Sacroiliac joint pain: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment

References

• Bernard T, Cassidy J. The Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. The Adult Spine: Principles and Practice. Raven Press Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 2107–2130 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Vleeming A, Stoeckart R, Volkers AC, Snijders CJ. Relation between form and function in the sacroiliac joint. Part I: Clinical anatomical aspects. Spine 15(2), 130–132 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLauchlan GJ, Gardner DL. Sacral and iliac articular cartilage thickness and cellularity: relationship to subchondral bone end-plate thickness and cancellous bone density. Rheumatology (Oxford) 41(4), 375–380 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Troyanovich SJ. The sacroiliac joint: a review of anatomy and biomechanics with clinical implications. J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther. 20(9), 607–617 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willard F. The anatomy of the lumbosacral connection. The anatomy of the lumbosacral connection. In: Spine: State of the Art Reviews. Hanley & Belfus, PA, USA, 333 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Forst SL, Wheeler MT, Fortin JD, Vilensky JA. The sacroiliac joint: anatomy, physiology and clinical significance. Pain Physician 9(1), 61–67 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker JM. The sacroiliac joint: a critical review. Phys. Ther. 72(12), 903–916 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturesson B, Selvik G, Udén A. Movements of the sacroiliac joints. A roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Spine 14(2), 162–165 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SP. Sacroiliac joint pain: a comprehensive review of anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment. Anesth. Analg. 101(5), 1440–1453 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath MC, Zhang M. Lateral branches of dorsal sacral nerve plexus and the long posterior sacroiliac ligament. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 27(4), 327–330 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa T. [Study on the distribution of nerve filaments over the iliosacral joint and its adjacent regio n in the Japanese]. Nippon. Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi 40(4), 419–430 (1966).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solonen KA. The sacroiliac joint in the light of anatomical, roentgenological and clinical studies. Acta Orthop. Scand. Suppl. 27, 1–127 (1957).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Depalma MJ, Ketchum JM, Trussell BS, Saullo TR, Slipman CW. Does the location of low back pain predict its source? PM R. 3(1), 33–39 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laplante BL, Ketchum JM, Saullo TR, DePalma MJ. Multivariable analysis of the relationship between pain referral patterns and the source of chronic low back pain. Pain Physician 15(2), 171–178 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simopoulos TT, Manchikanti L, Singh V et al. A systematic evaluation of prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of sacroiliac joint interventions. Pain Physician 15(3), 305–344 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine 20(1), 31–37 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maigne JY, Aivaliklis A, Pfefer F. Results of sacroiliac joint double block and value of sacroiliac pain provocation tests in 54 patients with low back pain. Spine 21(16), 1889–1892 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin RW, Watson T, Minick RP, Ambrosius WT. Age, body mass index, and gender differences in sacroiliac joint pathology. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86(1), 37–44 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manchikanti L, Singh V, Pampati V et al. Evaluation of the relative contributions of various structures in chronic low back pain. Pain Physician 4(4), 308–316 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szadek KM, Hoogland PV, Zuurmond WW, de Lange JJ, Perez RS. Nociceptive nerve fibers in the sacroiliac joint in humans. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 33(1), 36–43 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szadek KM, Hoogland PV, Zuurmond WW, De Lange JJ, Perez RS. Possible nociceptive structures in the sacroiliac joint cartilage: an immunohistochemical study. Clin. Anat. 23(2), 192–198 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortin JD, Dwyer AP, West S, Pier J. Sacroiliac joint: pain referral maps upon applying a new injection/arthrography technique. Part I: asymptomatic volunteers. Spine 19(13), 1475–1482 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreyfuss P, Snyder BD, Park K, Willard F, Carreiro J, Bogduk N. The ability of single site, single depth sacral lateral branch blocks to anesthetize the sacroiliac joint complex. Pain Med. 9(7), 844–850 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luukkainen R, Nissilä M, Asikainen E et al. Periarticular corticosteroid treatment of the sacroiliac joint in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathy. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 17(1), 88–90 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luukkainen RK, Wennerstrand PV, Kautiainen HH, Sanila MT, Asikainen EL. Efficacy of periarticular corticosteroid treatment of the sacroiliac joint in non-spondylarthropathic patients with chronic low back pain in the region of the sacroiliac joint. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 20(1), 52–54 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostgaard HC, Andersson GB, Karlsson K. Prevalence of back pain in pregnancy. Spine 16(5), 549–552 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutke A, Ostgaard HC, Oberg B. Pelvic girdle pain and lumbar pain in pregnancy: a cohort study of the consequences in terms of health and functioning. Spine 31(5), 149–155 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timgren J, Soinila S. Reversible pelvic asymmetry: an overlooked syndrome manifesting as scoliosis, apparent leg-length difference, and neurologic symptoms. J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther. 29(7), 561–565 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friberg O. Clinical symptoms and biomechanics of lumbar spine and hip joint in leg length inequality. Spine 8(6), 643–651 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanov AA, Kiapour A, Ebraheim NA, Goel V. Lumbar fusion leads to increases in angular motion and stress across sacroiliac joint: a finite element study. Spine 34(5), 162–169 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha KY, Lee JS, Kim KW. Degeneration of sacroiliac joint after instrumented lumbar or lumbosacral fusion: a prospective cohort study over five-year follow-up. Spine 33(11), 1192–1198 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebraheim NA, Elgafy H, Semaan HB. Computed tomographic findings in patients with persistent sacroiliac pain after posterior iliac graft harvesting. Spine 25(16), 2047–2051 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Maigne JY, Planchon CA. Sacroiliac joint pain after lumbar fusion. A study with anesthetic blocks. Eur. Spine J. 14(7), 654–658 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz V, Schofferman J, Reynolds J. The sacroiliac joint: a potential cause of pain after lumbar fusion to the sacrum. J. Spinal Disord. Tech. 16(1), 96–99 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou LH, Slipman CW, Bhagia SM et al. Inciting events initiating injection-proven sacroiliac joint syndrome. Pain Med. 5(1), 26–32 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SP, Strassels SA, Kurihara C et al. Outcome predictors for sacroiliac joint (lateral branch) radiofrequency denervation. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 34(3), 206–214 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortin JD, Aprill CN, Ponthieux B, Pier J. Sacroiliac joint: pain referral maps upon applying a new injection/arthrography technique. Part II: Clinical evaluation. Spine 19(13), 1483–1489 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami E, Aizawa T, Noguchi K, Kanno H, Okuno H, Uozumi H. Diagram specific to sacroiliac joint pain site indicated by one-finger test. J. Orthop. Sci. 13(6), 492–497 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slipman CW, Jackson HB, Lipetz JS, Chan KT, Lenrow D, Vresilovic EJ. Sacroiliac joint pain referral zones. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 81(3), 334–338 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laslett M. Evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of the painful sacroiliac joint. J. Man. Manip. Ther. 16(3), 142–152 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young S, Aprill C, Laslett M. Correlation of clinical examination characteristics with three sources of chronic low back pain. Spine J. 3(6), 460–465 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dreyfuss P, Michaelsen M, Pauza K, McLarty J, Bogduk N. The value of medical history and physical examination in diagnosing sacroiliac joint pain. Spine 21(22), 2594–2602 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slipman CW, Sterenfeld EB, Chou LH, Herzog R, Vresilovic E. The predictive value of provocative sacroiliac joint stress maneuvers in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 79(3), 288–292 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadhurst NA, Bond MJ. Pain provocation tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction. J. Spinal Disord. 11(4), 341–345 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laslett M, Aprill CN, McDonald B, Young SB. Diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain: validity of individual provocation tests and composites of tests. Man. Ther. 10(3), 207–218 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wurff P, Buijs EJ, Groen GJ. A multitest regimen of pain provocation tests as an aid to reduce unnecessary minimally invasive sacroiliac joint procedures. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 87(1), 10–14 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wurff P, Hagmeijer RH, Meyne W. Clinical tests of the sacroiliac joint. A systematic methodological review. Part 1: reliability. Man. Ther. 5(1), 30–36 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laslett M, Williams M. The reliability of selected pain provocation tests for sacroiliac joint pathology. Spine 19(11), 1243–1249 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szadek KM, van der Wurff P, van Tulder MW, Zuurmond WW, Perez RS. Diagnostic validity of criteria for sacroiliac joint pain: a systematic review. J. Pain 10(4), 354–368 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgafy H, Semaan HB, Ebraheim NA, Coombs RJ. Computed tomography findings in patients with sacroiliac pain. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 382, 112–118 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slipman CW, Sterenfeld EB, Chou LH, Herzog R, Vresilovic E. The value of radionuclide imaging in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome. Spine 21(19), 2251–2254 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maigne JY, Boulahdour H, Chatellier G. Value of quantitative radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain. Eur. Spine J. 7(4), 328–331 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puhakka KB, Jurik AG, Schiøttz-Christensen B et al. MRI abnormalities of sacroiliac joints in early spondylarthropathy: a 1-year follow-up study. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 33(5), 332–338 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prather H, Hunt D. Conservative management of low back pain, part I. Sacroiliac joint pain. Dis. Mon. 50(12), 670–683 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mens JM, Snijders CJ, Stam HJ. Diagonal trunk muscle exercises in peripartum pelvic pain: a randomized clinical trial. Phys. Ther. 80(12), 1164–1173 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vleeming A, Buyruk HM, Stoeckart R, Karamursel S, Snijders CJ. An integrated therapy for peripartum pelvic instability: a study of the biomechanical effects of pelvic belts. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 166(4), 1243–1247 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson-Wikmar L, Holm K, Oijerstedt R, Harms-Ringdahl K. Effect of three different physical therapy treatments on pain and activity in pregnant women with pelvic girdle pain: a randomized clinical trial with 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up postpartum. Spine 30(8), 850–856 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuge B, Holm I, Vøllestad N. To treat or not to treat postpartum pelvic girdle pain with stabilizing exercises? Man. Ther. 11(4), 337–343 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delitto A, Cibulka MT, Erhard RE, Bowling RW, Tenhula JA. Evidence for use of an extension-mobilization category in acute low back syndrome: a prescriptive validation pilot study. Phys. Ther. 73(4), 216–222; discussion 223 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly JM, Frame PS, Rapoza PA. Sacroiliac subluxation: a common, treatable cause of low-back pain in pregnancy. Fam. Pract. Res. J. 11(2), 149–159 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dontigny RL. Dysfunction of the sacroiliac joint and its treatment*. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 1(1), 23–35 (1979).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wreje U, Nordgren B, Aberg H. Treatment of pelvic joint dysfunction in primary care – a controlled study. Scand. J. Prim. Health Care 10(4), 310–315 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flynn T, Fritz J, Whitman J et al. A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine 27(24), 2835–2843 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamali F, Shokri E. The effect of two manipulative therapy techniques and their outcome in patients with sacroiliac joint syndrome. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 16(1), 29–35 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cibulka MT, Delitto A, Koldehoff RM. Changes in innominate tilt after manipulation of the sacroiliac joint in patients with low back pain. An experimental study. Phys. Ther. 68(9), 1359–1363 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tullberg T, Blomberg S, Branth B, Johnsson R. Manipulation does not alter the position of the sacroiliac joint. A roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Spine 23(10), 1124–1128; discussion 1129 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suter E, McMorland G, Herzog W, Bray R. Decrease in quadriceps inhibition after sacroiliac joint manipulation in patients with anterior knee pain. J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther. 22(3), 149–153 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall P, Murphy B. The effect of sacroiliac joint manipulation on feed-forward activation times of the deep abdominal musculature. J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther. 29(3), 196–202 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cibulka MT, Rose SJ, Delitto A, Sinacore DR. Hamstring muscle strain treated by mobilizing the sacroiliac joint. Phys. Ther. 66(8), 1220–1223 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neufeld NJ, Jones JM. Osteopathic medicine in musculoskeletal conditions (Chapter 7). In: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Pocket Companion. Gonzalez-Fernandez M, Friedman JD (Eds). Demos Medical Publishing, New York, NY, USA (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Kim WM, Lee HG, Jeong CW, Kim CM, Yoon MH. A randomized controlled trial of intra-articular prolotherapy versus steroid injection for sacroiliac joint pain. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 16(12), 1285–1290 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusi M, Saunders J, Hungerford B, Wisbey-Roth T, Lucas P, Wilson S. The use of prolotherapy in the sacroiliac joint. Br. J. Sports Med. 44(2), 100–104 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagenais S, Yelland MJ, Del Mar C, Schoene ML. Prolotherapy injections for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD004059 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boswell MV, Trescot AM, Datta S et al.; American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians. Interventional techniques: evidence-based practice guidelines in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 10(1), 7–111 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murakami E, Tanaka Y, Aizawa T, Ishizuka M, Kokubun S. Effect of periarticular and intraarticular lidocaine injections for sacroiliac joint pain: prospective comparative study. J. Orthop. Sci. 12(3), 274–280 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borowsky CD, Fagen G. Sources of sacroiliac region pain: insights gained from a study comparing standard intra-articular injection with a technique combining intra- and peri-articular injection. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 89(11), 2048–2056 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer T, Biedermann T, Hermann KG et al. [Sacroiliitis in children with spondyloarthropathy: therapeutic effect of CT-Guided intra-articular corticosteroid injection]. Rofo. 175(6), 814–821 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanly JG, Mitchell M, MacMillan L, Mosher D, Sutton E. Efficacy of sacroiliac corticosteroid injections in patients with inflammatory spondyloarthropathy: results of a 6 month controlled study. J. Rheumatol. 27(3), 719–722 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maugars Y, Mathis C, Berthelot JM, Charlier C, Prost A. Assessment of the efficacy of sacroiliac corticosteroid injections in spondylarthropathies: a double-blind study. Br. J. Rheumatol. 35(8), 767–770 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Makki D, Khazim R, Zaidan AA, Ravi K, Toma T. Single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) scan-positive facet joints and other spinal structures in a hospital-wide population with spinal pain. Spine J. 10(1), 58–62 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pneumaticos SG, Chatziioannou SN, Hipp JA, Moore WH, Esses SI. Low back pain: prediction of short-term outcome of facet joint injection with bone scintigraphy. Radiology 238(2), 693–698 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan AL, Ryan PJ, Arden NK et al. The value of SPECT scans in identifying back pain likely to benefit from facet joint injection. Br. J. Rheumatol. 35(12), 1269–1273 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadreddini S, Noshad H, Molaeefard M, Ardalan MR, Ghojazadeh M, Shakouri SK. Unguided sacroiliac injection: effect on refractory buttock pain in patients with spondyloarthropathies. Presse Med. 38(5), 710–716 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg JM, Quint TJ, de Rosayro AM. Computerized tomographic localization of clinically-guided sacroiliac joint injections. Clin. J. Pain 16(1), 18–21 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward S, Jenson M, Royal MA, Movva V, Bhakta B, Gunyea I. Fluoroscopy-guided sacroiliac joint injections with phenol ablation for persistent sacroiliitis: a case series. Pain Prac. 2(4), 332–335 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrella RJ, DiSilvestro MD, Hildebrand C. Effects of hyaluronate sodium on pain and physical functioning in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 162(3), 292–298 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colen S, Haverkamp D, Mulier M, van den Bekerom MP. Hyaluronic acid for the treatment of osteoarthritis in all joints except the knee: what is the current evidence? BioDrugs 26(2), 101–112 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srejic U, Calvillo O, Kabakibou K. Viscosupplementation: a new concept in the treatment of sacroiliac joint syndrome: a preliminary report of four cases. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 24(1), 84–88 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shealy CN. Percutaneous radiofrequency denervation of spinal facets. Treatment for chronic back pain and sciatica. J. Neurosurg. 43(4), 448–451 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreyfuss P, Henning T, Malladi N, Goldstein B, Bogduk N. The ability of multi-site, multi-depth sacral lateral branch blocks to anesthetize the sacroiliac joint complex. Pain Med. 10(4), 679–688 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SP, Hurley RW, Christo PJ, Winkley J, Mohiuddin MM, Stojanovic MP. Clinical predictors of success and failure for lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation. Clin. J. Pain 23(1), 45–52 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SP, Williams KA, Kurihara C et al. Multicenter, randomized, comparative cost–effectiveness study comparing 0, 1, and 2 diagnostic medial branch (facet joint nerve) block treatment paradigms before lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation. Anesthesiology 113(2), 395–405 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogduk N, Holmes S. Controlled zygapophysial joint blocks: the travesty of cost-effectiveness. Pain Med. 1(1), 24–34 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptchuk TJ, Stason WB, Davis RB et al. Sham device v inert pill: randomised controlled trial of two placebo treatments. BMJ 332(7538), 391–397 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SP, Abdi S. Lateral branch blocks as a treatment for sacroiliac joint pain: a pilot study. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 28(2), 113–119 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham RS, Yasui Y. An alternate method of radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacroiliac joint: a pilot study of the effect on pain, function, and satisfaction. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 32(1), 12–19 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel N, Gross A, Brown L, Gekht G. A randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy of lateral branch neurotomy for chronic sacroiliac joint pain. Pain Med. 13(3), 383–398 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SP, Bajwa ZH, Kraemer JJ et al. Factors predicting success and failure for cervical facet radiofrequency denervation: a multicenter analysis. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 32(6), 495–503 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams KA, Gonzalez-Fernandez M, Hamzehzadeh S et al. A multicenter analysis evaluating factors associated with spinal cord stimulation outcome in chronic pain patients. Pain Med. 12(8), 1142–1153 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang JH, Galvagno SM Jr, Hameed M et al. Occipital nerve pulsed radiofrequency treatment: a multicenter study evaluating predictors of outcome. Pain Med. 13(4), 489–497 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydin SM, Gharibo CG, Mehnert M, Stitik TP. The role of radiofrequency ablation for sacroiliac joint pain: a meta-analysis. PM R. 2(9), 842–851 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yin W, Willard F, Carreiro J, Dreyfuss P. Sensory stimulation-guided sacroiliac joint radiofrequency neurotomy: technique based on neuroanatomy of the dorsal sacral plexus. Spine 28(20), 2419–2425 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buijs E, Kamphuis E, Groen G. Radiofrequency treatment of sacroiliac joint-related pain aimed at the first three sacral dorsal rami: a minimal approach. The Pain Clinic 16(2), 139–146 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Cheng J, Pope JE, Dalton JE, Cheng O, Bensitel A. Comparative outcomes of cooled versus traditional radiofrequency ablation of the lateral branches for sacroiliac joint pain. Clin. J. Pain doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e3182490a17 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau P, Mercer S, Govind J, Bogduk N. The surgical anatomy of lumbar medial branch neurotomy (facet denervation). Pain Med. 5(3), 289–298 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruners P, Müller H, Günther RW, Schmitz-Rode T, Mahnken AH. Fluid-modulated bipolar radiofrequency ablation: an ex vivo evaluation study. Acta Radiol. 49(3), 258–266 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provenzano DA, Lassila HC, Somers D. The effect of fluid injection on lesion size during radiofrequency treatment. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 35(4), 338–342 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrogowski J, Wrzosek A, Wordliczek J. Radiofrequency denervation with or without addition of pentoxifylline or methylprednisolone for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Pharmacol. Rep. 57(4), 475–480 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pino CA, Hoeft MA, Hofsess C, Rathmell JP. Morphologic analysis of bipolar radiofrequency lesions: implications for treatment of the sacroiliac joint. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 30(4), 335–338 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang SS, Park JC, Yoon YJ, Shin KM. Morphologic analysis of water-cooled bipolar radiofrequency lesions on egg white in Vitro. Korean J. Pain 25(3), 151–154 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cosman ER Jr, Gonzalez CD. Bipolar radiofrequency lesion geometry: implications for palisade treatment of sacroiliac joint pain. Pain Pract. 11(1), 3–22 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrante FM, King LF, Roche EA et al. Radiofrequency sacroiliac joint denervation for sacroiliac syndrome. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. 26(2), 137–142 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorentzen T. A cooled needle electrode for radiofrequency tissue ablation: thermodynamic aspects of improved performance compared with conventional needle design. Acad. Radiol. 3(7), 556–563 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solbiati L, Goldberg SN, Ierace T et al. Hepatic metastases: percutaneous radio-frequency ablation with cooled-tip electrodes. Radiology 205(2), 367–373 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg SN, Gazelle GS, Solbiati L, Rittman WJ, Mueller PR. Radiofrequency tissue ablation: increased lesion diameter with a perfusion electrode. Acad. Radiol. 3(8), 636–644 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delacretaz E, Stevenson WG, Winters GL et al. Ablation of ventricular tachycardia with a saline-cooled radiofrequency catheter: anatomic and histologic characteristics of the lesions in humans. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 10(6), 860–865 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapural L, Nageeb F, Kapural M, Cata JP, Narouze S, Mekhail N. Cooled radiofrequency system for the treatment of chronic pain from sacroiliitis: the first case-series. Pain Pract. 8(5), 348–354 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen SP, Hurley RW, Buckenmaier CC 3rd, Kurihara C, Morlando B, Dragovich A. Randomized placebo-controlled study evaluating lateral branch radiofrequency denervation for sacroiliac joint pain. Anesthesiology 109(2), 279–288 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevargez A, Groenemeyer D, Schirp S, Braun M. CT-guided percutaneous radiofrequency denervation of the sacroiliac joint. Eur. Radiol. 12(6), 1360–1365 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua NH, Vissers KC, Sluijter ME. Pulsed radiofrequency treatment in interventional pain management: mechanisms and potential indications-a review. Acta Neurochir. (Wien.) 153(4), 763–771 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagiwara S, Iwasaka H, Takeshima N, Noguchi T. Mechanisms of analgesic action of pulsed radiofrequency on adjuvant-induced pain in the rat: roles of descending adrenergic and serotonergic systems. Eur. J. Pain 13(3), 249–252 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallejo R, Benyamin RM, Kramer J, Stanton G, Joseph NJ. Pulsed radiofrequency denervation for the treatment of sacroiliac joint syndrome. Pain Med. 7(5), 429–434 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll HR, Kim D, Danic MJ, Sankey SS, Gariwala M, Brown M. A randomized, double-blind, prospective study comparing the efficacy of continuous versus pulsed radiofrequency in the treatment of lumbar facet syndrome. J. Clin. Anesth. 20(7), 534–537 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekin I, Mirzai H, Ok G, Erbuyun K, Vatansever D. A comparison of conventional and pulsed radiofrequency denervation in the treatment of chronic facet joint pain. Clin. J. Pain 23(6), 524–529 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvillo O, Esses SI, Ponder C, D’Agostino C, Tanhui E. Neuroaugmentation in the management of sacroiliac joint pain: report of two cases. Spine 23(9), 1069–1072 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YH, Moon DE. Sacral nerve stimulation for the treatment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction: A case report. Neuromodulation 13(4), 306–310 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabezies EJ, Millet CW, Murphy CP, Acker JH, Robicheaux RE, D’Ambrosia RD. Stabilization of sacroiliac joint disruption with threaded compression rods. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 246, 165–171 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson LA, Waddell JP, Leighton RK, Kellam JF, Tile M. Anterior approach and stabilization of the disrupted sacroiliac joint. J. Trauma 27(12), 1332–1339 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waisbrod H, Krainick JU, Gerbershagen HU. Sacroiliac joint arthrodesis for chronic lower back pain. Arch. Orthop. Trauma. Surg. 106(4), 238–240 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchowski JM, Kebaish KM, Sinkov V, Cohen DB, Sieber AN, Kostuik JP. Functional and radiographic outcome of sacroiliac arthrodesis for the disorders of the sacroiliac joint. Spine J. 5(5), 520–528; discussion 529 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schütz U, Grob D. Poor outcome following bilateral sacroiliac joint fusion for degenerative sacroiliac joint syndrome. Acta Orthop. Belg. 72(3), 296–308 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liliang PC, Lu K, Liang CL, Tsai YD, Wang KW, Chen HJ. Sacroiliac joint pain after lumbar and lumbosacral fusion: Findings using dual sacroiliac joint blocks. Pain Med. 91(4), 1283–1285 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Jung JH, Kim HI, Shin DA et al. Usefulness of pain distribution pattern assessment in decision-making for the patients with lumbar zygapophyseal and sacroiliac joint arthropathy. J. Korean Med. Sci. 22(6), 1048–1054 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laslett M, Young SB, Aprill CN, McDonald B. Diagnosing painful sacroiliac joints: a validity study of a McKenzie evaluation and sacroiliac provocation tests. Aust. J. Physiother. 49(2), 89–97 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford G, Burnham RS. Is it useful to repeat sacroiliac joint provocative tests post-block? Pain Med. 11(12), 1774–1776 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaman H, Kavak GO, Tüfek A et al. Cooled radiofrequency application for treatment of sacroiliac joint pain. Acta Neurochir. (Wien.) 153(7), 1461–1468 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speldewinde GC. Outcomes of percutaneous zygapophysial and sacroiliac joint neurotomy in a community setting. Pain Med. 12(2), 209–218 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar