Suicidal behavior in war veterans

References

• Woodhead C, Sloggett A, Bray I et al. An estimate of the veteran population in England: based on data from the 2007 adult psychiatric morbidity survey. Popul. Trends138, 50–54 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Dent-Brown K, Ashworth A, Barkham M et al. An evaluation of six community mental health pilots for veterans of the armed forces. The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Kapur N, While D, Blatchey N, Bray I, Harrison K. Suicide after leaving the UK armed forces – a cohort study. PLoS Med.6, E26 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce M. Suicide risk and prevention in veteran populations. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1208, 98–103 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasley J. A review of “suicidal intent” within the existing suicide literature. Suicide Life Threat. Behav.38, 576–591 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner K, Oquendo M, Gould M, Stanley B, Davies M. Columbia classification algorithm of suicide assessment (C-CASA): classification of suicidal events in the FDA’s pediatric suicidal risk analysis of antidepressants. Am. J. Psychiatry164(7), 1035–1043 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner L, Breshears R, Betthauser L et al. Implementation of a suicide nomenclauture within two VA healthcare settings. J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings18, 116–128 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett J, Scheftner W, Fogg L et al. Time-related predictors of suicide in major affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry147, 1189–1194 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck A, Brown G, Steer R, Dahlsgaard K, Grisham J. Suicide ideation at its worst point: a predictor of eventual suicide in psychiatric outpatients. Suicide Life Threat. Behav.29, 1–9 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown G, Beck A, Steer R, Grisham J. Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric outpatients: a 20-year prospective study. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.68, 371–377 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher-Kay C, King C. Depression and suicide. Pediatr. Rev.24, 363–371 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galfalvy H, Oquendo M, Carballo J et al. Clinical predictors of suicidal acts after major depression in bipolar disorder: a prospective study. Bipolar Disord.8, 586–595 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinherz H, Tanner J, Berger S, Beardslee W, Fitzmaurice G. Adolescent suicidal ideation as predictive of psychopathology, suicidal behavior, and compromised functioning at age 30. Am. J. Psychiatry163, 1226–1232 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galfalvy H, Oquendo M, Mann J. Evaluation of clinical prognostic models for suicide attempts after a major depressive episode. Acta Psych. Scand.117, 244–252 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaire C, Graham D. Factors associated with suicidal ideation in OEF/OIF veterans. J. Affect Disord.130, 231–238 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak R, Goldstein M, Malley J, Rivers A, Johnson D, Southwick S. Risk and protective factors associated with suicidal ideation in veterans of operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom. J. Affect Disord.123, 102–107 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller M, Barber C, Azrael D, Calle E, Lawler E, Mukamal K. Suicide among US veterans: a prospective study of 500,000 middle-aged and elderly men. Am. J. Epidemiol.170(4), 494–500 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan M, Huguet N, McFarland B, Newsom J. Suicide among male veterans: a prospective population-based study. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health61(7), 619–624 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breiding M, Wiersema B. Variability of undetermined manner of death classification in the US. Inj. Prev.12, II49–II54 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correction: suicide among male veterans: a prospective population-based study. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health61, 751 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Kang H, Bullman T. Is there an epidemic of suicides among current and former U.S. military personnel? Ann. Epidemiol.19, 757–760 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe K, Kang H, Thomas T. Mortality among Vietnam veterans: with methodological considerations. J. Occup. Med.33, 780–785 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe K, Kang H. Military service in Vietnam and the risk of death from trauma and selected cancer. Ann. Epidemiol.5, 407–412 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cypel Y, Kang H. Mortality patterns among women Vietnam-era veterans: results of a retrospective cohort study. Ann. Epidemiol.18, 244–252 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Kang H, Bullman T. Mortality among US veterans of the Persian gulf war: 7-year follow-up. Am. J. Epidemiol.154, 399–405 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang H, Bullman T. Mortality among US veterans of the Persian gulf war. N. Engl. J. Med.335, 1498–1504 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang H, Bullman T. Risk of suicide among US veterans after returning from the Iraq or Afghanistan war zones. JAMA300(6), 652–653 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy J, Valenstein M, Kim H et al. Suicide mortality among patients receiving care in the veterans health administration health system. Am. J. Epidemiol.169, 1033–1038 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland B, Kaplan M, Huguet N. Self-inflicted deaths among women with U.S. military service: a hidden epidemic? Psych. Serv.61, 1177 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen M, Bohnert A, Ignacio R et al. Psychiatric diagnoses and risk of suicide in veterans. Arch. Gen. Psych.67, 1152–1158 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanagh J, Carson A, Sharpe M, Lawrie S. Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review. Psychol. Med.33, 395–405 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petronis K, Samuels J, Moscicki E, Anthony J. An epidemiologic investigation of potential risk factors for suicide attempts. Soc. Psych. Psych. Epidemiol.25, 193–199 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris E, Barraclough B. Excess mortality of mental disorder. Br. J. Psych.173, 11–53 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Sutton L, Haw C, Sinclair J, Harriss L. Suicide and attempted suicide in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of risk factors. J. Clin. Psych.66, 693–704 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Kessler R, Borges G, Walters E. Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the national comorbidity survey. Arch. Gen. Psych.56, 617–626 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock M, Kessler R. Prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts versus suicide gestures: analysis of the national comorbidity survey. J. Abnorm. Psychol.115, 616–623 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin P, Agerbo E, Mortensen P. Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, psychiatric, and familial factors: a national register-based study of all suicides in Denmark, 1981–1997. Am. J. Psych.160, 765–772 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin P, Nordentoft M. Suicide risk in relation to psychiatric hospitalization: evidence based on longitudinal registers. Arch. Gen. Psych.62, 427–432 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tidemalm D, Långström N, Lichtenstein P, Runeson B. Risk of suicide after suicide attempt according to coexisting psychiatric disorder: Swedish cohort study with long term follow-up. BMJ337, A2205 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen T, Munk-Olsen T, Nordentofdt M, Mortensen P. Increased mortality among patients admitted with major psychiatric disorders: a register-based study comparing mortality in unipolar depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psych.68, 899–907 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Osby U, Brandt L, Correia N, Ekbom A, Sparén P. Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden. Arch. Gen. Psych.58, 844–850 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullman T, Kang H. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the risk of traumatic deaths among Vietnam veterans. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.182, 604–610 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer T. The comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidality in Vietnam veterans. Suicide Life Threat. Behav.24, 58–67 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana A, Rosencheck R. Outcome monitoring of VA specialized intensive PTSD programs: FY 1996 report. Northeast Program Evaluation Center, West Haven, CT, USA (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Bonin M, Norton G, Asmundson G et al. Drinking away the hurt: the nature and prevalence of PTSD in substance abuse patients attending a community-based treatment program. J. Behav. Ther.31, 55–66 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakupcak M, Cook J, Imel Z, Fontana A, Rosenheck R, Mcfall M. Posttraumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for suicidal ideation in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. J. Trauma Stress22, 303–306 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardiner A, Spiegel H. War, Stress and Neurotic Illness. Paul Hoeber, NY, USA (1947).
   Google Scholar
• Spooner M. Suicide claiming more British Falkland veterans than fighting did. CMAJ166(11), 1453 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss D, Marmar C, Schlenger W et al. The prevalence of lifetime and partial post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam theater veterans. J. Trauma Stress5, 365–376 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall R, Olfson M, Hellman F, Blanco C, Guardino M. Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD. Am. J. Psych.158, 1467–1473 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakupcak M, Hoerster K, Varra A et al. Hopelessness and suicidal ideation in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans reporting subthreshold and threshold posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.199, 272–275 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seyfriend L, Kales H, Ignacio R et al. Predictors of suicide in patients with dementia. Alzheimers Dement.7, 567–573 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zivin K, Kim H, McCarthy J et al. Suicide mortality among individuals receiving treatment for depression in the veterans affairs health system: associations with patient and treatment setting characteristics. Am. J. Public Health97, 2193–2198 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown T, Campbell L, Lehman C, Grisham J, Mancill R. Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. J. Abnorm. Psychol.110(4), 585–599 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sher L, Oquendo M, Li S et al. Higher cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels in depressed patients with comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder. Eur. Neuropsychopharm15, 203–209 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sher L. The concept of post-traumatic mood disorder. Med. Hypotheses65(2), 205–210 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sher L. Suicide in war veterans: the role of comorbidity of PTSD and depression. Expert Rev. Neurother.9, 921–923 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sher L. A model of suicidal behavior in war veterans with posttraumatic mood disorder. Med. Hypotheses73(2), 215–219 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sher L. Posttraumatic mood disorder: a new concept. Can. J. Psych.50(2), 127–128 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Sher L. The concept of post-traumatic mood disorder and its implications for adolescent suicidal behavior. Minerva Pediatr.60(6), 1393–1399 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oquendo M, Brent D, Birmaher B et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder comorbid with major depression: factors mediating the association with suicidal behavior. Am. J. Psych.162, 560–566 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oquendo M, Friend J, Halberstam B et al. Association of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression with greater risk for suicidal behavior. Am. J. Psych.160, 580–582 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman T, Roca V, Moore W. A comparison of chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients with and without a history of suicide attempt. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.188, 460–463 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer P, Ganoczy D, Ilgen M, Zivin K, Valenstein M. Comorbid anxiety as a suicide risk factor among depressed veterans. Depress. Anxiety26, 752–757 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black C. The Pathology of Drunkenness. Black, Edinburgh UK (1855).
   Google Scholar
• Thompson R, Kane V, Cook J, Greenstein R, Walker P, Woody G. Suicidal ideation in veterans receiving treatment for opiate dependence. J. Psychoact. Drugs38, 149–156 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen M, Harris A, Moos R, Tiet Q. Predictors of a suicide attempt one year after entry into a substance use disorder treatment. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res.31, 635–642 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller S, Lyons J, Constantini-Ferrando M. Impact of comorbid affective and alcohol use disorders on suicidal ideation and attempts. J. Clin. Psychol.55, 585–595 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menon D, Schwab K, Wright D, Mass A. Demographics and Clinical Assessment Working Group of the International and Interagency Initiative Toward Common Data Elements for Research on Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychological Health. Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.91, 1637–1640 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warden D. Military TBI during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. J. Head Trauma Rehab.21, 398–402 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anstey K, Butterworth P, Jorm A, Chistensen H, Rodgers B, Windsor T. A population survey found an association between self-reports of traumatic brain injury and increased psychiatric symptoms. J. Clin. Epidemiol.57(11), 1202–1209 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver J, Kramer R, Greenwald S, Weissman M. The association between head injuries and psychiatric disorders: findings from the New Haven NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Brain Inj.15, 935–945 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale T, Engberg A. Suicide after traumatic brain injuiry: a population study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych.71, 436–440 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura T, Harrison-Felix C, Carlson N et al. Mortality after discharge from acute care hospitlization with traumatic brain injury: a population-based study. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.91, 20–29 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achte K, Lonnqvist J, Hillbom E. Suicides Following War Brain-Injuries: a Population Study. ACTA Supplementum 225. ACTA/Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark (1971).
   Google Scholar
• Brenner L, Ignacio R, Blow F. Suicide and traumatic brain injury among individuals seeking veterans health administration services. J. Head Trauma Rehab.26(4), 257–264 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez P, Brenner L, Huggins J. A preliminary investigation of suicidality in psychiatrically hospitalized veterans with traumatic brain injury. Arch. Suicide Res.12, 336–343 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalan J, Harding R, Sibley E, Clucas C, Croome N, Sherr L. HIV infection and mental health: suicidal behaviour – systemic review. Psychol. Health Med.16(5), 588–611 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sockalingram S. Suicide risk in hepatitis C and during interferon-α therapy: a review and clinical update. J. Viral Hepatitis18, 153–160 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ilgen M, Zivin K, Austin K et al. Severe pain predicts greater likelihood of subsequent suicide. Suicide Life Threat. Behav.40, 597–608 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakalim G. Causes of death in a series of 4,738 Finnish war amputees. Artif. Limbs13, 27–36 (1969).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyquist R, Borg E. Mortality and survival in traumatic myelopathy during nineteen years from 1946–1965. Paraplegia5, 22–48 (1967).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bullman T, Kang H. The risk of suicide among wounded Vietnam veterans. Am. J. Public Health86, 662–667 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana A, Rosenheck R. War zone traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.180, 748–755 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Hendin H, Haas A. Suicide and guilt as manifestations of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Am. J. Psych.148(5), 586–591 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoresen S. Traumatic stress and suicidal ideation in Norwegian male peacekeepers. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.196(11), 814–821 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehmer T, Flanders W, Mcgeehin M, Boyle C, Barrett D. Postservice mortality in Vietnam veterans: 30-year follow-up. Arch. Intern. Med.164, 1908–1916 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas T, Kang H, Dalager N. Mortality among women Vietnam veterans, 1973–1987. Am. J. Epidemiol.134, 973–980 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotopf M, David A, Hull L, Ismail K, Unwin C, Wessely S. The health effects of peacekeeping (Bosnia, 1992–1996): a cross-sectional study comparison with nondeployed military personnel. Mil. Med.168, 408–413 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyer L, Mccranie E, Woods M, Boudewyns P. Suicidal behavior among chronic Vietnam theatre veterans with PTSD. J. Clin. Psychol.46, 713–721 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguen S, Luxon D, Skopp N et al. Killing in combat, mental health symptoms, and suicidal ideation in Iraq war veterans. J. Anxiety Disord.25, 563–567 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline A, Ciccone D, Falca-Dodson M, Black C, Losonczy M. Suicidal ideation among National Guard troops deployed to Iraq: the association with postdeployment readjustment problems. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.199, 914–920 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox K, Litts D, Talcott G, Caine E. Risk of suicide and related adverse outcomes after exposure to a suicide prevention programme in the US air force: cohort study. Br. Med. J.327, 1376 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox K, Pflanz S, Talcott G. The US air force suicide prevention program: implications for public health policy. Am. J. Public Health2457–2463 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagley S, Munjas B, Shekelle P. A systematic review of suicide prevention programs for military or veterans. Suicide Life Threat. Behav.40, 257–265 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James L, Kowalski T. Suicide prevention in an army infantry division: a multi-disciplinary program. Mil. Med.161, 97–101 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcdaniel W, Rock M, Grigg J. Suicide prevention at a United States navy training command. Mil. Med.155, 173–175 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones D, Kennedy K, Hawkes C, Hourani L, Long M, Robbins D. Suicide prevention in navy and marine corps: applying the public health model. Navy Med.92, 31–36 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy C, Cook J, Poole D, Brunson C, Jones D. Review of the first year of an overseas military gambling treatment program. Mil. Med.170, 683–687 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordana D, Milivoje P. Suicide prevention program in the army of Serbia and Montenegro. Mil. Med.172, 551–555 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rozanov V, Mokhovikov A, Stiliha R. Successful model of suicide prevention in the Ukraine military environment. Crisis23, 171–177 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VA Office of Inspector General. Implementing VHA’s mental health strategic plan initiatives for suicide prevention: Report No. 06-03706-126. VA Office of Inspector General, Washington, DC, USA (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Hoge C, Auchterlonie J, Milliken C. Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA295, 1023–1032 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milliken C, Auchterionie J, Hoge C. Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA298, 2141–2148 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer R. The PHQ-9: a new depression and diagnostic severity measure. Psych. Ann.32, 509–521 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers F, Litz B, Herman D, Huska J, Keane T. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, Validity, and Diagnostic Utility. Presented at: The Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. San Antonio, TX, USA, 24–27 October 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Valenstein M, Kim H, Ganoczy D et al. Higher-risk periods for suicide among VA patients receiving depression treatment: prioritizing suicide prevention efforts. J. Affect. Disord.112, 50–58 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenstein M, Eisenberg D, McCarthy J et al. Service implications of providing intensive monitoring during high-risk periods for suicide among VA patients with depression. Psych. Serv.60, 439–444 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith E, Craig T, Ganoczy D, Walters H, Valenstein M. Treatment of veterans with depression who died by suicide: timing and quality of care at last veterans health administration visit. J. Clin. Psych.72, 622–629 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Denneson L, Basham C, Dickinson K et al. Suicide risk assessment and content of VA health care contacts before suicide completion by veterans in Oregon. Psych. Serv.61, 1192–1197 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown G, Have TT, Henriques G, Nie S, Hollander J, Beck A. Cognitive therapy for the prevention of suicide attempts: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA294, 563–570 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slee N, Garnefski N, Leen RVD, Arensman E, Spinhoven P. Cognitive-behavioural intervention for self-harm: randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psych.192, 202–211 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck A, Steer R, Kovacs M, Garrison B. Hoplessness and eventual suicide: a 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. Am. J. Psych.142, 559–563 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson G, Tate R. Suicidality after traumatic brain injury: demographic, injury, and clinical correlates. Psychol. Med.32(4), 687–697 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson G, Tate R, Whitting D, Cotter R. Suicide prevention after traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial of a program for the psychological treatment of hopelessness. J. Head Trauma Rehabil.26(4), 290–300 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan M, McFarland B, Huguet N. Firearm suicide among veterans in the general population: findings from the national violent death reporting system. J. Trauma67, 503–507 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman T, Clothier J, Thornton C, Keesee N. Firearm collection and use among combat veterans admitted to a posttraumatic stress disorder rehabilitation unit. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.182, 592–594 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Desai R, Dausey D, Rosenheck R. Suicide among discharged psychiatric inpatients in the department of veterans affairs. Mil. Med.173, 721–728 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owens D, Horrocks J, House A. Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm. Systematic review. Br. J. Psych.181, 193–199 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R. Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital. Br. J. Psych.182, 537–542 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris E, Barraclough B. Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Psych.170, 205–228 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Foster T, Gillespie K, Mcclelland R, Patterson C. Risk factors for suicide independent of DSM-III-R Axis I disorder. Case–control psychological autopsy study in Northern Ireland. Br. J. Psych.175, 175–179 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joiner T, Cornwell Y, Fitzpatrick K et al. Four studies on how past and current suicidality relate “everything but the kitchen sink” is covaried. J. Abnorm. Psychol.114, 291–303 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert M. Seven-year outcomes of patients evaluated for suicidality. Psych. Serv.53, 92–94 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiner J, Richmond T, Conigliaro J, Wiebe D. Military veteran mortality following a survived suicide attempt. BMC Public Health11, 374–383 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould M, Kramer R. Youth suicide prevention. Suicide Life Threat. Behav.31, 6–31 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith S, Pellman T, Kleinman A, Bunney W. Reducing suicide: a national imperative. The National Acadamies Press, Washington, DC, USA (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Snyder J. The use of gatekeepers in crisis management. Bull. Suicidol.8, 39–44 (1971).
   Google Scholar
• Matthieu M, Cross W, Batres A, Flora C, Knox K. Evaluation of gatekeeper training for suicide prevention in veterans. Arch. Suicide Res.12, 148–154 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthieu M, Chen Y, Schohn M, Lantinga J, Knox K. Educational preferences and outcomes from suicide prevention training in the veterans health administration: one-year follow-up with healthcare employees in upstate New York. Mil. Med.174, 1123–1131 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greden J, Valenstein M, Spinner J et al. Buddy-to-Buddy, a citizen soldier peer support program to counteract stigma, PTSD, depression, and suicide. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1208, 90–97 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould M, Kalafat J, Harrismunfakh J, Kleinman M. An evaluation of crisis hotline outcomes. Part 2: suicidal callers. Suicide Life Threat. Behav.37(3), 338–352 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak R, Goldstein M, Malley J, Johnson D, Southwick S. Subsyndromal posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with health and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom. Depress. Anxiety26, 739–744 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddi S. Revelence of hardiness assessment and training to the military context. Mil. Psychol.19, 61–70 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava G, Rafanelli C, Cazzaro M, Conti S, Grandi S. Well-being therapy: a novel psychotherapeutic approach for residual symptoms of affective disorders. Psychol. Med.28, 475–480 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudler H. The need for psychodynamic principles in outreach to new combat veterans and their families. J. Am. Acad. Psychoanal Dyn. Psych.35, 39–50 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein M, Malley J. Connecticut Veterans needs Assessment: the OEF/OIF Project. Center for Public Policy and Social Research, Central Connecticut State University, CT, USA (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Family Psychoeducation: Getting Started with Evidence-Based Practicess. HHS Pub. No. SMA-09-4422. Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Friedman M, Resick P, Bryant R, Brewing C. Considering PTSD for DSM-5. Depress. Anxiety28, 750–769 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strain J, Friedman M. Considering adjustment disorders as stress response syndromes for DSM-5. Depress. Anxiety28, 818–823 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews B, Brewin C, Stewart L, Philpott R, Hejdenberg J. Comparison of immediate-onset and delayed-onset posttraumatic stress disorder in military veterans. J. Abnorm. Psychol.118, 767–777 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horesh D, Solomon Z, Zerach G, Elin-Dor T. Delayed-onset PTSD among war veterans: the role of life events throughout the life cycle. Soc. Psych. Psych. Epidemiol.46, 863–870 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford J. Disorders of extreme stress following war-zone military trauma: associated features of posttraumatic stress disorder or comorbid but distinct syndromes? J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.67, 3–12 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemcic-Moro I, Franciskovic T, Britvic D, Klaric M, Zecevic I. Disorder of extreme stress not otherwise specified (DESNOS) in Croatian war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: case–control study. Croat. Med. J.52, 505–512 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luterek J, Bittinger J, Simpson T. Postraumatic sequelae associated with military sexual trauma in female veterans enrolled in VA outpatient mental health clinics. J. Trauma Dissociat.12, 261–274 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenen K, Fu Q, Ertel K et al. Common genetic liability to major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in men. J. Affect. Disord.105, 109–115 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heppner P, Crawford E, Haji U et al. The association of posttraumatic stress disorder and metabolic syndrome: a study of increased health risk in veterans. BMC Med. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-1 (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gill J, Luckenbaugh D, Charney D, Vythilingam M. Sustained elevation of serum interleukin-6 and relative insensitivity to hydrocortisone differentiates posttraumatic stress disodrer with and without depression. Biol. Psych.68, 999–1006 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottesman I, Gould T. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am. J. Psych.160, 636–645 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann J. Candidate endophenotypes for genetic studies of suicidal behavior. Biol. Psych.65, 556–563 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtet P, Gottesman I, Jollant F, Gould T. The neuroscience of suicidal behaviors: what can we expect from endophenotype strategies? Transl. Psych.1, E7 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teten A, Miller L, Stanford M et al. Characterizing aggression and its association to anger and hostility among male veteran with post-traumatic stress disorder. Mil. Med.6, 405–410 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Kuehn B. Soldier suicide rates continue to rise: military, scientists work to stem the tide. JAMA301, 1111–1113 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar