123
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Drug Profile

Clobazam for patients with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome and epilepsy

&
Pages 385-393 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Gastaut H. Exceptional and unrecognized antiepileptic properties of a commercial anxiolytic: clobazam [in French]. Concours Med.100, 3697–3701 (1978).
  • Gastaut H, Low MD. Antiepileptic properties of clobazam, a 1–5 benzodiazepine, in man. Epilepsia20(4), 437–446 (1979).
  • Fielding S, Lal H. A review of the animal pharmacology of clobazam: an update. Drug Dev. Res.2(S1), 17–21 (1982).
  • Canadian Clobazam Cooperative Group. Clobazam in treatment of refractory epilepsy: the Canadian experience. A retrospective study. Epilepsia32(3), 407–416 (1991).
  • Chapman AG, Horton RW, Meldrum BS. Anticonvulsant action of a 1,5-benzodiazepine, clobazam, in reflex epilepsy. Epilepsia19(3), 293–299 (1978).
  • Ng YT, Collins SD. Clobazam. Neurotherapeutics4(1), 138–144 (2007).
  • Sugai K. Clobazam as a new antiepileptic drug and clorazepate dipotassium as an alternative antiepileptic drug in Japan. Epilepsia45(Suppl. 8), 20–25 (2004).
  • Sankar R. GABA(A) receptor physiology and its relationship to the mechanism of action of the 1,5-benzodiazepine clobazam. CNS Drugs26(3), 229–244 (2012).
  • Doi T, Ueda Y, Tokumaru J, Willmore LJ. Molecular regulation of glutamate and GABA transporter proteins by clobazam during epileptogenesis in Fe(+++)-induced epileptic rats. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res.142(2), 91–96 (2005).
  • Olsen RW, Sieghart W. International Union of Pharmacology. LXX. Subtypes of gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors: classification on the basis of subunit composition, pharmacology, and function. Update. Pharmacol. Rev.60(3), 243–260 (2008).
  • Nakajima H. A pharmacological profile of clobazam (Mystan), a new antiepileptic drug [In Japanese]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi118(2), 117–122 (2001).
  • Leonard B. A review of the pharmacological properties of the benzodiazepine anxiolytics. In: Benzodiazepines. Trimble MR, Hindmarch I (Eds). Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Inc., Petersfield, UK, 1–16 (2000).
  • Kinoshita M, Ikeda A, Begum T, Terada K, Shibasaki H. Efficacy of low-dose, add-on therapy of clobazam (CLB) is produced by its major metabolite, N-desmethyl-CLB. J. Neurol. Sci.263(1–2), 44–48 (2007).
  • Sennoune S, Mesdjian E, Bonneton J, Genton P, Dravet C, Roger J. Interactions between clobazam and standard antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy. Ther. Drug Monit.14(4), 269–274 (1992).
  • Contin M, Riva R, Albani F, Baruzzi AA. Effect of felbamate on clobazam and its metabolite kinetics in patients with epilepsy. Ther. Drug Monit.21(6), 604–608 (1999).
  • Fielding S, Hoffmann I. Pharmacology of anti-anxiety drugs with special reference to clobazam. Br. J. Clin. Parmacol.7(S1), 7S–15S (1979).
  • Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Puri SK, Ho I, Zinny MA, Shader RI. Clobazam kinetics in the elderly. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.12(5), 631–636 (1981).
  • Haigh JR, Pullar, T, Gent, JP, Dailley C, Feely M. N-desmethylclobazam: a possible alternative to clobazam in the treatment of refractory epilepsy. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.23(2), 213–218 (1987).
  • Nakamura F, Suzuki S, Nishimura S, Yagi K, Seino M. Effects of clobazam and its active metabolite on GABA-activated currents in rat cerebral neurons in culture. Epilepsia37(8), 728–735 (1996).
  • Fisher JL. Interactions between modulators of the GABAA receptor: stiripentol and benzodiazepines. Eur. J. Pharmacol.654(2), 160–165 (2011).
  • Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS. Clobazam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in anxiety. Drugs20(3), 161–178 (1980).
  • Rupp W, Badian M, Christ O et al. Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of clobazam in humans. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.7(S1), 51S–57S (1979).
  • Anderson GD, Miller JW. Benzodiazepines: chemistry, biotransformation, and pharmacokinetics. In: Antiepileptic Drugs. Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, Peracca E (Eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA, 187–205 (2002).
  • Divoll M, Greenblatt DJ, Ciraulo DA, Puri SK, Ho I, Shader RI. Clobazam kinetics: intrasubject variability and effect of food on adsorption. J. Clin. Pharmacol.22(1), 69–73 (1982).
  • Cenraud B, Guyot M, Levy RH et al. No effect of food intake on clobazam absorption. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.16(6), 728–730 (1983).
  • Contin M, Sangiorgi S, Riva R, Parmeggiani A, Albani F, Baruzzi A. Evidence of polymorphic CYP2C19 involvement in the human metabolism of N-desmethylclobazam. Ther. Drug Monit.24(6), 737–741 (2002).
  • Robertson MM. The place of clobazam in the treatment of epilepsy: an update. Hum. Psychopharmacol.10(Suppl. 1), S43–S63 (1995).
  • Tolbert DS, Reid M, Walzer A et al. Oral pharmacokinetics of clobazam in normal subjects. AAPS Annual Meeting and Exposition, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 8–12 November 2009.
  • Tedeschi G, Riva R, Baruzzi A. Clobazam plasma concentrations: pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers and data in epileptic patients. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.11(6), 619–622 (1981).
  • Dehnerdt M, Boenigk H. Clobazam (Frisium) for the treatment of complications of epilepsy [in German]. In: Epilepsy: Psychological Aspects, Post-traumatic Epilepsy, Drug Treatment, Diagnostic Methods. Meeting of the German Section of the International League Against Epilepsy in Berlin. Remschmidt H, Rentz R, Jungmann JE (Eds). Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, Germany, 172–175 (1980).
  • Bun H, Monjanel-Mouterde S, Noel F, Durand A, Cano JP. Effects of age and antiepileptic drugs on plasma levels and kinetics of clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam. Pharmacol. Toxicol.67(2), 136–140 (1990).
  • Cocks A, Critchley EMR, Hayward HW. The effects of clobazam on the blood levels of sodium valproate. In: Clobazam: Human Psychopharmacology and Clinical Applications. Hindmarch I, Stonier PD, Trimble MR (Eds). Royal Society of Medicine, London, UK, 155–157 (1985).
  • Yagi K, Seino M, Takeda A et al. Open clinical trials of NH-15 (clobazam) in refractory epilepsies: early Phase II study and long-term study. Jpn. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.17, 161–173 (1995).
  • Theis JG, Koren G, Daneman R et al. Interactions of clobazam with conventional antiepileptics in children. J. Child Neurol.12(3), 208–213 (1997).
  • Luszczki JJ, Trojnar MK, Ratnaraj N, Patsalos PN, Czuczwar SJ. Interactions of stiripentol with clobazam and valproate in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model. Epilepsy Res.90(3), 188–198 (2010).
  • Shimizu H, Kawasaki J, Yuasa S, Tarao Y, Kumagai S, Kanemoto K. Use of clobazam for the treatment of refractory complex partial seizures. Seizure12(5), 282–286 (2003).
  • Patsalos PN, Fröscher W, Pisani F, van Rijn CM. The importance of drug interactions in epilepsy therapy. Epilepsia43(4), 365–385 (2002).
  • Bardy AH, Seppälä T, Salokorpi T, Granström ML, Santavuori P. Monitoring of concentrations of clobazam and norclobazam in serum and saliva of children with epilepsy. Brain Dev.13(3), 174–179 (1991).
  • Guberman A. Monotherapy or polytherapy for epilepsy? Can. J. Neurol. Sci.25(4), S3–S8 (1998).
  • Genton P, Nguyen VH, Mesdjian E. Carbamazepine intoxication with negative myoclonus after the addition of clobazam. Epilepsia39(10), 1115–1118 (1998).
  • Zifkin B, Sherwin A, Andermann F. Phenytoin toxicity due to interaction with clobazam. Neurology41(2 Pt 1), 313–314 (1991).
  • Bauer J, Pfeiffer C, Burr W. Which factors have an impact on levetiracetam serum concentrations? An analysis in 163 patients with epilepsy [In German]. Nervenarzt81(4), 391–395 (2010).
  • Grigoleit HG, Hajdú P, Hundt HK et al. Pharmacokinetic aspects of the interaction between clobazam and cimetidine. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.25(1), 139–142 (1983).
  • Gerbal-Chaloin S, Pascussi J-M, Pichard-Garcia L et al. Induction of CYP2C genes in human hepatocytes in primary culture. Drug Metab. Dispos.29(3), 242–251 (2001).
  • Rae JM, Johnson MD, Lippman ME, Flockhart DA. Rifampin is a selective, pleiotropic inducer of drug metabolism genes in human hepatocytes: studies with cDNA and oligonucleotide expression arrays. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.299(3), 849–857 (2001).
  • Wang LS, Zhou G, Zhu B et al. St John’s wort induces both cytochrome P450 3A4-catalyzed sulfoxidation and 2C19-dependent hydroxylation of omeprazole. Clin. Pharm. Ther.75(3), 191–197 (2004).
  • Goshman L, Fish J, Roller K. Clinically significant P450 drug interactions. J. Pharm. Soc. Wis.1999, 23–38 (1999).
  • Veronese ME, Mackenzie PI, Doecke CJ, McManus ME, Miners JO, Birkett DJ. Tolbutamide and phenytoin hydroxylations by cDNA-expressed human liver cytochrome P4502C9. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.175(3), 1112–1118 (1991).
  • Conry JA, Ng YT, Paolicchi JM et al. Clobazam in the treatment of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia50(5), 1158–1166 (2009).
  • Kilpatrick C, Bury R, Fullinfaw R, Moulds R. Clobazam in the treatment of epilepsy. Clin. Exp. Neurol.23, 139–144 (1987).
  • Koeppen D, Baruzzi A, Capozza M et al. Clobazam in therapy-resistant patients with partial epilepsy: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Epilepsia28(5), 495–506 (1987).
  • Schmidt D, Rohde M, Wolf P, Roeder-Wanner U. Clobazam for refractory focal epilepsy: a controlled trial. Arch. Neurol.43(8), 824–826 (1986).
  • Keene DL, Whiting S, Humphreys P. Clobazam as an add-on drug in the treatment of refractory epilepsy of childhood. Can. J. Neurol. Sci.17(3), 317–319 (1990).
  • Rose W, Kirubakaran C, Scott JX. Intermittent clobazam therapy in febrile seizures. Indian J. Pediatr.72(1), 31–33 (2005).
  • Allen JW, Oxley J, Robertson MM, Trimble MR, Richens A, Jawad SS. Clobazam as adjunctive treatment in refractory epilepsy. Br. Med. J.186(6373), 1246–1247 (1983).
  • Ng YT, Conry JA, Drummond R et al. Randomized, Phase III study results of clobazam for seizures associated with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Neurology77(15), 1473–1481 (2011).
  • Buchanan N. Clobazam in the treatment of epilepsy: prospective follow-up to 8 years. J. R. Soc. Med.86(7), 378–380 (1993).
  • Watanabe M, Yagi K, Ohtahara S, Seino M. Clinical study of a new antiepileptic drug, clobazam, on efficacy and resistance in refractory epilepsies. J. Jpn. Epil. Soc.20(1), 11–18 (2002).
  • Munn R, Camfield P, Camfield C, Dooley J. Clobazam for refractory childhood seizure disorders – a valuable supplementary drug. Can. J. Neurol. Sci.15(4), 406–408 (1988).
  • Montenegro MA, Cendes F, Noronha AL et al. Efficacy of clobazam as add-on therapy in patients with refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsia42(4), 539–542 (2001).
  • Singh A, Guberman AH, Boisvert D. Clobazam in long-term epilepsy treatment: sustained responders versus those developing tolerance. Epilepsia36(8), 798–803 (1995).
  • Shorvon SD. The use of clobazam, midazolam, and nitrazepam in epilepsy. Epilepsia39(Suppl. 1), S15–S23 (1998).
  • Wildin JD, Pleuvry BJ, Mawer GE, Onon T, Millington L. Respiratory and sedative effects of clobazam and clonazepam in volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.29(2), 169–177 (1990).
  • Khosroshahi N, Faramarzi F, Salamati P, Haghighi SM, Kamrani K. Diazepam versus clobazam for intermittent prophylaxis of febrile seizures. Indian J. Pediatr.78(1), 38–40 (2011).
  • McKernan RM, Rosahl TW, Reynolds DS et al. Sedative but not anxiolytic properties of benzodiazepines are mediated by the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subtype. Nat. Neurosci.3(6), 587–592 (2000).
  • Mills JK, Lewis TG, Mughal K, Ali I, Ugur A, Whitehouse WP. Retention rate of clobazam, topiramate and lamotrigine in children with intractable epilepsies at 1 year. Seizure20(5), 402–405 (2011).
  • Montenegro MA, Arif H, Nahm EA, Resor SR Jr, Hirsch LJ. Efficacy of clobazam as add-on therapy for refractory epilepsy: experience at a US epilepsy center. Clin. Neuropharmacol.31(6), 333–338 (2008).
  • Robertson MM. Current status of the 1,4- and 1,5- benzodiazepines in the treatment of epilepsy: the place of clobazam. Epilepsia27(Suppl. 1), S27–S41 (1986).
  • Dalby MA. Clobazam in resistant epilepsy: a retrospective survey. In: Clobazam: Human Psychopharmacology and Clinical Applications. Hindmarch I, Stonier PD, Trimble MR (Eds). Royal Society of Medicine, London, UK, 189 (1985).
  • Watanabe M, Yagi K, Seino M. An open clinical trial of a newly developed antiepileptic drug, clobazam, on treatment-resistant epileptic seizures [In Japanese]. Saishin Igaku34, 757–766 (1992).
  • Canadian Study Group for Childhood Epilepsy. Clobazam has equivalent efficacy to carbamazepine and phenytoin as monotherapy for childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia39(9), 952–959 (1998).
  • Heller AJ, Ring HA, Reynolds EH. Factors relating to dramatic response to clobazam in refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Res.2(4), 276–280 (1988).
  • Haigh JR, Gent JP, Garratt JC et al. Disappointing results of increasing benzodiazepine dose after the development of anticonvulsant tolerance. J Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry51(7), 1008–1009 (1988).
  • Gastaut H, Tinuper P, Aguglia U, Lugaresi E. Treatment of certain forms of status epilepticus by means of single dose of clobazam [In French]. Rev. Electroencephalogr. Neurophysiol.14(3), 203–206 (1984).
  • Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935–1984. Epilepsia34(3), 453–468 (1993).
  • Markand ON. Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (childhood epileptic encephalopathy). J. Clin. Neurophysiol.20(6), 426–441 (2003).
  • Beaumanoir A, Darvet C. The Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. In: Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence (2nd Edition). Roger J, Bureau M, Dravet CH, Dreifuss FE, Perret AWP (Eds). John Libbey Eurotext, London, UK, 115–132 (1992).
  • Crumrine PK. Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. J. Child Neurol.17(Suppl. 1), S70–S75 (2002).
  • Wheless JW. Nonpharmacologic treatment of the catastrophic epilepsies of childhood. Epilepsia45(Suppl. 5), 17–22 (2004).
  • Critchley EMR, Vakil SD, Hayward HW, Owen MV, Cocks A. Double-blind clinical study of clobazam in refractory epilepsy. In: Clobazam. Hindmarch I, Stonier PD (Eds). Royal Society of Medicine, London, UK, 159–163 (1981).
  • Feely M, Gibson J. Intermittent clobazam for catamenial epilepsy: tolerance avoided. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry47(12), 1279–1282 (1984).
  • Callaghan N, Goggin T. Clobazam as adjunctive treatment in drug resistant epilepsy – report on an open prospective study. Ir. Med. J.77(8), 240–244 (1984).
  • Andrade R, García-Espinosa A, Machado-Rojas A, García-González ME, Trápaga-Quincoses O, Morales-Chacón LM. A prospective, open, controlled and randomised study of clobazam versus carbamazepine in patients with frequent episodes of Rolandic epilepsy [In Spanish]. Rev. Neurol.49(11), 581–586 (2009).
  • Jan MM, Shaabat AO. Clobazam for the treatment of intractable childhood epilepsy. Saudi Med. J.21(7), 622–624 (2000).
  • Silva RC, Montenegro MA, Guerreiro CA, Guerreiro MM. Clobazam as add-on therapy in children with epileptic encephalopathy. Can. J. Neurol. Sci.33(2), 209–213 (2006).
  • Figueroa D, Adlerstein L, Manterola A. Clobazam in refractory epilepsies of children [In Spanish]. Rev. Chil. Pediatr.55(6), 401–405 (1984).
  • Dávila-Gutiérrez G, Mondragón-Pineda A, Alcalá-Negrete H. Usefulness of clobazam in the treatment of refractory epilepsy in children [In Spanish]. Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant Mex.47(10), 694–647 (1990).
  • Gastaut H. The effect of benzodiazepines on chronic epilepsy in man (with particular reference to clobazam). In: Clobazam. Hindmarch I, Stonier P (Eds). Royal Society of Medicine, London, UK, 141–150 (1981).
  • Bravaccio F, D’Ambrosio G, De Rosa A, Tata MR, Volpe E. The anti-epileptic properties of a diazepine drug (clobazam). Preliminary results. [In Italian]. Acta. Neurol. Quad.39, 58–64 (1979).
  • Pechadre JC, Beudin P, Devoize JL, Gibert J. [Anti-epileptic effect of clobazam in Lennox–Gastaut syndrome]. Encephale7(2), 181–190 (1981).
  • Franceschi M, Ferini-Strambi L, Mastrangelo M. Clobazam in drug-resistant and alcoholic withdrawal seizures. Clin. Study J.20, 119–125 (1983).
  • Guberman A, Couture M, Blaschuk K, Sherwin A. Add-on trial of clobazam in intractable adult epilepsy with plasma level correlations. Can. J. Neurol. Sci.17(3), 311–316 (1990).
  • Smith GC, Pell JP. Parachute use to prevent death and major trauma related to gravitational challenge: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ327(7429), 1459–1461 (2003).
  • Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, Reife R, Lim P, Pledger G. A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study Group. Neurology52(9), 1882–1887 (1999).
  • Felbamate Study Group in Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome. Efficacy of felbamate in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox–Gastaut syndrome). N. Engl. J. Med.328(1), 29–33 (1993).
  • Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, Barrera MN, Mullens EL, Manasco P. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Lamictal Lennox–Gastaut Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med.337(25), 1807–1812 (1997).
  • Glauser T, Kluger G, Sachdeo R, Krauss G, Perdomo C, Arroyo S. Rufinamide for generalized seizures associated with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Neurology70(21), 1950–1958 (2008).
  • Ng YT. A case of symptomatic, lesional epilepsy (hypothalamic hamartoma) masquerading as a generalized epilepsy with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Sem. Pediatr. Neurol.17(1), 13–15 (2010).
  • Wyllie E, Lachhwani DK, Gupta A et al. Successful surgery for epilepsy due to early brain lesions despite generalized EEG findings. Neurology69(4), 389–397 (2007).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.