79
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Disease-specific therapy of idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disorders

&
Pages 1113-1124 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Hu W, Lucchinetti CF. The pathological spectrum of CNS inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Semin. Immunopathol. 31(4), 439–453 (2009).
  • Poser CM, Goutières F, Carpentier MA, Aicardi J. Schilder’s myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis. Pediatrics 77(1), 107–112 (1986).
  • Lublin FD, Reingold SC. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 46(4), 907–911 (1996).
  • Prineas JW. The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vinken BGP, Klawans H (Eds). Elsevier Science Publishers, NY, USA, 213–257 (1985).
  • Lucchinetti C, Brück W, Parisi J, Scheithauer B, Rodriguez M, Lassmann H. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann. Neurol. 47(6), 707–717 (2000).
  • Breij EC, Brink BP, Veerhuis R et al. Homogeneity of active demyelinating lesions in established multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 63(1), 16–25 (2008).
  • Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann. Neurol. 69(2), 292–302 (2011).
  • Fu Y, Talavage TM, Cheng JX. New imaging techniques in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin. Med. Diagn. 2(9), 1055–1065 (2008).
  • Lucchinetti CF, Gavrilova RH, Metz I et al. Clinical and radiographic spectrum of pathologically confirmed tumefactive multiple sclerosis. Brain 131(Pt 7), 1759–1775 (2008).
  • Masdeu JC, Quinto C, Olivera C, Tenner M, Leslie D, Visintainer P. Open-ring imaging sign: highly specific for atypical brain demyelination. Neurology 54(7), 1427–1433 (2000).
  • Sellebjerg F, Barnes D, Filippini G et al.; EFNS Task Force on Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Relapses. EFNS guideline on treatment of multiple sclerosis relapses: report of an EFNS task force on treatment of multiple sclerosis relapses. Eur. J. Neurol. 12(12), 939–946 (2005).
  • Beck RW, Cleary PA, Anderson MM Jr et al. A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 326(9), 581–588 (1992).
  • Beck RW, Cleary PA. Optic neuritis treatment trial. One-year follow-up results. Arch. Ophthalmol. 111(6), 773–775 (1993).
  • Beck RW, Cleary PA, Trobe JD et al. The effect of corticosteroids for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 329(24), 1764–1769 (1993).
  • Gebhard KL, Maibach HI. Relationship between systemic corticosteroids and osteonecrosis. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2(6), 377–388 (2001).
  • Stolz E, Klötzsch C, Schlachetzki F, Rahimi A. High-dose corticosteroid treatment is associated with an increased risk of developing cerebral venous thrombosis. Eur. Neurol. 49(4), 247–248 (2003).
  • Kalanie H, Amini HA, Alidaei S, Heidari D, Shahbeigi S, Ghorbani M. Venous thrombosis in multiple sclerosis patients after high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone: the preventive effect of enoxaparin. Thrombosis doi:10.1155/2011/785459 (2011).
  • Beck RW, Cleary PA; Optic Neuritis Study Group. Optic neuritis treatment trial: one-year follow-up results. Arch. Ophthalmol. 111(6), 773–775 (1993).
  • Fazekas F, Freedman M, Hartung H et al. Prevention of relapse with intravenous immunoglobulin study: initial results of a dose-finding trial in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 253, 101 (2006).
  • Dudesek A, Zettl UK. Intravenous immunoglobulins as therapeutic option in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 253(Suppl. 5), V50–V58 (2006).
  • The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 43(4), 655–661 (1993).
  • Paty DW, Li DK. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 43(4), 662–667 (1993).
  • European Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive MS. Lancet 352(9139), 1491–1497 (1998).
  • Reder AT, Ebers GC, Traboulsee A et al.; Investigators of the 16-Year Long-Term Follow-Up Study. Cross-sectional study assessing long-term safety of interferon-beta-1b for relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology 74(23), 1877–1885 (2010).
  • Rudick RA, Goodkin DE, Jacobs LD et al. Impact of interferon beta-1a on neurologic disability in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Neurology 49(2), 358–363 (1997).
  • Simon JH, Jacobs LD, Campion M et al. Magnetic resonance studies of intramuscular interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Ann. Neurol. 43(1), 79–87 (1998).
  • Panitch H, Goodin DS, Francis G et al.; EVIDENCE Study Group. Evidence of Interferon Dose-Response: European North American Compartative Efficacy; University of British Columbia MS/MRI Research Group. Randomized, comparative study of interferon beta-1a treatment regimens in MS: the EVIDENCE trial. Neurology 59(10), 1496–1506 (2002).
  • Durelli L, Verdun E, Barbero P et al.; Independent Comparison of Interferon (INCOMIN) Trial Study Group. Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN). Lancet 359(9316), 1453–1460 (2002).
  • Goodin D. Comparative studies of glatiramer acetate and interferon beta. Int. MS J. 15(2), 39–41 (2008).
  • Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA et al. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a Phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 45(7), 1268–1276 (1995).
  • Mikol DD, Barkhof F, Chang P et al.; REGARD study group. Comparison of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (the Rebif vs Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing MS Disease [REGARD] study): a multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol. 7(10), 903–914 (2008).
  • O’Connor P, Arnason B, Comi G et al. Interferon b.1b 500 mcg, interferon b.1b 250 mcg and glatiramer acetate: primary outcomes of the BEYOND (BferonR/BseronR Efficacy Yielding Outcomes of a New Dose) study. Neurology 70(11), S004 (2008).
  • Scolding NJ. Long-term beta interferon in MS: safe, but what effect on disability? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 81(8), 825–826 (2010).
  • Galetta SL, Markowitz C. US FDA-approved disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: review of adverse effect profiles. CNS Drugs 19(3), 239–252 (2005).
  • Francis GS, Rice GP, Alsop JC; PRISMS Study Group. Interferon beta-1a in MS: results following development of neutralizing antibodies in PRISMS. Neurology 65(1), 48–55 (2005).
  • Gneiss C, Reindl M, Lutterotti A et al. Interferon-beta: the neutralizing antibody (NAb) titre predicts reversion to NAb negativity. Mult. Scler. 10(5), 507–510 (2004).
  • Polman CH, Bertolotto A, Deisenhammer F et al. Recommendations for clinical use of data on neutralising antibodies to interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 9(7), 740–750 (2010).
  • Teitelbaum D, Brenner T, Abramsky O, Aharoni R, Sela M, Arnon R. Antibodies to glatiramer acetate do not interfere with its biological functions and therapeutic efficacy. Mult. Scler. 9(6), 592–599 (2003).
  • Paolicelli D, Direnzo V, Trojano M. Review of interferon beta-1b in the treatment of early and relapsing multiple sclerosis. Biologics 3, 369–376 (2009).
  • O’Connor P, Kinkel RP, Kremenchutzky M. Efficacy of intramuscular interferon beta-1a in patients with clinically isolated syndrome: analysis of subgroups based on new risk criteria. Mult. Scler. 15(6), 728–734 (2009).
  • Comi G, Martinelli V, Rodegher M et al.; PreCISe study group. Effect of glatiramer acetate on conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (PreCISe study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 374(9700), 1503–1511 (2009).
  • Kappos L, Freedman MS, Polman CH et al.; BENEFIT Study Group. Effect of early versus delayed interferon beta-1b treatment on disability after a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis: a 3-year follow-up analysis of the BENEFIT study. Lancet 370(9585), 389–397 (2007).
  • Pozzilli C, Prosperini L, Sbardella E, De Giglio L, Onesti E, Tomassini V. Post-marketing survey on clinical response to interferon beta in relapsing multiple sclerosis: the Roman experience. Neurol. Sci. 26(Suppl. 4), S174–S178 (2005).
  • Río J, Nos C, Tintoré M et al. Defining the response to interferon-beta in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Ann. Neurol. 59(2), 344–352 (2006).
  • Salminen HJ, Leggett H, Boggild M. Glatiramer acetate exposure in pregnancy: preliminary safety and birth outcomes. J. Neurol. 257(12), 2020–2023 (2010).
  • Sandberg-Wollheim M, Alteri E, Moraga MS, Kornmann G. Pregnancy outcomes in multiple sclerosis following subcutaneous interferon beta-1a therapy. Mult. Scler. 17(4), 423–430 (2011).
  • Polman CH, O’Connor PW, Havrdova E et al.; AFFIRM Investigators. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 354(9), 899–910 (2006).
  • Rudick RA, Stuart WH, Calabresi PA et al.; SENTINEL Investigators. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 354(9), 911–923 (2006).
  • Clifford DB, De Luca A, DeLuca A et al. Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases. Lancet Neurol. 9(4), 438–446 (2010).
  • Kappos L, Bates D, Edan G et al. Natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: updated recommendations for patient selection and monitoring. Lancet Neurol. 10(8), 745–758 (2011).
  • Gorelik L, Lerner M, Bixler S et al. Anti-JC virus antibodies: implications for PML risk stratification. Ann. Neurol. 68(3), 295–303 (2010).
  • Schweikert A, Kremer M, Ringel F et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma in a patient treated with natalizumab. Ann. Neurol. 66(3), 403–406 (2009).
  • Natalizumab (marketed as TYSABRI): serious liver injury. FDA Postmarketing Reviews. 1, 3 (2008).
  • Mullen JT, Vartanian TK, Atkins MB. Melanoma complicating treatment with natalizumab for multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 358(6), 647–648 (2008).
  • Calabresi PA, Giovannoni G, Confavreux C et al.; AFFIRM and SENTINEL Investigators. The incidence and significance of anti-natalizumab antibodies: results from AFFIRM and SENTINEL. Neurology 69(14), 1391–1403 (2007).
  • Sørensen PS, Jensen PE, Haghikia A et al. Occurrence of antibodies against natalizumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Mult. Scler. 17(9), 1074–1078 (2011).
  • Hartung HP, Gonsette R, König N et al.; Mitoxantrone in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (MIMS). Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 360(9350), 2018–2025 (2002).
  • Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G et al.: TRANSFORMS Study Group. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(5), 402–415 (2010).
  • Kappos L, Radue EW, O’Connor P et al.; FREEDOMS Study Group. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(5), 387–401 (2010).
  • Dev KK, Mullershausen F, Mattes H et al. Brain sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors: implication for FTY720 in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol. Ther. 117(1), 77–93 (2008).
  • Jain N, Bhatti MT. Fingolimod-associated macular edema: incidence, detection, and management. Neurology 78(9), 672–680 (2012).
  • Khonsari RH, Calvez V. The origins of concentric demyelination: self-organization in the human brain. PLoS ONE 2(1), e150 (2007).
  • Kira J. Astrocytopathy in Balo’s disease. Mult. Scler. 17(7), 771–779 (2011).
  • Wengert O, Siebert E. Images in clinical medicine. Baló’s concentric sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 365(8), 742 (2011).
  • Matsuoka T, Suzuki SO, Iwaki T, Tabira T, Ordinario AT, Kira J. Aquaporin-4 astrocytopathy in Baló’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 120(5), 651–660 (2010).
  • Hochberg FH, Rodriguez FJ, Atkinson JL, Shaw EG, Keegan BM, Kantarci OH. A 54-year-old woman with progressive gait disturbance and MRI abnormalities. Neurology 73(6), 466–474 (2009).
  • Sekijima Y, Tokuda T, Hashimoto T, Koh CS, Shoji S, Yanagisawa N. Serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of a patient with Balo’s concentric sclerosis treated with immunoadsorption plasmapheresis. Mult. Scler. 2(6), 291–294 (1997).
  • Karaarslan E, Altintas A, Senol U et al. Baló’s concentric sclerosis: clinical and radiologic features of five cases. AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 22(7), 1362–1367 (2001).
  • Wood DD, Bilbao JM, O’Connors P, Moscarello MA. Acute multiple sclerosis (Marburg type) is associated with developmentally immature myelin basic protein. Ann. Neurol. 40(1), 18–24 (1996).
  • Elenein RG, Sharer LR, Cook SD, Pachner AR, Michaels J, Hillen ME. A second case of Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis with vasculitis and extensive demyelination. Mult. Scler. 17(12), 1531–1538 (2011).
  • Jeffery DR, Lefkowitz DS, Crittenden JP. Treatment of Marburg variant multiple sclerosis with mitoxantrone. J. Neuroimaging 14(1), 58–62 (2004).
  • Gormley KM, Zajicek JP. Alemtuzumab and craniotomy for severe acute demyelinating illness. 16th Meeting of the European Neurological Society. Front. Neurol. 2011 (2006).
  • Nozaki K, Abou-Fayssal N. High dose cyclophosphamide treatment in Marburg variant multiple sclerosis. A case report. J. Neurol. Sci. 296(1–2), 121–123 (2010).
  • Kimiskidis V, Sakellari I, Tsimourtou V et al. Autologous stem-cell transplantation in malignant multiple sclerosis: a case with a favorable long-term outcome. Mult. Scler. 14(2), 278–283 (2008).
  • Renoux C, Vukusic S, Mikaeloff Y et al.; Adult Neurology Departments KIDMUS Study Group. Natural history of multiple sclerosis with childhood onset. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(25), 2603–2613 (2007).
  • Krupp LB, Banwell B, Tenembaum S; International Pediatric MS Study Group. Consensus definitions proposed for pediatric multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Neurology 68(16 Suppl. 2), S7–S12 (2007).
  • Chabas D, Strober J, Waubant E. Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 8(5), 434–441 (2008).
  • Ghezzi A, Pozzilli C, Grimaldi LM et al. Safety and efficacy of natalizumab in children with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 75(10), 912–917 (2010).
  • Tenembaum S, Chitnis T, Ness J, Hahn JS; International Pediatric MS Study Group. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology 68(16 Suppl. 2), S23–S36 (2007).
  • Ravaglia S, Piccolo G, Ceroni M et al. Severe steroid-resistant post-infectious encephalomyelitis: general features and effects of IVIg. J. Neurol. 254(11), 1518–1523 (2007).
  • Collongues N, Marignier R, Zéphir H et al. Neuromyelitis optica in France: a multicenter study of 125 patients. Neurology 74(9), 736–742 (2010).
  • Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 364(9451), 2106–2112 (2004).
  • Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Weinshenker BG. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 66(10), 1485–1489 (2006).
  • Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Vukusic S et al. Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Ann. Neurol. 59(3), 566–569 (2006).
  • Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG. Neuromyelitis optica: clinical predictors of a relapsing course and survival. Neurology 60(5), 848–853 (2003).
  • Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D et al. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Brain 125(Pt 7), 1450–1461 (2002).
  • Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF, Wingerchuk DM, Corboy JR, Lennon VA. Neuromyelitis optica brain lesions localized at sites of high aquaporin 4 expression. Arch. Neurol. 63(7), 964–968 (2006).
  • Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, de Seze J et al. Neuromyelitis optica and non organ-specific autoimmunity. Arch. Neurol. 65(1), 78–83 (2008).
  • Mueller S, Dubal DB, Josephson SA. A case of paraneoplastic myelopathy associated with the neuromyelitis optica antibody. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. 4(5), 284–288 (2008).
  • De Santis G, Caniatti L, De Vito A, De Gennaro R, Granieri E, Tola MR. A possible paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica associated with lung cancer. Neurol. Sci. 30(5), 397–400 (2009).
  • Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG. Neuromyelitis optica. Curr. Treat. Options Neurol. 10(1), 55–66 (2008).
  • Sellner J, Boggild M, Clanet M et al. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and management of neuromyelitis optica. Eur. J. Neurol. 17(8), 1019–1032 (2010).
  • de Sèze J, Arndt C. [Recurrent inflammatory optic neuritis and neuromyelitis optica]. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 166(12), 966–969 (2010).
  • Tselis AC, Lisak RP. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and isolated central nervous system demyelinative syndromes. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 8(3), 227–229 (1995).
  • Martin JJ. Adult type of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Dev. Neurosci. 13(4–5), 331–338 (1991).
  • Garell PC, Menezes AH, Baumbach G et al. Presentation, management and follow-up of Schilder’s disease. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 29(2), 86–91 (1998).
  • Bergamaschi R, Quaglini S, Tavazzi E et al. Immunomodulatory therapies delay disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. doi:10.1177/1352458512445941 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
  • Shimizu J, Hatanaka Y, Hasegawa M et al. IFNb-1b may severely exacerbate Japanese optic-spinal MS in neuromyelitis optica spectrum. Neurology 75(16), 1423–1427 (2010).
  • Barnett MH, Prineas JW, Buckland ME, Parratt JD, Pollard JD. Massive astrocyte destruction in neuromyelitis optica despite natalizumab therapy. Mult. Scler. 18(1), 108–112 (2012).
  • Min JH, Kim BJ, Lee KH. Development of extensive brain lesions following fingolimod (FTY720) treatment in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult. Scler. 18(1), 113–115 (2012).
  • Fox RJ. Positive results from Phase 3 confirm clinical trial show efficacy and safety of oral BG-12 in multiple sclerosis. Presented at: American Academy of Neurology 64th Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA, USA, 24 April 2012.
  • O’Connor P, Wolinsky JS, Confavreux C et al. TEMSO Trial Group. Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 365(14), 1293–1303 (2011).
  • Comi G, Vollmer T, Sorensen PS et al. Pooled analyses from the ALLEGRO and BRAVO trials on the safety and tolerability of laquinimod as a multiple sclerosis treatment doi:10.1212/WNL.78.1_MeetingAbstracts.P04.132Neurology April 25, 2012; 78(Meeting Abstracts 1): P04.132)
  • Freedman MS, Wolinsky JS, Wamil B et al.; For the Teriflunomide Multiple Sclerosis Trial Group and the MRI Analysis Center. Teriflunomide added to interferon-b in relapsing multiple sclerosis: a randomized Phase II trial. Neurology 78(23), 1877–1885 (2012).
  • Lublin F, Cofield S, Cutter G et al. The CombiRx trial: a multi-center, double-blind, randomized study comparing the combined use of interferon beta-1a and glatiramer acetate to either agent alone in participants with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis – clinical outcomes (PL02.003). doi:10.1212/WNL.78.1_MeetingAbstracts.PL02.003Neurology April 27, 2012; 78(Meeting Abstracts 1): PL02.003
  • Rose JW, Foley J, Carlson N. Monoclonal antibody treatments for multiple sclerosis. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 8(5), 419–426 (2008).
  • Uccelli A, Laroni A, Freedman MS. Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Lancet Neurol. 10(7), 649–656 (2011).
  • Tradtrantip L, Zhang H, Saadoun S et al. Anti-aquaporin-4 monoclonal antibody blocker therapy for neuromyelitis optica. Ann. Neurol. 71(3), 314–322 (2012).
  • Dhib-Jalbut S, Marks S. Interferon-beta mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 74(Suppl. 1), S17–S24 (2010).
  • Racke MK, Lovett-Racke AE, Karandikar NJ. The mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate treatment in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 74(Suppl. 1), S25–S30 (2010).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.