The limited demyelinating diseases: the voyage of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis to multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis

References

• Fukazawa T, Kikuchi S, Niino M et al. Attack-related severity: a key factor in understanding the spectrum of idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disorders. J. Neurol. Sci.225, 71–78 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukazawa T, Kikuchi T. A three-dimensional approach for understanding the spectrum of idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disorders: importance of the ‘attack-related severity’. Mult. Scler.13, 199–207 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingerchuck DM, Lennon VA, Lucchinetti CF et al. The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol.6, 805–815 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kira J, Matsushita T, Isobe N et al. Opticospinal multiple sclerosis in Japanese. Neurology13, 167–173 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingerchuk DM, Hogancamp WF, O’Brien PC et al. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s syndrome). Neurology53, 1107–1114 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polman CH, Reingold SC, Edan G et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revision to the McDonald Criteria. Ann. Neurol.58, 840–8466 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy WB. Optic Neuritis. Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuroophthalmology, 5th Edition, Volume 1. Williams & Wilkins, MD, USA, 599–639 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Optic neuritis Study Group. The clinical profile of optic neuritis; experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Arch. Ophthalmol109, 1673–1678 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck RW, Cleary PA, Anderson MM et al. A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. N. Engl. J. Med.326, 581–588 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou Zeid N, Zeid NA, Bhatti MT. Acute inflammatory demyelinating optic neuritis: evidence-based visual and neurological considerations. Neurologist14, 207–223 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shams PN, Plant GT. Optic neuritis: a review. Int. MS J.16(3), 82–89 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frohman L, DellaTorre K, Turbin R et al. Clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic outcomes in autoimmune optic neuropathy Br. J. Ophthalmol.93, 1660–1666 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd D, Burton B, Plant GT, Graham EM. Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION). Brain126(2), 276–284 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet364, 2106–2112 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matiello M, Lennon VA, Jacob A et al. NMO-IgG predicts the outcome of recurrent of optic neuritis. Neurology70, 2197–2200 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papais-Alvarenga RM, Carellos SC, Alvarenga MP et al. Clinical course of optic neuritis in patients with relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Arch. Ophthalmology126, 12–16 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pittock SJ, Lennon VA. Aquaporin-4 autoantibodies in a paraneoplastic context. Arch. Neurol.65, 78–83 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Seze J, Arndt C, Jeanjean L et al. Relapsing inflammatory optic neuritis: is it neuromyelitis optica? Neurology70, 2075–2076 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiz A, Zuliani L, Blanco Y et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Application in a series of suspected patients. J. Neurol.254, 1233–1237 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinshenker BG. Neuromyelitis optica in western countries: establishing diagnostic criteria and characterization of the spectrum. Neurol. Asia13, 161–166 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirko I, Blauwet LK, Lesnick TG, Weinshenker BG. The natural history of recurrent optic neuritis. Arch. Neurol.61, 1401–1405 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonhomme GR, Waldman AT, Balcer LJ et al. Pediatric optic neuritis: brain MRI abnormalities and risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurology72(10), 881–885 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Optic Neuritis Study Group. The 5-year risk of MS after optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Neurology49, 1404–1413 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsky M, Nazarian S, Orengo-Nania S et al. Multiple sclerosis risk after optic neuritis: final optic neuritis treatment trial follow-up. Optic. Arch. Neurol.65(6), 727–732 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin YC, Yen MY, Hsu WM et al. Low conversion rate to multiple sclerosis in idiopathic optic neuritis patients in Taiwan. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol.50, 170–175 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanton JK, Fernando KT, Dalton CM et al. Early MRI in optic neuritis: the risk for disability. Neurology72(6), 542–550 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tintore M, Rovira A, Rio J et al. Baseline MRI predicts future attacks and disability in clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology67, 968–972 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisniku LK, Brex PA, Altman DR et al. Disability and T2 MRI lesions: a 20-year follow-up of patients with relapse onset of multiple sclerosis. Brain131, 808–817 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frohman EM, Frohman TC, Zee DS et al. The neuro-ophthalmology of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol.4, 111–121 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales DS, Siatkowski RM, Howard CW, Warman R. Optic neuritis in children. J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus37(5), 254–259 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stendahl-Brodin MD, Link H. Optic neuritis: oligoclonal bands increase the risk of multiple sclerosis. N. Eng. J. Med.308, 1294–1295 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsson P, Larsson EM, Maly-Sundgren P et al. Predicting the outcome of optic neuritis: evaluation risk factors after 30 years of follow-up. J. Neurol.252, 396–402 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderstrom M. Review article: optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand.79, 223–227 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Riordan JI, Thompson AJ, Kingsley DP et al. The prognostic value of brain MRI in clinically isolated syndromes of the CNS. A 10-year follow-up. Brain121, 495–503 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isayama Y, Takahashi T, Shimoyoma T et al. Acute optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Neurology32, 73–76 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona-Vazquez T, Ruiz-Scadoval J, Arriada-Mendicoa N. Optic neuritis progression to multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand.95, 85–89 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck RW, Trobe JD, Moke PS et al. High- and low- risk profiles for the development of multiple sclerosis within 10 years after optic neuritis: experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Arch. Ophthalmol.121, 944–949 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappos L, Freedman MS, Polman CH et al. Effect of early versus delayed interferon β-1b treatment on disability after a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis: a 3-year follow-up analysis of the BENEFIT study. Lancet370, 389–397 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob A, Weinshenker BG. An approach to the diagnosis of acute transverse myelitis. Semin. Neurol.28(1), 105–120 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingerchuck DM, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology66(10), 1485–1489 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalban X. The importance of long-term data in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol.253, vi9–vi15 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Sellner J, Lüthi R, Gebhardt A et al. Acute partial transverse myelitis: risk factors for conversion to multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol.15, 398–405 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruna J, Martinez-Yelamos S, Martinez-Yelamos A et al. Idiopathic acute transverse myelitis: a clinical study and prognostic markers in 45 cases. Mult. Scler.12, 169–173 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinshenker B, Galeta S, Bennett J et al. More on multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica reply. Arch. Neurol.64(12), 1802–1803 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D et al. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Brain125, 1450–1461 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merle H, Olindo S, Bonnan M et al. Natural history of the visual impairment of relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Ophthalmology114, 810–815 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghezzi A, Bergamaschi R, Martinelli V et al and the Italian Devic’s Study Group (IDESG): clinical characteristics, course and prognosis of relapsing Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. J. Neurol.251, 47–52 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabre P, Gonzalez-Quevedo A, Bonnan M et al. Relapsing neuromyelitis optica: long term history and clinical predictors of death. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry80(10), 1162–1164 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki K, Horiuchi I, Minohara M et al.HLA-DPB1*0502-associated opticospinal multiple sclerosis: clinical, neuroimaging and immunogenetic studies. Brain122, 1689–1696 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zephir H, Fajardy I, Outteryck O et al. Is neuromyelitis optica associated with human leukocyte antigen. Mult. Scler.15, 571–579 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon VA, Kryzer TC, Pittock SJ et al. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J. Exp. Med.202, 473–477 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait MJ, Saudon S, Bell BA et al. Water movements in brain: role of aquaporin Trends Neurosci.31(1), 37–43 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio R, Malosio M, Lampasona V et al. Anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies detection by different techniques in neuromyelitis optica patients. Mult. Scler.15(10), 1153–1163 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishiyama S, Ito T, Misu T et al. A case of NMO seropositive for aquaporin-4 antibody more than 10 years before onset. Neurology72(22), 1960–1961 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstock-Guttman B, Miller C, Yeh E et al. Neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulins as a marker of disease activity and response to therapy in patients with neuromyelitis optica. Mult. Scler.14(8), 1061–1067 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magana SM, Pittock SJ, Lennon VA et al. Neuromyelitis optica IgG serostatus in fulminant central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Arch. Neurol.66(8), 964–966 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinson SR, McKeon A, Fryer JP et al. Clinically isolated acute transverse myelitis: prognostic features and incidence. Arch. Neurol.66(9), 1164–1167 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller D, Weinshenker B, Filippi M et al. Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: a consensus approach Mult. Scler.4, 1157–1174 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, Krecke K et al. Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica. Arch. Neurol.63(3), 390–396 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsushita T, Isobe N, Matsuoka T et al. Extensive vasogenic oedema of anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-related brain lesions. Mult. Scler.15(9), 1113–1117 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poppe AY, Lapierre Y, Melançon D et al. Neuromyelitis optica with hypothalamic involvement. Mult. Scler.11, 617–621 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi T, Miyazawa I, Misu T et al. Intractable hiccup and nausea in neuromyelitis optica with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody: a herald of acute exacerbations. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry79, 1075–1078 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandler RN, Ahmed W, Dencoff JE. Devic’s neuromyelitis optica: a prospective study of seven patients treated with prednisolone and azathioprine. Neurology51, 1219–1220 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Seze J, Stojkovic T, Ferriby D et al. Devic’s neuromyelitis optica: clinical, laboratory, MRI and outcome profile. J. Neurol. Sci.197, 57–61 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergamaschi R, Tonietti S, Franciotta D et al. Oligoclonal bands in Devic’s Neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis : differences in repeated cerebrospinal fluid examinations. Mult. Scler.10, 2–4 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura M, Nakashima I, Sato S et al. Clinical and laboratory features of neuromyelitis optica with oligoclonal IgG bands. Mult. Scler.13, 332–335 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaffaroni M; Italian Devic’s Study Group. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Neurol. Sci.25(Suppl. 4), S368–S370 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Franciotta D, Bergamaschi R et al. NMO-IgG in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica. Neurology68, 1076–1077 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D et al. Mechanisms of disease: aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica. Nat Clin. Pract. Neurol.4(4), 202–214 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacob A, Matiello M, Wingerchuck DM et al. Neuromyelitis optica: changing concepts. J. Neuroimmunol.187, 126–138 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob A. Neuromyelitis optica – an update: 2007–2009. Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol.12(4), 231–237 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett MH, Henderson AP, Prineas JW. The macrophage in MS: just a scavenger after all? Pathology and pathogenesis of the acute MS lesion. Mult. Scler.12, 121–132 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent A, Saikali P, Cayrol R et al. Functional consequences of neuromyelitis optica-IgG astrocyte interactions on blood–brain barrier permeability and granulocyte recruitment. J. Immunol.15, 181(8), 5730–5737 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Hinson SR, Roemer SF, Luchinetti CF et al. Aquaporin-4-binding autoantibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica impair glutamate transport by down-regulating EAAT2. J. Exp. Med.27, 205(11), 2473–2481 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Misu T, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y. Neuromyelitis optica and anti-aquaporin4antibody – an overview. Brain Nerve60(5), 527–537 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saadoun S, Waters P, Bell A et al. Intra-cerebral injection of neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G and human complement produces neuromyelitis optica lesions in mice. Brain28, 2–13 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Kira J. Western versus Asian types of multiple sclerosis: immunogenetically and clinically distinct disorders. Ann. Neurol.40, 569–574 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Miyazava I et al. Clinical and MRI features of Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis positive for NMO-IgG. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry77, 1073–1075 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka T, Matsushita T, Yuji Kawano Y et al. Heterogeneity of aquaporin-4 autoimmunity and spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis in Japanese. Brain130(5), 1206–1223 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkhof F, Flippi M, Miller DH et al. Comparison MRI criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. Brain120(11), 2059–2069 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizu T, Kira J, Osoegawa M et al. The Research Committee of Neuroimmunological Diseases: heterogeneity and continuum of multiple sclerosis phenotypes in Japanese according to the results of the fourth nationwide survey. J. Neurol. Sci.80, 22–28 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Osoegawa M, Kira J, Fukazawa T et al. Temporal changes and geographical differences in multiple sclerosis phenotypes in Japanese: nationwide survey results over 30 years. Mult. Scler.15, 159–173 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka M, Tanaka K, Komori M, Saida T. Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody in Japanese multiple sclerosis: the presence of opticospinal multiple sclerosis without long spinal cord lesions and anti-aquaporin 4 antibody. J. Neurol.78, 990–992 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kira J. Recent advances of multiple sclerosis research in Japan. Rinsho Shinkeigaku49(9), 549–559 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishizu T, Osoegawa M, Mei FY et al. Intratechal activation of the IL-17/ IL-8 axis in opticospinal multiple sclerosis. Brain128, 988–1002 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebir H, Kreymborg K, Ifergan I et al. Human Th-17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation. Nat. Med.13, 1173–1175 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe S, Nakashima I, Misu T et al. Therapeutic efficacy of plasma exchange in NMO-IgG positive patients with neuromyelitis optica. Neurol. Sci.28, 238–240 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka M, Tanaka K, Komori M. Interferon-β (1b) treatment in neuromyelitis optica. Eur. Neurol.62(3), 167–170 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartzen K, Limmroth V, Putzki N. Relapsing neuromyelitis optica responsive to glatiramer acetate treatment. Eur. J. Neurol.14, 12–13 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papeix C, Vidal JS, de Seze J et al. Immunosuppressive therapy is more effective than interferon in neuromyelitis optica. Mult. Scler.13(2), 256–259 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warabi Y, Matsumoto Y, Hayashi H. Interferon β-1b exacerbates multiple sclerosis with severe optic nerve and spinal cord demyelination. J. Neurol. Sci.252(1), 57–61 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polgár A, Rózsa C, Matolcsi J et al. Pulse cyclophosphamide therapy can prevent neuromyelitis optica relapses in systemic lupus erythematosus associated cases. Clin. Immunol.131(1), 80–81 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Falcini F, Trapani S, Ricci L, Resti M, Simonini G, de Martino M. Sustained improvement of a girl affected with Devic’s disease over 2 years of mycophenolate mofetil treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford)45(7), 913–915 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstock-Guttman B, Ramanathan M, Lincoff N et al. Study of mitoxantrone for the treatment of recurrent neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease). Arch. Neurol.63, 957–963 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacob A, Weinshenker BG, Violich I et al. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica with rituximab retrospective analysis of 25 patients. Arch. Neurol.65(11), 1443–1448 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capobianco M, Malucchi S, di Sapio A et al. Variable responses to rituximab treatment in neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease). Neurol. Sci.28, 209–211 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idiman E, Özakbas S, Dogan Y et al. The significance of oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis: relevance of demographic and clinical features, and immunogenetic backgrounds. J. Neuroimmunology212(1), 121–124 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellner J, Boggild M, Clanet M et al. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and management of neuromyelitis optica. Eur. J. Neurol.17(8), 1019–1032 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar