References
- Beecher HK, Todd DP. A study of deaths associated with anesthesia and surgery: based on a study of 599,548 anesthesias in ten institutions 1948–1952, inclusive. Ann. Surg.140, 2–35 (1954).
- Harrison GG. Death attributable to anaesthesia. A 10-year survey (1967–1976). Br. J. Anaesth.50(10), 1041–1046 (1978).
- Dam WH, Guldmann N. Inadequate postanesthetic ventilation. Curare, anesthetic, narcotic, diffusion hypoxia. Anesthesiology22, 699–707 (1961).
- Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, Greenberg SB, Avram MJ, Vender JS. Residual neuromuscular blockade and critical respiratory events in the postanesthesia care unit. Anesth. Analg.107(1), 130–137 (2008).
- Debaene B, Plaud B, Dilly MP et al. Residual paralysis in the PACU after a single intubating dose of nondepolarizing muscle relaxant with an intermediate duration of action. Anesthesiology98(5), 1042–1048 (2003).
- Yip PC, Hannam JA, Cameron AJ et al. Incidence of residual neuromuscular blockade in a post-anaesthetic care unit. Anaesth. Intensive Care38(1), 91–95 (2010).
- Bom A, Bradley M, Cameron K et al. A novel concept of reversing neuromuscular block: chemical encapsulation of rocuronium bromide by a cyclodextrin-based synthetic host. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.41, 266–270 (2002).
- Adam JM, Bennett DJ, Bom A et al. Cyclodextrin-derived host molecules as reversal agents for the neuromuscular blocker rocuronium bromide: synthesis and structure–activity relationships. J. Med. Chem.45(9), 1806–1816 (2002).
- Buzello W, Schluermann D, Schindler M, Spillner G. Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and neuromuscular blockade by pancuronium and vecuronium. Anesthesiology62, 201–204 (1985).
- Denny NM, Kneeshaw JD. Vecuronium and atracurium infusions during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia41, 919–922 (1986).
- Atherton DP, Hunter JM. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer neuromuscular blocking drugs. Clin. Pharmacokinet.36(3), 169–189 (1999).
- Miller RD, Ward TA. Monitoring and pharmacologic reversal of a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade should be routine. Anesth. Analg.111(1), 3–5 (2010).
- Hazizaj A, Hatija A. Bronchospasm caused by neostigmine. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol.23, 85–86 (2006).
- Sprague DH. Severe bradycardia after neostigmine in a patient taking propranolol to control paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Anesthesiology42, 208–210 (1975).
- Beebe DS, Shumway SJ, Maddock R. Sinus arrest after intravenous neostigmine in two heart transplant recipients. Anesth. Analg.78, 779–782 (1994).
- Bell CM, Lewis CB. Effect of neostigmine on integrity of ileorectal anastomoses. Br. Med. J.3(5618), 587–588 (1968).
- Bartowski RR. Incomplete reversal of pancuronium neuromuscular blockade by neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and edrophonium. Anesth. Analg.66, 594–598 (1987).
- Kopman AF, Yee PS, Neuman GG. Relationship of the train-of-four fade ratio to clinical signs and symptoms of residual paralysis in awake volunteers. Anesthesiology86, 765–771 (1997).
- El Mikatti N, Wilson A, Pollard BJ, Healy TE. Pulmonary function and head lift during spontaneous recovery from pipecuronium neuromuscular block. Br. J. Anaesth.74, 16–19 (1995).
- Sundman E, Witt H, Olsson R et al. The incidence and mechanisms of pharyngeal and upper esophageal dysfunction in partially paralyzed humans: pharyngeal videoradiography and simultaneous manometry after atracurium. Anesthesiology92(4), 977–984 (2000).
- Eriksson LI, Sundman E, Olsson R et al. Functional assessment of the pharynx at rest and during swallowing in partially paralyzed humans: simultaneous videomanometry and mechanomyography of awake human volunteers. Anesthesiology87, 1035–1043 (2000).
- Capron F, Fortier LP, Racine S, Donati F. Tactile fade detection with hand and wrist stimulation using train-of-four, double-burst stimulation, 50-hertz tetanus, 100-hertz tetanus, and acceleromyography. Anesth. Analg.102(5), 1578–1584 (2006).
- Viby-Mogensen J, Jensen NH, Engbaek J et al. Tactile and visual evaluation of the response to train-of-four nerve stimulation. Anesthesiology63, 440–443 (1985).
- Trager G, Michaud G, Deschamps S, Hemmerling TM. Comparison of phonomyography, kinemyography, and mechanomyography for neuromuscular monitoring. Can. J. Anaesth.53, 130–135 (2006).
- Naguib M, Kopman AF, Lien CA et al. A survey of current neuromuscular practice in the United States and Europe. Anesth. Analg.111, 110–119 (2010).
- Yip PC, Hannam JA, Cameron AJ, Campbell D. Incidence of residual neuromuscular blockade in a post-anaesthetic care unit. Anaesth. Intensive Care38, 91–95 (2010).
- Claudius C, Karacan H, Viby-Mogensen J. Prolonged residual paralysis after a single intubating dose of rocuronium. Br. J. Anaesth.99, 514–517 (2007).
- Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH et al. Residual neuromuscular blockade and critical respiratory events in the postanesthesia care unit. Anesth. Analg.107, 130–137 (2008).
- Bissinger U, Schimek F, Lenz G. Postoperative residual paralysis and respiratory status: a comparative study of pancuronium and vecuronium. Physiol. Res.49, 455–462 (2000).
- Mathew JP, Rosenbaum SH, O’Connor T, Barash PG. Emergency tracheal intubation in the postanesthesia care unit: physician error or patient disease? Anesth. Analg.71, 691–697 (1990).
- Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Franklin M et al. Postanesthesia care unit recovery times and neuromuscular blocking drugs: a prospective study of orthopedic surgical patients randomized to receive pancuronium or rocuronium. Anesth. Analg.98, 193–200 (2004).
- Szerman N, Schroh I, Rossi AL, Rosso AM, Krymkiewicz N, Ferrarotti SA. Cyclodextrin production by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans DF 9R. Bioresour. Technol.98, 2886–2891 (2007).
- Adam JM, Bennett J, Bom A et al. Cyclodextrin-derived host molecules as reversal agents for the neuromuscular blocker rocuronium bromide: synthesis and structure-activity relationships. J. Med. Chem.45, 1806–1816 (2002).
- Tarver GJ, Grove SJ, Buchanan K, Bom A. 2-O-substituted cyclodextrins as reversal agents for the neuromuscular blocker rocuronium bromide. Bioorg. Med. Chem.10, 1819–1827 (2002).
- Naguib M, Brull SJ. Sugammadex: a novel selective relaxant binding agent. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol.2, 37–53 (2009).
- de Boer HD, van Egmond J, van de Pol F et al. Chemical encapsulation of rocuronium by synthetic cyclodextrin derivatives: reversal of neuromuscular block in anaesthetized Rhesus monkeys. Br. J. Anaesth.96, 201–206 (2006).
- Sorgenfrei IF, Norrild K, Larsen PB et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block by the selective relaxant binding agent sugammadex: a dose-finding and safety study. Anesthesiology104, 667–674 (2006).
- Gijsenbergh F, Ramael S, Houwing N, van Iersel T. First human exposure of Org 25969, a novel agent to reverse the action of rocuronium bromide. Anesthesiology103, 695–703 (2005).
- Staals LM, Snoeck MM, Driessen JJ et al. Reduced clearance of rocuronium and sugammadex in patients with severe to end-stage renal failure: a pharmacokinetic study. Br. J. Anaesth.104, 31–39 (2010).
- Cammu G, de Kam PJ, Demeyer I et al. Safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Anaesth.100, 373–379 (2008).
- Shields M, Giovannelli M, Mirakhur RK et al. Org 25969 (sugammadex), a selective relaxant binding agent for antagonism of prolonged rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Br. J. Anaesth.96, 36–43 (2006).
- Suy K, Morias K, Cammu G et al. Effective reversal of moderate rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block with sugammadex, a selective relaxant binding agent. Anesthesiology106, 283–288 (2007).
- de Boer HD, Driessen JJ, Marcus MA et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced (1.2 mg/kg) profound neuromuscular block by sugammadex: a multicenter, dose finding and safety study. Anesthesiology107, 239–244 (2007).
- Groudine SB, Soto R, Lien C, Drover D, Roberts K. A randomized, dose-finding, Phase II study of the selective relaxant binding drug, sugammadex, capable of safely reversing profound rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Anesth. Analg.104, 555–562 (2007).
- Sparr HJ, Vermeyen KM, Beaufort AM et al. Early reversal of profound rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex in a randomized multicenter study: efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics. Anesthesiology106, 935–943 (2007).
- Vanacker BF, Vermeyen KM, Struys MM et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block with the novel drug sugammadex is equally effective under maintenance anesthesia with propofol or sevoflurane. Anesth. Analg.104, 563–568 (2007).
- Puhringer FK, Rex C, Sielenkämper AW et al. Reversal of profound, high-dose rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex at two different time points: an international, multicenter, randomized, dose-finding safety assessor-blinded, Phase II trial. Anesthesiology109, 188–197 (2008).
- Rex C, Wagner S, Spies C et al. Reversal of neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex after continuous infusion of rocuronium in patients randomized to sevoflurane or propofol maintenance anesthesia. Anesthesiology111, 30–35 (2009).
- Dahl V, Pendeville PE, Hollmann MW et al. Safety and efficacy of sugammadex for the reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol.26, 874–884 (2009).
- Duvaldestin P, Kuizenga K, Saldien V et al. A randomized, dose–response study of sugammadex given for the reversal of deep rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade under sevoflurane anesthesia. Anesth. Analg.110, 74–82 (2010).
- Vasella FC, Frascarolo P, Spahn DR, Magnusson L. Antagonism of NMB but not muscle relaxation affects depth of anaesthesia. Br. J. Anaesth94, 742–747 (2005).
- Lanier WL, Iaizzo PA, Milde JH, Sharbrough FW. The cerebral and systemic effects of movement in response to a noxious stimulus in lightly anesthetized dogs. Possible modulation of cerebral function by muscle afferents. Anesthesiology80, 392–401 (1994).
- de Kam PJ, van Kuijk J, Prohn M, Thomsen T, Peeters P. Effects of sugammadex doses up to 32 mg/kg alone or in combination with rocuronium or vecuronium on QTc prolongation: a thorough QTc study. Clin. Drug Investig.30, 599–611 (2010).
- de Kam PJ, van Kuijk J, Smeets J et al. Single IV sugammadex doses up to 32 mg/kg are not associated with QT/QTc prolongation. Anesthesiology107, A1580 (2007).
- Peeters P, Passier P, Smeets J, van Iersel T. Single intravenous high-dose sugammadex (up to 96 mg/kg) is generally safe and well tolerated in healthy volunteers. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol.25, 9AP3–6 (2008).
- Staals LM, Snoeck MM, Driessen JJ, Flockton EA, Heeringa M, Hunter JM. Multicentre, parallel-group, comparative trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of sugammadex in patients with end-stage renal failure or normal renal function. Br. J. Anaesth.101, 492–497 (2008).
- Plaud B, Meretoja O, Hofmockel R et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex in pediatric and adult surgical patients. Anesthesiology110, 284–294 (2009).
- McDonagh DL, Benedict PE, Kovac AL et al. Efficacy and safety of sugammadex for reversal of rocuronium-induced blockade in elderly patients. Anesthesiology107, A1583 (2007).
- Sacan O, White PF, Tufanogullari B, Klein K. Sugammadex reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade: a comparison with neostigmine-glycopyrrolate and edrophonium–atropine. Anesth. Analg.104, 569–574 (2007).
- Jones RK, Caldwell JE, Brull SJ, Soto RG. Reversal of profound rocuronium-induced blockade with sugammadex: a randomized comparison with neostigmine. Anesthesiology109, 816–824 (2008).
- Flockton EA, Mastronardi P, Hunter JM et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block with sugammadex is faster than reversal of cisatracurium-induced block with neostigmine. Br. J. Anaesth.100(5), 622–630 (2008).
- Blobner M, Eriksson LI, Scholz J et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex compared with neostigmine during sevoflurane anaesthesia: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol.27, 874–881 (2010).
- Lemmens HJ, El-Orbany MI, Berry J, Martin G. Sugammadex reverses profound vecuronium blockade more rapidly than neostigmine. Anesthesiology107, A1578 (2007).
- Blobner M, Eriksson L, Scholz J, Hillebrand H, Pompei L. Sugammadex (2.0 mg/kg) reverses shallow rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade significantly faster compared with neostigmine (50 µg/kg). Eur. J. Anaesthesiol.24(Suppl. 39), 9AP7–10 (2007).
- Alvarez-Gomez JA, Wattwill M, Vanacker B et al. Reversal of vecuronium-induced shallow neuromuscular blockade is significantly faster with sugammadex compared with neostigmine. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol.124, 9AP7–8 (2007).
- Khuenl-Brady KS, Wattwil M, Vanacker BF, Lora-Tamayo JI, Rietbergen H, Alvarez-Gómez JA. Sugammadex provides faster reversal of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade compared with neostigmine: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Anesth. Analg.110, 64–73 (2010).
- Amao R, Zornow MH, Cowan RM et al. Sugammadex safely reverses rocuronium-induced blockade in patients with pulmonary disease. Anesthesiology107, A1582 (2007).
- Molina AL, de Boer HD, Klimek M et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced (1.2 mg/kg) profound neuromuscular block by accidental high dose of sugammadex (40 mg/kg). Br. J. Anaesth.98, 624–627 (2007).
- Brull SJ, Murphy GS. Residual neuromuscular block: lessons unlearned. Part II: methods to reduce the risk of residual weakness. Anesth. Analg.111, 129–140 (2010).
- Savarese JJ, McGilvra JD, Sunaga H et al. Rapid chemical antagonism of neuromuscular blockade by L-cysteine adduction to and inactivation of the olefinic (double-bonded) isoquinolinium diester compounds gantacurium (AV430A), CW 002, and CW 011. Anesthesiology113(1), 58–73 (2010).
- Lee C, Jahr JS, Candiotti KA et al. Reversal of profound neuromuscular block by sugammadex administered three minutes after rocuronium: a comparison with spontaneous recovery from succinylcholine. Anesthesiology110, 1020–1025 (2009).
- Decoopman M, Cammu G, Suy K, Heeringa M. Reversal of pancuronium-induced block by the selective relaxant binding agent sugammadex. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol.24, 9AP2–1 (2007).
- Pavlin EG, White PF, Viegas OJ et al. Sugammadex given at least 15 minutes after rocuronium is effective in reversing neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology17, A1579 (2007).
Websites
- Bridion www.bridion.com (Accessed 1 August 2010)
- Bridion Company information http://smpc.organon.com/images/smpcbridion.pdf (Accessed 15 November 2010)
- Sugammadex sodium injection FDA advisory committee briefing document www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/08/briefing/2008-4346b1-02-organon.pdf (Accessed 6 January 2011)