Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: can vitamin D prevent disease progression?

References

• Acheson ED, Bachrach CA, Wright FM. Some comments on the relationship of the distribution of multiple sclerosis to latitude, solar radiation, and other variables. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.35(Suppl. 147), 132–147 (1960).
   Google Scholar
• Kurtzke JF. Geography in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol.215(1), 1–26 (1977).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milo R, Kahana E. Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment. Autoimmun. Rev.9(5), A387–A394 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes CE, Cantorna MT, DeLuca HF. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.216, 21–27 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlyle IP. Multiple sclerosis: a geographical hypothesis. Med. Hypotheses49, 477–486 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munger KL, Zhang SM, O’Reilly E et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology62(1), 60–65 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kragt JJ, van Amerongen BM, Killestein J et al. Higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with a lower incidence of multiple sclerosis only in women. Mult. Scler.15, 9–15 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA296(23), 2832–2838 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marie RA. Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis aetiology. Lancet Neurol. (12), 709–718 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hutter CD, Laing P. Multiple sclerosis: sunlight, diet, immunology and aetiology. Med. Hypotheses46(2), 67–74 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brahic M. Multiple sclerosis and viruses. Ann. Neurol.68(1), 6–8 (2010)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leibowitz U, Atonovsky A, Medalie JM, Smith HA, Halpern L, Alter M. Epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in Israel. II. Multiple sclerosis and level of sanitation. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry29, 60–68 (1966).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg P, Fleming MC, Picard EH. Multiple sclerosis: decreased relapse rate through dietary supplementation with calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D. Med. Hypotheses21(2), 193–200 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders J. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: correlation, causality, and controversy. Autoimmune Dis.2011, 629538 (2010)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagpal S, Na S, Rathnachalam R. Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands. Endocr. Rev.26, 662–687 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemire JM, Clay Archer D. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents the in vivo induction of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Clin. Invest.87, 1103–1107 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders J, Damoiseaux J, Menheere P, Hupperts R. Vitamin D as an immune modulator in multiple sclerosis, a review. J. Neuroimmunology194(1–2), 7–17 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang SH. Chung Y. Dong C. Vitamin D suppresses Th17 cytokine production by inducing C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression. J. Biol. Chem.285(50), 38751–38755 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahon BD, Gordon SA, Cruz J, Cosman F, Cantorna MT. Cytokine profile in patients with multiple sclerosis following vitamin D supplementation. J. Neuroimmunol.134(1–2), 128–132 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders J, Thewissen M, Peelen E et al. Vitamin D status is positively correlated with regulatory T cell function in patients with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One4(8), e6635 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correale J, Ysrraelit MC, Gaitan MI. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis. Brain132(Pt 5), 1146–1160 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson S Jr, Taylor B, Blizzard L et al. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with lower relapse risk in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol.68(2), 193–203 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowry EM, Krupp LB, Milazzo M et al. Vitamin D status is associated with relapse rate in pediatric-onset MS. Ann. Neurol.67, 618–624 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soilu-Hanninen M, Airas L, Mononen I, Heikkila A, Viljanen M, Hanninen A. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in serum at the onset of multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.11, 266–271 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders J, Menheere P, Kessels A, Damoiseaux J, Hupperts R. Association of vitamin D metabolite levels with relapse rate and disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.14, 1220–1224 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Mei IA, Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T et al. Vitamin D levels in people with multiple sclerosis and community controls in Tasmania, Australia. J. Neurol.254(5), 581–590 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R, Qu J et al. Vitamin D metabolites are associated with clinical and MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis patients. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry82(2), 189–195 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingerchuk DM. Lesaux J. Rice GP. Kremenchutzky M. Ebers GC. A pilot study of oral calcitriol (1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry76(9), 1294–1296 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton JM, Kimball S, Vieth R et al. A Phase I/II dose-escalation trial of vitamin D3 and calcium in multiple sclerosis. Neurology74(23), 1852–1859 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consensus Report. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Nutrition, DC, USA (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Weinstock-Guttman B, Gallagher E, Baier M et al. Risk of bone loss in men with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler.10(2), 170–175 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar