Advances in revascularization for acute ischemic stroke treatment: an update

References

• The National Institute of Neurological Disorders rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med.333(24), 1581–1587 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski TG, Libman RB, Frankel M et al. Effects of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke at one year. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med.340(23), 1781–1787 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke38(5), 1655–1711 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainin M, Olsen TS, Chamorro A et al. Organization of stroke care: education, referral, emergency management and imaging, stroke units and rehabilitation. European Stroke Initiative. Cerebrovasc. Dis.17(Suppl. 2), 1–14 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E et al.; ECASS Investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.359(13), 1317–1329 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed N, Wahlgren N, Grond M et al.; SITS investigators. Implementation and outcome of thrombolysis with alteplase 3–4.5 h after an acute stroke: an updated analysis from SITS-ISTR. Lancet Neurol.9(9), 866–874 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgenstern LB, Staub L, Chan W et al. Improving delivery of acute stroke therapy: the TLL Temple Foundation Stroke Project. Stroke33(1), 160–166 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojner AW, Morgenstern L, Alexandrov AV, Rodriguez D, Persse D, Grotta JC. Paramedic and emergency department care of stroke: baseline data from a citywide performance improvement study. Am. J. Crit. Care12(5), 411–417 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjort N, Butcher K, Davis SM et al. Magnetic resonance imaging criteria for thrombolysis in acute cerebral infarct. Stroke36(2), 388–397 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiebach JB, Schellinger PD, Gass A et al. Stroke magnetic resonance imaging is accurate in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage: a multicenter study on the validity of stroke imaging. Stroke35(2), 502–506 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintermark M, Reichhart M, Cuisenaire O et al. Comparison of admission perfusion computed tomography and qualitative diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in acute stroke patients. Stroke33(8), 2025–2031 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomon EJ, Barfett J, Willems PW, Geibprasert S, Bacigaluppi S, Krings T. Dynamic CT angiography and CT perfusion employing a 320-detector row CT: protocol and current clinical applications. Klin. Neuroradiol.19(3), 187–196 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandrov AV, Molina CA, Grotta JC et al. Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.351(21), 2170–2178 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saqqur M, Tsivgoulis G, Molina CA, Design of a PROspective multi-national CLOTBUST collaboration on reperfusion therapies for stroke (CLOTBUST-PRO). Int. J. Stroke3(1), 66–72 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur J, Zhao Z, Klein GM, Lo EH, Buchan AM. The neurotoxicity of tissue plasminogen activator? J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.24(9), 945–963 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu D, Cheng T, Guo H et al. Tissue plasminogen activator neurovascular toxicity is controlled by activated protein C. Nat. Med.10(12), 1379–1383 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleuning WD. Vampire bat plasminogen activator DSPA-α-1 (desmoteplase): a thrombolytic drug optimized by natural selection. Haemostasis31(3–6), 118–122 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liberatore GT, Samson A, Bladin C, Schleuning WD, Medcalf RL. Vampire bat salivary plasminogen activator (desmoteplase): a unique fibrinolytic enzyme that does not promote neurodegeneration. Stroke34(2), 537–543 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacke W, Albers G, Al-Rawi Y et al. The Desmoteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke Trial (DIAS). A Phase II MRI-based 9-hour window acute stroke thrombolysis trial with intravenous desmoteplase. Stroke36(1), 66–73 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacke W, Furlan AJ, Al-Rawi Y et al. Intravenous desmoteplase in patients with acute ischaemic stroke selected by MRI perfusion-diffusion weighted imaging or perfusion CT (DIAS-2): a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Neurol.8(2), 141–150 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlan AJ, Eyding D, Albers GW et al.; DEDAS Investigators. Dose Escalation of Desmoteplase for Acute Ischemic Stroke (DEDAS): evidence of safety and efficacy 3 to 9 hours after stroke onset. Stroke37(5), 1227–1231 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstraete M. Third-generation thrombolytic drugs. Am. J. Med.109(1), 52–58 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi AI, Siddiqui AM, Kim SH et al. Reocclusion of recanalized arteries during intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.25(2), 322–328 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandrov AV, Grotta JC. Arterial reocclusion in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Neurology59(6), 862–867 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi AI, Harris-Lane P, Kirmani JF et al. Intra-arterial reteplase and intravenous abciximab in patients with acute ischemic stroke: an open-label, dose-ranging, Phase I study. Neurosurgery59(4), 789–796 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schror K, Weber AA. Comparative pharmacology of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis15(2), 71–80 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Abciximab in Ischemic Stroke Investigators. Abciximab in acute ischemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study. Stroke31(3), 601–609 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams HP Jr, Effron MB, Torner J et al.; AbESTT-II Investigators. Emergency administration of abciximab for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of an international Phase III trial: Abciximab in Emergency Treatment of Stroke Trial (AbESTT-II). Stroke39(1), 87–99 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz RJ, Hamzavi M, Junghans U, Ringleb PA, Schranz C, Siebler M. Thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and tirofiban in stroke: preliminary observations. Stroke34(8), 1932–1935 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz RJ, Meisel S, Moll M, Wittsack HJ, Junghans U, Siebler M. The effect of combined thrombolysis with rtPA and tirofiban on ischemic brain lesions. Neurology62(11), 2110–2112 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straub S, Junghans U, Jovanovic V, Wittsack HJ, Seitz RJ, Siebler M. Systemic thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and tirofiban in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke35(3), 705–709 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA282(21), 2003–2011 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandrov AV, Burgin WS, Demchuk AM, El-Mitwalli A, Grotta JC. Speed of intracranial clot lysis with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator therapy: sonographic classification and short-term improvement. Circulation103(24), 2897–2902 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rother J, Schellinger PD, Gass A et al. Effect of intravenous thrombolysis on MRI parameters and functional outcome in acute stroke <6 hours. Stroke33(10), 2438–2445 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nighoghossian N, Hermier M, Adeleine P et al. Baseline magnetic resonance imaging parameters and stroke outcome in patients treated by intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Stroke34(2), 458–463 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Sabin J, Molina CA, Ribo M et al. Impact of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome after thrombolysis: risk stratification in relation to time to reperfusion. Stroke35(11), 2493–2498 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandrov AV, Demchuk AM, Burgin WS, Robinson DJ, Grotta JC. Ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: Phase I. Findings of the CLOTBUST trial. J. Neuroimaging14(2), 113–117 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards MT, Murphy MM, Geraghty JJ, Wulf JA, Konzen JP. Intra-arterial cerebral thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in a community hospital. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.20(9), 1682–1687 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahan R, Duckwiler GR, Kidwell CS et al. Intraarterial thrombolysis for treatment of acute stroke: experience in 26 patients with long-term follow-up. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.20(7), 1291–1299 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillai JJ, Lanzieri CF, Trinidad SB, Tarr RW, Sunshine JL, Lewin JS. Initial angiographic appearance of intracranial vascular occlusions in acute stroke as a predictor of outcome of thrombolysis: initial experience. Radiology218(3), 733–738 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold M, Schroth G, Nedeltchev K et al. Intra-arterial thrombolysis in 100 patients with acute stroke due to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke33(7), 1828–1833 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidat OO, Suarez JI, Santillan C et al. Response to intra-arterial and combined intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy in patients with distal internal carotid artery occlusion. Stroke33(7), 1821–1827 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckert B, Kucinski T, Pfeiffer G, Groden C, Zeumer H. Endovascular therapy of acute vertebrobasilar occlusion: early treatment onset as the most important factor. Cerebrovasc. Dis14(1), 42–50 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saqqur M, Uchino K, Demchuk AM et al. Site of arterial occlusion identified by transcranial Doppler predicts the response to intravenous thrombolysis for stroke. Stroke38(3), 948–954 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo JH, Lee KY, Kim SH, Kim DI. Immediate reocclusion following a successful thrombolysis in acute stroke: a pilot study. Neurology60(10), 1684–1687 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowski CA, Frankel M, Tomsick TA et al. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial r-TPA versus intra-arterial therapy of acute ischemic stroke: Emergency Management of Stroke (EMS) Bridging Trial. Stroke30(12), 2598–2605 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst R, Pancioli A, Tomsick T et al. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke31(11), 2552–2557 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill MD, Barber PA, Demchuk AM et al. Acute intravenous–intra-arterial revascularization therapy for severe ischemic stroke. Stroke33(1), 279–282 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez JI, Zaidat OO, Sunshine JL, Tarr R, Selman WR, Landis DM. Endovascular administration after intravenous infusion of thrombolytic agents for the treatment of patients with acute ischemic strokes. Neurosurgery50(2), 251–259 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMS Study Investigators. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial recanalization for acute ischemic stroke: the Interventional Management of Stroke Study. Stroke35(4), 904–911 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMS II Trial Investigators. The Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) II Study. Stroke38, 2127–2135 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatri P, Hill MD, Palesch YY et al.; Interventional Management of Stroke III Investigators. Methodology of the Interventional Management of Stroke III Trial. Int. J. Stroke3(2), 130–137 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorimachi T, Fujii Y, Tsuchiya N et al. Recanalization by mechanical embolus disruption during intra-arterial thrombolysis in the carotid territory. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.25(8), 1391–1402 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahon BR, Nesbit GM, Barnwell SL et al. North American Clinical Experience with the EKOS MicroLysUS Infusion Catheter for the Treatment of Embolic Stroke. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.24(3), 534–538 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlis A, Lutsep H, Barnwell S et al. Mechanical thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke with endovascular photoacoustic recanalization. Stroke35(5), 1112–1116 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringer AJ, Qureshi AI, Fessler RD, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Angioplasty of intracranial occlusion resistant to thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. Neurosurgery48(6), 1282–1288 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano S, Iseda T, Yoneyama T, Kawano H, Wakisaka S. Direct percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for acute middle cerebral artery trunk occlusion: an alternative option to intra-arterial thrombolysis. Stroke33(12), 2872–2876 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi AI, Siddiqui AM, Suri MF et al. Aggressive mechanical clot disruption and low-dose intra-arterial third- generation thrombolytic agent for ischemic stroke: a prospective study. Neurosurgery51(5), 1319–1329 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song JK, Cacayorin ED, Campbell MS et al. Intracranial balloon angioplasty of acute terminal internal carotid artery occlusions. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.23(8), 1308–1312 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoneyama T, Nakano S, Kawano H et al. Combined direct percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and low-dose native tissue plasminogen activator therapy for acute embolic middle cerebral artery trunk occlusion. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.23(2), 277–281 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal P, Borden N, Tan WA, Sen S. Rescue angioplasty after failed intra-arterial thrombolysis in acute middle cerebral artery stroke: a case report. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv.62(3), 396–400 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phatouros CC, Higashida RT, Malek AM et al. Endovascular stenting of an acutely thrombosed basilar artery: technical case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery44(3), 667–673 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SSYLVIA Investigators. Stenting of Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Vertebral or Intracranial Arteries (SSYLVIA): study results. Stroke35(6), 1388–1392 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henkes H, Miloslavski E, Lowens S, Reinartz J, Liebig T, Kühne D. Treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses with balloon dilatation and self-expanding stent deployment (WingSpan). Neuroradiology47(3), 222–228 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bose A, Hartmann M, Henkes H et al. A novel, self-expanding, nitinol stent in medically refractory intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses: the Wingspan study. Stroke38(5), 1531–1537 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy EI, Mehta R, Gupta R et al. Self-expanding stents for recanalization of acute cerebrovascular occlusions. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.28(5), 816–822 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly ME, Furlan AJ, Fiorella D. Recanalization of an acute middle cerebral artery occlusion using a self-expanding, reconstrainable, intracranial microstent as a temporary endovascular bypass. Stroke39, 1770–1773 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopko BW, Kerber C, Wong W, Georgy B. Transcatheter snare removal of acute middle cerebral artery thromboembolism: technical case report. Neurosurgery46(6), 1529–1531 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerber CW, Barr JD, Berger RM, Chopko BW. Snare retrieval of intracranial thrombus in patients with acute stroke. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol.13(12), 1269–1274 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fourie P, Duncan IC. Microsnare-assisted mechanical removal of intraprocedural distal middle cerebral arterial thromboembolism. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.24(4), 630–632 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher HC, Meyers PM, Yavagal DR et al. Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy of an occluded superior division branch of the left MCA for acute cardioembolic stroke. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol.26(3), 305–308 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesbit GM, Luh G, Tien R, Barnwell SL. New and future endovascular treatment strategies for acute ischemic stroke. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol.15(1 Pt 2), S103–S110 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Mayer TE, Hamann GF, Brueckmann HJ. Treatment of basilar artery embolism with a mechanical extraction device: necessity of flow reversal. Stroke33(9), 2232–2235 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobin PY, Starkman S, Duckwiler GR et al. MERCI 1. A Phase 1 study of Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke35(12), 2848–2854 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S et al. Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial. Stroke36, 1432–1438 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith WS, Sung G, Saver J et al. Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: final results of the Multi MERCI trial. Stroke39(4), 1205–1212 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth C, Papanagiotou P, Behnke S et al. Stent-assisted mechanical recanalization for treatment of acute intracerebral artery occlusions. Stroke41(11), 2559–2567 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapot R, Houdart E, Rogopoulos A, Mounayer C, Saint-Maurice JP, Merland JJ. Thromboaspiration in the basilar artery: report of two cases. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.23(2), 282–284 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallee JN, Crozier S, Guillevin R et al. Acute basilar artery occlusion treated by thromboaspiration in a cocaine and ecstasy abuser. Neurology61(6), 839–841 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutsep HL, Clark WM, Nesbit GM, Kuether TA, Barnwell SL. Intraarterial suction thrombectomy in acute stroke. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.23(5), 783–786 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bose A, Henkes H, Alfke K et al. The Penumbra System: a mechanical device for the treatment of acute stroke due to thromboembolism. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.29, 1409–1413 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penumbra Pivotal Stroke Trial Investigators. The Penumbra pivotal stroke trial: safety and effectiveness of a new generation of mechanical devices for clot removal in intracranial large vessel occlusive disease. Stroke40(8), 2761–2768 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellon RJ, Putman CM, Budzik RF, Pergolizzi RS, Reinking GF, Norbash AM. Rheolytic thrombectomy of the occluded internal carotid artery in the setting of acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.22(3), 526–530 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashida RT, Furlan AJ, Roberts H et al. Trial design and reporting standards for intra-arterial cerebral thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke34(8), e109–e137 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher HC, Gupta R, Higashida RT, Meyers PM. Advances in revascularization for acute ischemic stroke treatment. Expert Rev. Neurother.5(2), 189–201 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar