising on quality of life and fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients with mild disability: a pilot study. Clin. Rehabil.22(3), 206–214 (2008).
  • Sauter C, Zebenholzer K, Hisakawa J, Zeitlhofer J, Vass K. A longitudinal study on effects of a six-week course for energy conservation for multiple sclerosis patients. Mult. Scler.14(4), 500–505 (2008).
  • Kos D, Duportail M, D’Hooghe M, Nagels G, Kerckhofs E. Multidisciplinary fatigue management programme in multiple sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Mult. Scler.13(8), 996–1003 (2007).
  • Wessely S, Hotopf M, Sharpe D. Chronic Fatigue And Its Syndromes. Oxford University Press, NY, USA (1998).
  • Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines (Ed.). Fatigue And Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence-Based Management Strategies For Fatigue In Multiple Sclerosis. Paralyzed Veterans Association of America, DC, USA (1998).
  • Patrick E, Christodoulou C, Krupp LB. Longitudinal correlates of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.15(2), 258–261 (2009).
  • Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Muir-Nash J, Steinberg AD. The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch. Neurol.46(10), 1121–1123 (1989).
  • Edgley K, Sullivan M, Dehoux E. A survey of multiple sclerosis: II determinants of employment status. Can. J. Rehabil. (4), 127–132 (1991).
  • Johansson S, Ytterberg C, Gottberg K, Widen Holmqvist L, von Koch L. Use of health services in people with multiple sclerosis with and without fatigue. Mult. Scler.15(1), 88–95 (2009).
  • Aronson KJ. Quality of life among persons with multiple sclerosis and their caregivers. Neurology48(1), 74–80 (1997).
  • Janardhan V, Bakshi R. Quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis: the impact of fatigue and depression. J. Neurol. Sci.205(1), 51–58 (2002).
  • Colosimo C, Millefiorini E, Grasso MG et al. Fatigue in MS is associated with specific clinical features. Acta Neurol. Scand.92(5), 353–355 (1995).
  • Lerdal A, Celius EG, Moum T. Fatigue and its association with sociodemographic variables among multiple sclerosis patients. Mult. Scler.9(5), 509–514 (2003).
  • Chwastiak LA, Gibbons LE, Ehde DM et al. Fatigue and psychiatric illness in a large community sample of persons with multiple sclerosis. J. Psychosom. Res.59(5), 291–298 (2005).
  • Flachenecker P, Kumpfel T, Kallmann B et al. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a comparison of different rating scales and correlation to clinical parameters. Mult. Scler.8(6), 523–526 (2002).
  • Bakshi R, Shaikh ZA, Miletich RS et al. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis and its relationship to depression and neurologic disability. Mult. Scler.6(3), 181–185 (2000).
  • Freal JE, Kraft GH, Coryell JK. Symptomatic fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.65(3), 135–138 (1984).
  • Putzki N, Katsarava Z, Vago S, Diener HC, Limmroth V. Prevalence and severity of multiple-sclerosis-associated fatigue in treated and untreated patients. Eur. Neurol.59(3–4), 136–142 (2008).
  • Patten SB, Beck CA, Williams JV, Barbui C, Metz LM. Major depression in multiple sclerosis: a population-based perspective. Neurology61(11), 1524–1527 (2003).
  • Feinstein A. The neuropsychiatry of multiple sclerosis. Can. J. Psychiatry49(3), 157–163 (2004).
  • Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Allen J et al. Depression and multiple sclerosis. Neurology46(3), 628–632 (1996).
  • Bol Y, Duits AA, Hupperts RM, Vlaeyen JW, Verhey FR. The psychology of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: a review. J. Psychosom. Res.66(1), 3–11 (2009).
  • Vercoulen JH, Swanink CM, Galama JM et al. The persistence of fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis: development of a model. J. Psychosom. Res.45(6), 507–517 (1998).
  • van der Werf SP, Evers A, Jongen PJ, Bleijenberg G. The role of helplessness as mediator between neurological disability, emotional instability, experienced fatigue and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.9(1), 89–94 (2003).
  • Trojan DA, Arnold D, Collet JP et al. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: association with disease-related, behavioural and psychosocial factors. Mult. Scler.13(8), 985–995 (2007).
  • Jopson NM, Moss-Morris R. The role of illness severity and illness representations in adjusting to multiple sclerosis. J. Psychosom. Res.54(6), 503–511; discussion 513–514 (2003).
  • Kroencke DC, Lynch SG, Denney DR. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: relationship to depression, disability, and disease pattern. Mult. Scler.6(2), 131–136 (2000).
  • Fisk JD, Pontefract A, Ritvo PG, Archibald CJ, Murray TJ. The impact of fatigue on patients with multiple sclerosis. Can. J. Neurol. Sci.21(1), 9–14 (1994).
  • Ford H, Trigwell P, Johnson M. The nature of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. J. Psychosom. Res.45(1 Spec No), 33–38 (1998).
  • Moller A, Wiedemann G, Rohde U, Backmund H, Sonntag A. Correlates of cognitive impairment and depressive mood disorder in multiple sclerosis. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.89(2), 117–121 (1994).
  • Vercoulen JH, Hommes OR, Swanink CM et al. The measurement of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. A multidimensional comparison with patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy subjects. Arch. Neurol.53(7), 642–649 (1996).
  • Brown RF, Valpiani EM, Tennant CC et al. Longitudinal assessment of anxiety, depression, and fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis. Psychol. Psychother.82(Pt 1), 41–56 (2009).
  • Johansson S, Ytterberg C, Hillert J, Widen Holmqvist L, von Koch L. A longitudinal study of variations in and predictors of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry79(4), 454–457 (2008).
  • Feinstein A, O’Connor P, Gray T, Feinstein K. The effects of anxiety on psychiatric morbidity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.5(5), 323–326 (1999).
  • Skerrett TN, Moss-Morris R. Fatigue and social impairment in multiple sclerosis: the role of patients’ cognitive and behavioral responses to their symptoms. J. Psychosom. Res.61(5), 587–593 (2006).
  • Iriarte J, Subira ML, Castro P. Modalities of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: correlation with clinical and biological factors. Mult. Scler.6(2), 124–130 (2000).
  • Fleming WE, Pollak CP. Sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis. Semin. Neurol.25(1), 64–68 (2005).
  • Tachibana N, Howard RS, Hirsch NP, Miller DH, Moseley IF, Fish D. Sleep problems in multiple sclerosis. Eur. Neurol.34(6), 320–323 (1994).
  • Ferini-Strambi L, Filippi M, Martinelli V et al. Nocturnal sleep study in multiple sclerosis: correlations with clinical and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. J. Neurol. Sci.125(2), 194–197 (1994).
  • Kaynak H, Altintas A, Kaynak D et al. Fatigue and sleep disturbance in multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol.13(12), 1333–1339 (2006).
  • Attarian HP, Brown KM, Duntley SP, Carter JD, Cross AH. The relationship of sleep disturbances and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol.61(4), 525–528 (2004).
  • Moreira NC, Damasceno RS, Medeiros CA et al. Restless leg syndrome, sleep quality and fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res.41(10), 932–937 (2008).
  • Amarenco G, Kerdraon J, Denys P. [Bladder and sphincter disorders in multiple sclerosis. Clinical, urodynamic and neurophysiological study of 225 cases]. Rev. Neurol. (Paris)151(12), 722–730 (1995).
  • Stanton BR, Barnes F, Silber E. Sleep and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.12(4), 481–486 (2006).
  • Brochet B, Deloire MS, Ouallet JC et al. Pain and quality of life in the early stages after multiple sclerosis diagnosis: a 2-year longitudinal study. Clin. J. Pain25(3), 211–217 (2009).
  • Johnson SK, Lange G, DeLuca J, Korn LR, Natelson B. The effects of fatigue on neuropsychological performance in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and depression. Appl. Neuropsychol.4(3), 145–153 (1997).
  • Paul RH, Beatty WW, Schneider R, Blanco CR, Hames KA. Cognitive and physical fatigue in multiple sclerosis: relations between self-report and objective performance. Appl. Neuropsychol.5(3), 143–148 (1998).
  • Krupp LB, Elkins LE. Fatigue and declines in cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis. Neurology55(7), 934–939 (2000).
  • Parmenter BA, Denney DR, Lynch SG. The cognitive performance of patients with multiple sclerosis during periods of high and low fatigue. Mult. Scler.9(2), 111–118 (2003).
  • Bailey A, Channon S, Beaumont JG. The relationship between subjective fatigue and cognitive fatigue in advanced multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.13(1), 73–80 (2007).
  • Beatty WW, Goretti B, Siracusa G, Zipoli V, Portaccio E, Amato MP. Changes in neuropsychological test performance over the workday in multiple sclerosis. Clin. Neuropsychol.17(4), 551–560 (2003).
  • Christodoulou C. The assessment and measurement of fatigue. In: Fatigue As A Window To The Brain. DeLuca J (Ed.). MIT Press, NY, USA, 19–35 (2005).
  • DeLuca J. Fatigue, cognition, and mental effort. In: Fatigue As A Window To The Brain. DeLuca J (Ed.). MIT Press, NY, USA, 37–57 (2005).
  • Hillary FG, Chiaravalloti ND, Ricker JH et al. An investigation of working memory rehearsal in multiple sclerosis using fMRI. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol.25(7), 965–978 (2003).
  • Staffen W, Mair A, Zauner H et al. Cognitive function and fMRI in patients with multiple sclerosis: evidence for compensatory cortical activation during an attention task. Brain125(Pt 6), 1275–1282 (2002).
  • DeLuca J, Genova HM, Hillary FG, Wylie G. Neural correlates of cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis using functional MRI. J. Neurol. Sci.270(1–2), 28–39 (2008).
  • Chiaravalloti N, Hillary F, Ricker J et al. Cerebral activation patterns during working memory performance in multiple sclerosis using fMRI. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol.27(1), 33–54 (2005).
  • Christodoulou C, DeLuca J, Ricker JH et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory impairment after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry71(2), 161–168 (2001).
  • Sharma KR, Kent-Braun J, Mynhier MA, Weiner MW, Miller RG. Evidence of an abnormal intramuscular component of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Muscle Nerve18(12), 1403–1411 (1995).
  • Sheean GL, Murray NM, Rothwell JC, Miller DH, Thompson AJ. An electrophysiological study of the mechanism of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Brain120(Pt 2), 299–315 (1997).
  • Kent-Braun JA, Sharma KR, Miller RG, Weiner MW. Postexercise phosphocreatine resynthesis is slowed in multiple sclerosis. Muscle Nerve17(8), 835–841 (1994).
  • Latash M, Kalugina E, Nicholas J, Orpett C, Stefoski D, Davis F. Myogenic and central neurogenic factors in fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.1(4), 236–241 (1996).
  • Fisk JD, Ritvo PG, Ross L, Haase DA, Marrie TJ, Schlech WF. Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: initial validation of the fatigue impact scale. Clin. Infect. Dis.18(Suppl. 1), S79–S83 (1994).
  • Goldman MD, Marrie RA, Cohen JA. Evaluation of the six-minute walk in multiple sclerosis subjects and healthy controls. Mult. Scler.14(3), 383–390 (2008).
  • Leocani L, Colombo B, Magnani G et al. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis is associated with abnormal cortical activation to voluntary movement – EEG evidence. Neuroimage13(6 Pt 1), 1186–1192 (2001).
  • Liepert J, Mingers D, Heesen C, Baumer T, Weiller C. Motor cortex excitability and fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Mult. Scler.11(3), 316–321 (2005).
  • Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med. Care30(6), 473–483 (1992).
  • Ware JE Jr. SF-36 health survey update. Spine (Phila Pa 1976)25(24), 3130–3139 (2000).
  • McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Profile of Mood States Manual. Educational and Industrial Testing Service, CA, USA (1971).
  • Gilson BS, Gilson JS, Bergner M et al. The sickness impact profile. Development of an outcome measure of health care. Am. J. Public Health65(12), 1304–1310 (1975).
  • Schwartz JE, Jandorf L, Krupp LB. The measurement of fatigue: a new instrument. J. Psychosom. Res.37(7), 753–762 (1993).
  • Whitehead L. The measurement of fatigue in chronic illness: a systematic review of unidimensional and multidimensional fatigue measures. J. Pain Symptom Manage.37(1), 107–128 (2009).
  • Penner IK, Raselli C, Stocklin M, Opwis K, Kappos L, Calabrese P. The Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC): validation of a new instrument to assess multiple sclerosis-related fatigue. Mult. Scler.15(12), 1509–1517 (2009).
  • Krupp LB, Coyle PK, Doscher C et al. Fatigue therapy in multiple sclerosis: results of a double-blind, randomized, parallel trial of amantadine, pemoline, and placebo. Neurology45(11), 1956–1961 (1995).
  • Mills R, Young C, Nicholas R, Pallant J, Tennant A. Rasch analysis of the Fatigue Severity Scale in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.15(1), 81–87 (2009).
  • Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology33(11), 1444–1452 (1983).
  • Iriarte J, Katsamakis G, Castro P. The Fatigue Descriptive Scale (FDS): a useful tool to evaluate fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.5(1), 10–16 (1999).
  • Chalder T, Berelowitz G, Pawlikowska T et al. Development of a fatigue scale. J. Psychosom. Res.37(2), 147–153 (1993).
  • Reeve BB, Hays RD, Bjorner JB et al. Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks: plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Med. Care45(5 Suppl. 1), S22–S31 (2007).
  • Cella D, Yount S, Rothrock N et al. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): progress of an NIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years. Med. Care45(5 Suppl. 1), S3–S11 (2007).
  • DeWalt DA, Rothrock N, Yount S, Stone AA. Evaluation of item candidates: the PROMIS qualitative item review. Med. Care45(5 Suppl. 1), S12–S21 (2007).
  • Christodoulou C, Junghaenel DU, DeWalt DA, Rothrock N, Stone AA. Cognitive interviewing in the evaluation of fatigue items: results from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS). Qual. Life Res.17(10), 1239–1246 (2008).
  • Krupp LB, Christodoulou C. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep.1(3), 294–298 (2001).
  • Stone AA, Shiffman S. Capturing momentary, self-report data: a proposal for reporting guidelines. Ann. Behav. Med.24(3), 236–243 (2002).
  • Schwid SR, Thornton CA, Pandya S et al. Quantitative assessment of motor fatigue and strength in MS. Neurology53(4), 743–750 (1999).
  • Djaldetti R, Ziv I, Achiron A, Melamed E. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis compared with chronic fatigue syndrome: a quantitative assessment. Neurology46(3), 632–635 (1996).
  • Krupp LB, Pollina DA. Mechanisms and management of fatigue in progressive neurological disorders. Curr. Opin. Neurol.9(6), 456–460 (1996).
  • Schubert M, Wohlfarth K, Rollnik JD, Dengler R. Walking and fatigue in multiple sclerosis: the role of the corticospinal system. Muscle Nerve21(8), 1068–1070 (1998).
  • Kujala P, Portin R, Revonsuo A, Ruutiainen J. Attention related performance in two cognitively different subgroups of patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry59(1), 77–82 (1995).
  • Schwid SR, Tyler CM, Scheid EA, Weinstein A, Goodman AD, McDermott MP. Cognitive fatigue during a test requiring sustained attention: a pilot study. Mult. Scler.9(5), 503–508 (2003).
  • Bakshi R, Miletich RS, Henschel K et al. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: cross-sectional correlation with brain MRI findings in 71 patients. Neurology53(5), 1151–1153 (1999).
  • van der Werf SP, Jongen PJ, Lycklama à Nijeholt GJ, Barkhof F, Hommes OR, Bleijenberg G. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: interrelations between fatigue complaints, cerebral MRI abnormalities and neurological disability. J. Neurol. Sci.160(2), 164–170 (1998).
  • Tedeschi G, Dinacci D, Lavorgna L et al. Correlation between fatigue and brain atrophy and lesion load in multiple sclerosis patients independent of disability. J. Neurol. Sci.263(1–2), 15–19 (2007).
  • Marrie RA, Fisher E, Miller DM, Lee JC, Rudick RA. Association of fatigue and brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci.228(2), 161–166 (2005).
  • Roelcke U, Kappos L, Lechner-Scott J et al. Reduced glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia of multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue: a 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study. Neurology48(6), 1566–1571 (1997).
  • Sepulcre J, Masdeu JC, Goni J et al. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis is associated with the disruption of frontal and parietal pathways. Mult. Scler.15(3), 337–344 (2009).
  • Niepel G, Tench ChR, Morgan PS, Evangelou N, Auer DP, Constantinescu C. Deep gray matter and fatigue in MS: a T1 relaxation time study. J. Neurol.253(7), 896–902 (2006).
  • Gallo P, Grossi P, Favaretto A, Calabrese M. Magnetic resonance evidence of the involvement of the striatal–thalamic–frontal cortex system in determining fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Neurology74(Suppl. 2), A508 (2010).
  • Tartaglia MC, Narayanan S, Francis SJ et al. The relationship between diffuse axonal damage and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol.61(2), 201–207 (2004).
  • Rocca MA, Agosta F, Colombo B et al. fMRI changes in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients complaining of fatigue after IFNβ-1a injection. Hum. Brain Mapp.28(5), 373–382 (2007).
  • Filippi M, Rocca MA, Colombo B et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage15(3), 559–567 (2002).
  • White AT, Lee JN, Light AR, Light KC. Brain activation in multiple sclerosis: a BOLD fMRI study of the effects of fatiguing hand exercise. Mult. Scler.15(5), 580–586 (2009).
  • Tartaglia MC, Narayanan S, Arnold DL. Mental fatigue alters the pattern and increases the volume of cerebral activation required for a motor task in multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue. Eur. J. Neurol.15(4), 413–419 (2008).
  • Bower JE, Ganz PA, Aziz N, Fahey JL. Fatigue and proinflammatory cytokine activity in breast cancer survivors. Psychosom. Med.64(4), 604–611 (2002).
  • Kerr JR, Barah F, Mattey DL et al. Circulating tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ are detectable during acute and convalescent parvovirus B19 infection and are associated with prolonged and chronic fatigue. J. Gen. Virol.82(Pt 12), 3011–3019 (2001).
  • Kurzrock R. The role of cytokines in cancer-related fatigue. Cancer92(Suppl. 6), 1684–1688 (2001).
  • Patarca R. Cytokines and chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.933, 185–200 (2001).
  • Flachenecker P, Bihler I, Weber F, Gottschalk M, Toyka KV, Rieckmann P. Cytokine mRNA expression in patients with multiple sclerosis and fatigue. Mult. Scler.10(2), 165–169 (2004).
  • Heesen C, Nawrath L, Reich C, Bauer N, Schulz KH, Gold SM. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: an example of cytokine mediated sickness behaviour? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry77(1), 34–39 (2006).
  • Giovannoni G, Thompson AJ, Miller DH, Thompson EJ. Fatigue is not associated with raised inflammatory markers in multiple sclerosis. Neurology57(4), 676–681 (2001).
  • Gottschalk M, Kumpfel T, Flachenecker P et al. Fatigue and regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol.62(2), 277–280 (2005).
  • Tellez N, Comabella M, Julia E et al. Fatigue in progressive multiple sclerosis is associated with low levels of dehydroepiandrosterone. Mult. Scler.12(4), 487–494 (2006).
  • Merkelbach S, Dillmann U, Kolmel C, Holz I, Muller M. Cardiovascular autonomic dysregulation and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.7(5), 320–326 (2001).
  • Flachenecker P, Rufer A, Bihler I et al. Fatigue in MS is related to sympathetic vasomotor dysfunction. Neurology61(6), 851–853 (2003).
  • Egg R, Hogl B, Glatzl S, Beer R, Berger T. Autonomic instability, as measured by pupillary unrest, is not associated with multiple sclerosis fatigue severity. Mult. Scler.8(3), 256–260 (2002).
  • Foglio K, Clini E, Facchetti D et al. Respiratory muscle function and exercise capacity in multiple sclerosis. Eur. Respir. J.7(1), 23–28 (1994).
  • Krupp LB. Fatigue In Multiple Sclerosis: A Guide To Diagnosis And Management. Demos Medical Publishing, NY, USA (2004).
  • Mohr DC, Hart SL, Goldberg A. Effects of treatment for depression on fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Psychosom. Med.65(4), 542–547 (2003).
  • Petajan JH, Gappmaier E, White AT, Spencer MK, Mino L, Hicks RW. Impact of aerobic training on fitness and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol.39(4), 432–441 (1996).
  • Oken BS, Kishiyama S, Zajdel D et al. Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple sclerosis. Neurology62(11), 2058–2064 (2004).
  • Mostert S, Kesselring J. Effects of a short-term exercise training program on aerobic fitness, fatigue, health perception and activity level of subjects with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.8(2), 161–168 (2002).
  • Deale A, Chalder T, Marks I, Wessely S. Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Psychiatry154(3), 408–414 (1997).
  • Prins JB, Bleijenberg G, Bazelmans E et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet357(9259), 841–847 (2001).
  • Sharpe M, Hawton K, Simkin S et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy for the chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. BMJ312(7022), 22–26 (1996).
  • Hayden FG. Combination antiviral therapy for respiratory virus infections. Antiviral Res.29(1), 45–48 (1996).
  • Geisler MW, Sliwinski M, Coyle PK, Masur DM, Doscher C, Krupp LB. The effects of amantadine and pemoline on cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol.53(2), 185–188 (1996).
  • Cohen RA, Fisher M. Amantadine treatment of fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol.46(6), 676–680 (1989).
  • Rosenberg GA, Appenzeller O. Amantadine, fatigue, and multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol.45(10), 1104–1106 (1988).
  • A randomized controlled trial of amantadine in fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis. The Canadian MS Research Group. Can. J. Neurol. Sci.14(3), 273–278 (1987).
  • Pucci E, Branas P, D’Amico R, Giuliani G, Solari A, Taus C. Amantadine for fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (1), CD002818 (2007).
  • Lange R, Volkmer M, Heesen C, Liepert J. Modafinil effects in multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue. J. Neurol.256(4), 645–650 (2009).
  • Rammohan KW, Rosenberg JH, Lynn DJ, Blumenfeld AM, Pollak CP, Nagaraja HN. Efficacy and safety of modafinil (Provigil) for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a two centre Phase 2 study. J. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.72(2), 179–183 (2002).
  • Stankoff B, Waubant E, Confavreux C et al. Modafinil for fatigue in MS: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Neurology64(7), 1139–1143 (2005).
  • Wingerchuk DM, Benarroch EE, O’Brien PC et al. A randomized controlled crossover trial of aspirin for fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Neurology64(7), 1267–1269 (2005).
  • Schwid SR, Murray TJ. Treating fatigue in patients with MS: one step forward, one step back. Neurology64(7), 1111–1112 (2005).
  • Harel Y, Appleboim N, Lavie M, Achiron A. Single dose of methylphenidate improves cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis patients with impaired attention process. J. Neurol. Sci.276(1–2), 38–40 (2009).
  • Department of Health and Human Services FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Guidance For Industry: Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use In Medical Product Development To Support Labeling Claims. FDA, MD, USA (2009).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.