Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research Volume 13, 2013 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
374
Views
47
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Demand-side policies to encourage the use of generic medicines: an overview

Pieter Dylst Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N 2, PO Box 521, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N 2, PO Box 521, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. [email protected]
,
Arnold Vulto Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
&
Steven Simoens Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N 2, PO Box 521, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N 2, PO Box 521, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
Pages 59-72 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Simoens S, De Coster S. Sustaining Generic Medicines Markets in Europe. Catholoic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (2006).
  • European Commission. Directive 2004/27/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31st March 2004 amending Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. Off. J. Eur. Union L. 136, 34–57 (2004).
  • Helderman H. Generic substitution for immunosuppressive drugs. Dial. Transplant 37–40 (2011).
  • European Generic Medicines Association. How to Increase Patient Access to Generic Medicines in European Healthcare Systems. EGA, Brussels, Belgium (2009).
  • Godman B, Shrank W, Andersen M et al. Comparing policies to enhance prescribing efficiency in Europe through increasing generic utilization: changes seen and global implications. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 10(6), 707–722 (2010).
  • Godman B, Shrank W, Andersen M et al. Policies to enhance prescribing efficiency in Europe: findings and future implications. Front. Pharmacol. 1, 1–16 (2011).
  • Voncina L, Strizrep T, Godman B et al. Influence of demand-side measures to enhance renin-angiotensin prescribing efficiency in Europe: implications for the future. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 11(4), 469–479 (2011).
  • Dylst P, Simoens S. Does the market share of generic medicines influence the price level?: a European analysis. Pharmacoeconomics 29(10), 875–882 (2011).
  • Simoens S. Creating sustainable European health-care systems trough the increased use of generic medicines: a policy analysis. J. Gen. Med. 7(2), 131–137 (2010).
  • Simoens S. Generic medicines sustain healthcare systems: a European analysis. Chim. Oggi. 29(2), 28–33 (2011).
  • European Generic Medicines Association. 2011 Market Review. EGA, Brussels, Belgium (2011).
  • Hassali M, Shafie AA, Awaisu A, Ibrahim MI, Ping CC, Jamshed S. Physicians’ views on generic medicines: a narrative review. J. Gen. Med. 7(1), 30–39 (2010).
  • Kersnik J, Peklar J. Attitudes of Slovene general practitioners towards generic drug prescribing and comparison with international studies. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 31(6), 577–583 (2006).
  • Barret L. Physicians’ Attitudes and Practices Regarding Generic Drugs. AARP Knowledge Management, Washington, DC, USA, (2005).
  • Lewek P, Kardas P. Primary care doctors’ opinions about generic drugs – preliminary results. Fam. Med. Prim. Care Rev. 13(2), 174–177 (2011).
  • Tsiantou V, Zavras D, Kousoulakou H, Geitona M, Kyriopoulos J. Generic medicines: Greek physicians’ perceptions and prescribing practices. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 34(5), 547–554 (2009).
  • Heikkilä R, Mäntyselkä P, Hartikainen-Herranen K, Ahonen R. Customers’ and physicians’ opinions of and experiences with generic substitution during the first year in Finland. Health Policy 82(3), 366–374 (2007).
  • Andersson K, Jörgensen T, Carlsten A. Physicians’ opinions and experiences of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Reform. Scand. J. Public Health 34(6), 654–659 (2006).
  • McGinn D, Godman B, Lonsdale J, Way R, Wettermark B, Haycox A. Initiatives to enhance the quality and efficiency of statin and PPI prescribing in the UK: impact and implications. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 10(1), 73–85 (2010).
  • Bennie M, Godman B, Bishop I, Campbell S. Multiple initiatives continue to enhance the prescribing efficiency for the proton pump inhibitors and statins in Scotland. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 12(1), 125–130 (2012).
  • Andersson K, Sonesson C, Petzold M, Carlsten A, Lönnroth K. What are the obstacles to generic substitution? An assessment of the behaviour of prescribers, patients and pharmacies during the first year of generic substitution in Sweden. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 14(5), 341–348 (2005).
  • Shrank WH, Liberman JN, Fischer MA, Girdish C, Brennan TA, Choudhry NK. Physician perceptions about generic drugs. Ann. Pharmacother. 45(1), 31–38 (2011).
  • Spiegel W, Mlczoch-Czerny MT, Jens R, Dowrick C. Quality circles for pharmacotherapy to modify general practitioners’ prescribing behaviour for generic drugs. J. Eval. Clin. Pract. 18(4), 828–834 (2012).
  • Chong CP, March G, Clark A, Gilbert A, Hassali M, Bahari MB. A web-based survey on Australian community pharmacists’ perceptions and practices of generic substitution. J. Gen. Med. 7(4), 342–353 (2010).
  • Chong CP, March G, Clark A, Gilbert A, Hassali MA, Bahari MB. A nationwide study on generic medicines substitution practices of Australian community pharmacists and patient acceptance. Health Policy 99(2), 139–148 (2011).
  • Allenet B, Barry H. Opinion and behaviour of pharmacists towards the substitution of branded drugs by generic drugs: survey of 1,000 French community pharmacists. Pharm. World Sci. 25(5), 197–202 (2003).
  • Chong CP, Hassali MA, Bahari MB, Shafie AA. Exploring community pharmacists’ views on generic medicines: a nationwide study from Malaysia. Int. J. Clin. Pharm. 33(1), 124–131 (2011).
  • Hassali M, Kong D, Stewart K. Generic medicines: perceptions of consumers in Melbourne, Australia. Int. J. Pharm. Pract. 13, 257–264 (2005).
  • Babar ZU, Grover P, Stewart J et al. Evaluating pharmacists’ views, knowledge, and perception regarding generic medicines in New Zealand. Res. Social Adm. Pharm. 7(3), 294–305 (2011).
  • Al-Gedadi NA, Hassali M. Pharmacists’ views on generic medicines: a review of the literature. J. Gen. Med. 5(3), 209–218 (2008).
  • Godman B, Abuelkhair M, Vitry A et al. Payers endorse generics to enhance prescribing efficiency: impact and future implications, a case history approach. GaBI J. 1(2), 69–83 (2012).
  • Shrank WH, Cadarette SM, Cox E et al. Is there a relationship between patient beliefs or communication about generic drugs and medication utilization? Med. Care 47(3), 319–325 (2009).
  • Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Jamshed S, Ibrahim MI, Awaisu A. Consumers’ views on generic medicines: a review of the literature. Int. J. Pharm. Pract. 17(2), 79–88 (2009).
  • Shrank W, Cox E, Fischer M, Mehta J, Choudry N. Patients’ perceptions on generic medications: although most Americans appreciate the cost-saving value of generics, few are eager to use generics themselves. Health Aff. 28(2), 546–556 (2009).
  • Keenum AJ, Devoe JE, Chisolm DJ, Wallace LS. Generic medications for you, but brand-name medications for me. Res. Social Adm. Pharm. 8(6), 574–578 (2012).
  • Decollogny A, Eggli Y, Halfon P, Lufkin TM. Determinants of generic drug substitution in Switzerland. BMC Health Serv. Res. 11, 17 (2011).
  • Håkonsen H, Toverud E-L. A review of patient perspectives on generics substitution: what are the challenges for optimal drug use. GaBI J. 1(1), 28–32 (2012).
  • Heikkilä R, Mäntyselkä P, Ahonen R. Do people regard cheaper medicines effective? Population survey on public opinion of generic substitution in Finland. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 20(2), 185–191 (2011).
  • Himmel W, Simmenroth-Nayda A, Niebling W et al. What do primary care patients think about generic drugs? Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 43(10), 472–479 (2005).
  • Babar ZU, Stewart J, Reddy S et al. An evaluation of consumers’ knowledge, perceptions and attitudes regarding generic medicines in Auckland. Pharm. World Sci. 32(4), 440–448 (2010).
  • Kjoenniksen I, Lindbaek M, Granas AG. Patients’ attitudes towards and experiences of generic drug substitution in Norway. Pharm. World Sci. 28(5), 284–289 (2006).
  • Figueiras MJ, Marcelino D, Cortes MA. People’s views on the level of agreement of generic medicines for different illnesses. Pharm. World Sci. 30(5), 590–594 (2008).
  • Lagerløv P, Loeb M, Andrew M, Hjortdahl P. Improving doctors’ prescribing behaviour through reflection on guidelines and prescription feedback: a randomised controlled study. Qual. Healthcare 9(3), 159–165 (2000).
  • Ostini R, Hegney D, Jackson C et al. Systematic review of interventions to improve prescribing. Ann. Pharmacother. 43(3), 502–513 (2009).
  • Schaefer K, Hansen AO, Maerkedahl H, Rehfeld C, Birk HO, Henriksen LO. Changing GPs’ prescription patterns through guidelines and feedback. Intervention study. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 16(6), 695–704 (2007).
  • Borgermans L, Dubois C, Rieppi S et al. Impact of Academic Detailing on Primary Care Physicians. KCE reports 125C, Brussels, Belgium, 1–95 (2010).
  • Wensing M, Broge B, Kaufmann-Kolle P, Andres E, Szecsenyi J. Quality circles to improve prescribing patterns in primary medical care: what is their actual impact? J. Eval. Clin. Pract. 10(3), 457–466 (2004).
  • Kocken GA. Medication discussion groups in The Netherlands: five years of experience. Med. Educ. 33(5), 390–393 (1999).
  • Godman B, Wettermark B, Hoffmann M, Andersson K, Haycox A, Gustafsson LL. Multifaceted national and regional drug reforms and initiatives in ambulatory care in Sweden: global relevance. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 9(1), 65–83 (2009).
  • Sermet C, Andrieu V, Godman B, Van Ganse E, Haycox A, Reynier JP. Ongoing pharmaceutical reforms in France: implications for key stakeholder groups. Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy 8(1), 7–24 (2010).
  • Dylst P, Vulto A, Simoens S. Where a cheap medicine is not the same as a generic medicine: the Belgian case. J. Pharm. Health Serv. Res. 2, 185–189 (2011).
  • Godman B, Paterson K, Malmström RE, Selke G, Fagot JP, Mrak J. Improving the managed entry of new medicines: sharing experiences across Europe. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 12(4), 439–441 (2012).
  • Vrijens F, Van de Voorde C, Farfan-Portet MI, Vander Stichele R. Patient socioeconomic determinants for the choice of the cheapest molecule within a cluster: evidence from Belgian prescription data. Eur. J. Health Econ. 13(3), 315–325 (2012).
  • Godman B, Sakshaug S, Berg C, Wettermark B, Haycox A. Combination of prescribing restrictions and policies to engineer low prices to reduce reimbursement costs. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 11(1), 121–129 (2011).
  • Godman B, Burkhardt T, Bucsics A, Wettermark B, Wieninger P. Impact of recent reforms in Austria on utilization and expenditure of PPIs and lipid-lowering drugs: implications for the future. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 9(5), 475–484 (2009).
  • Garuoliene K, Godman B, Gulbinovic J, Wettermark B, Haycox A. European countries with small populations can obtain low prices for drugs: Lithuania as a case history. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 11(3), 343–349 (2011).
  • Abuelkhair M, Abdu S, Godman B, Fahmy S, Malmström RE, Gustafsson LL. Imperative to consider multiple initiatives to maximize prescribing efficiency from generic availability: case history from Abu Dhabi. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 12(1), 115–124 (2012).
  • Biga J, Taboulet F, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Duguet AM, Vincent S, Montastruc JL. Prescribing drugs by International Non-Proprietary Name: the perception of health and non-health professionals. Therapie. 60(4), 401–407 (2005).
  • Paraponaris A, Verger P, Desquins B et al.; Panel MG Paca. Delivering generics without regulatory incentives? Empirical evidence from French general practitioners about willingness to prescribe International Non-Proprietary Names. Health Policy 70(1), 23–32 (2004).
  • Fraeyman J, Van Hal G, De Loof H, Remmen R, De Meyer GR, Beutels P. Potential impact of policy regulation and generic competition on sales of cholesterol lowering medication, antidepressants and acid blocking agents in Belgium. Acta Clin. Belg. 67(3), 160–171 (2012).
  • Vogler S, Schmickl B. Rational Use of Medicines in Europe. ÖBIG, Vienna, Austria (2010).
  • Ross SM, Papshev D, Murphy EL, Sternberg DJ, Taylor J, Barg R. Effects of electronic prescribing on formulary compliance and generic drug utilization in the ambulatory care setting: a retrospective analysis of administrative claims data. J. Manag. Care Pharm. 11(5), 410–415 (2005).
  • Stenner SP, Chen Q, Johnson KB. Impact of generic substitution decision support on electronic prescribing behavior. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 17(6), 681–688 (2010).
  • Vigeant Gomes M. Medicines policy: surviving the crisis. Presented at: 18th EGA Annual Meeting, Malta, 12–14 June 2012.
  • Wolters I, van den Hoogen H, de Bakker D. Evaluation of Introduction Electronic Prescribing System: Final Report. NIVEL, Utrecht, The Netherlands (2003).
  • Fischer MA, Vogeli C, Stedman M, Ferris T, Brookhart MA, Weissman JS. Effect of electronic prescribing with formulary decision support on medication use and cost. Arch. Intern. Med. 168(22), 2433–2439 (2008).
  • Quintal C, Mendes P. Underuse of generic medicines in Portugal: an empirical study on the perceptions and attitudes of patients and pharmacists. Health Policy 104(1), 61–68 (2012).
  • Vallès JA, Barreiro M, Cereza G et al. A prospective multicenter study of the effect of patient education on acceptability of generic prescribing in general practice. Health Policy 65(3), 269–275 (2003).
  • Sturm H, Austvoll-Dahlgren A, Aaserud M et al. Pharmaceutical policies: effects of financial incentives for prescribers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD006731 (2007).
  • Mossialos E, Walley T, Rudisill C. Provider incentives and prescribing behavior in Europe. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 5(1), 81–93 (2005).
  • Chaix-Couturier C, Durand-Zaleski I, Jolly D, Durieux P. Effects of financial incentives on medical practice: results from a systematic review of the literature and methodological issues. Int. J. Qual. Healthcare 12(2), 133–142 (2000).
  • Dylst P, Vulto A, Simoens S. How can pharmacist remuneration systems in Europe contribute to generic medicine dispensing? Pharm. Pract. 10(1), 3–8 (2012).
  • Chave J. Pharmacy and generic tendering. Presented at: 18th EGA Annual Meeting, Malta, 12–14 June 2012.
  • Austvoll-Dahlgren A, Aaserud M, Vist G et al. Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co-payment on rational drug use. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1, CD007017 (2008).
  • Denoth A, Pinget C, Wasserfallen JB. Citizens’ preferences for brand name drugs for treating acute and chronic conditions: a pilot study. Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy 9(2), 81–87 (2011).
  • Wladysiuk M, Araszkiewicz A, Godman B, Szabert K, Barbui C, Haycox A. Influence of patient co-payments on atypical antipsychotic choice in Poland: implications once generic atypicals are available. Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy 9(2), 101–110 (2011).
  • Paris V. Pharmaceutical regulation in France 1980–2003. Int. J. Health Plann. Manage. 20(4), 307–328 (2005).
  • Dylst P, Vulto A, Simoens S. The impact of reference-pricing systems in Europe: a literature review and case studies. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 11(6), 729–737 (2011).
  • Eaddy MT, Cook CL, O’Day K, Burch SP, Cantrell CR. How patient cost-sharing trends affect adherence and outcomes: a literature review. P&T 37(1), 45–55 (2012).
  • KNMP. Guideline for Generic Substitution. Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association, The Hague, The Netherlands (2012).
  • Treur M, Heeg B, Möller HJ, Schmeding A, van Hout B. A pharmaco-economic analysis of patients with schizophrenia switching to generic risperidone involving a possible compliance loss. BMC Health Serv. Res. 9, 32 (2009).
  • Shrank WH, Hoang T, Ettner SL et al. The implications of choice: prescribing generic or preferred pharmaceuticals improves medication adherence for chronic conditions. Arch. Intern. Med. 166(3), 332–337 (2006).
  • Briesacher BA, Andrade SE, Fouayzi H, Chan KA. Medication adherence and use of generic drug therapies. Am. J. Manag. Care 15(7), 450–456 (2009).
  • Ude M, Schuessel K, Quinzler R, Leuner K, Müller WE, Schulz M. Generic switch after ramipril patent expiry is not associated with decreased pharmacy refill compliance: a retrospective study using the DAPI database. J. Hypertens. 29(9), 1837–1845 (2011).
  • Van Wijk BL, Klungel OH, Heerdink ER, de Boer A. Generic substitution of antihypertensive drugs: does it affect adherence? Ann. Pharmacother. 40(1), 15–20 (2006).
  • Vlahiotis A, Devine ST, Eichholz J, Kautzner A. Discontinuation rates and healthcare costs in adult patients starting generic versus brand SSRI or SNRI antidepressants in commercial health plans. J. Manag. Care Pharm. 17(2), 123–132 (2011).
  • Aalto-Setälä V. The impact of generic substitution on price competition in Finland. Eur. J. Health Econ. 9(2), 185–191 (2008).
  • Engström A, Jacob J, Lundin D. Sharp Drop in Prices After the Introduction of Generic Substitution. Pharmaceutical Benefits Board, Solna, Sweden, (2006).
  • Andersson KA, Petzold MG, Allebeck P, Carlsten A. Influence of mandatory generic substitution on pharmaceutical sales patterns: a national study over five years. BMC Health Serv. Res. 8, 50 (2008).
  • Andersson K, Bergström G, Petzold MG, Carlsten A. Impact of a generic substitution reform on patients’ and society’s expenditure for pharmaceuticals. Health Policy 81(2–3), 376–384 (2007).
  • Timonen J, Karttunen P, Bengtström M, Ahonen R. The impact of generic substitution on the turnover and gross margin of pharmaceutical companies a survey 1 year and 5 years after the introduction of generic substitution in Finland. Health Policy 92(2-3), 116–123 (2009).
  • Timonen J, Bengtström M, Karttunen P, Ahonen R. The impact of generic substitution on the activities of pharmaceutical companies – a survey from the companies’ perspective one year and five years after the introduction of generic substitution in Finland. BMC Clin. Pharmacol. 10, 15 (2010).
  • Berg MJ, Gross RA, Haskins LS, Zingaro WM, Tomaszewski KJ. Generic substitution in the treatment of epilepsy: patient and physician perceptions. Epilepsy Behav. 13(4), 693–699 (2008).
  • Papsdorf TB, Ablah E, Ram S, Sadler T, Liow K. Patient perception of generic antiepileptic drugs in the Midwestern United States. Epilepsy Behav. 14(1), 150–153 (2009).
  • McAuley JW, Chen AY, Elliott JO, Shneker BF. An assessment of patient and pharmacist knowledge of and attitudes toward reporting adverse drug events due to formulation switching in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 14(1), 113–117 (2009).
  • Gagne JJ, Avorn J, Shrank WH, Schneeweiss S. Refilling and switching of antiepileptic drugs and seizure-related events. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 88(3), 347–353 (2010).
  • Simoens S. Interchangeability of off-patent medicines: a pharmacoeconomic perspective. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 8(6), 519–521 (2008).
  • Davit BM, Nwakama PE, Buehler GJ et al. Comparing generic and innovator drugs: a review of 12 years of bioequivalence data from the United States Food and Drug Administration. Ann. Pharmacother. 43(10), 1583–1597 (2009).
  • Veronin M. Should we have concerns with generic versus brand antimicrobial drugs? A review of issues. J. Pharm. Health Serv. Res. 2, 135–150 (2011).
  • Kesselheim AS, Misono AS, Lee JL et al. Clinical equivalence of generic and brand-name drugs used in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 300(21), 2514–2526 (2008).
  • Kesselheim AS, Stedman MR, Bubrick EJ et al. Seizure outcomes following the use of generic versus brand-name antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs 70(5), 605–621 (2010).
  • Tsadok MA, Jackevicius CA, Rahme E et al. Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction: brand-name versus generic formulations. CMAJ 183(12), E817–E823 (2011).
  • Kesselheim AS. The backlash against bioequivalence and the interchangeability of brand-name and generic drugs. CMAJ 183(12), 1350–1351 (2011).
  • Sipkoff M. The epilepsy battle in the war between brands and generics. Manag. Care 17(3), 24–27 (2008).
  • Besag FM. Is generic prescribing acceptable in epilepsy? Drug Saf. 23(3), 173–182 (2000).
  • Zachry WM 3rd, Doan QD, Clewell JD, Smith BJ. Case-control analysis of ambulance, emergency room, or inpatient hospital events for epilepsy and antiepileptic drug formulation changes. Epilepsia 50(3), 493–500 (2009).
  • Andermann F, Duh MS, Gosselin A, Paradis PE. Compulsory generic switching of antiepileptic drugs: high switchback rates to branded compounds compared with other drug classes. Epilepsia 48(3), 464–469 (2007).
  • LeLorier J, Duh MS, Paradis PE et al. Clinical consequences of generic substitution of lamotrigine for patients with epilepsy. Neurology 70(22 Pt 2), 2179–2186 (2008).
  • Duh MS, Andermann F, Paradis PE, Weiner J, Manjunath R, Crémieux PY. The economic consequences of generic substitution for antiepileptic drugs in a public payer setting: the case of lamotrigine. Dis. Manag. 10(4), 216–225 (2007).
  • Zarowitz BJ, Semla T. Avoiding potential pitfalls of generic substitution. Geriatr. Nurs. 30(4), 260–263 (2009).
  • Krämer G, Biraben A, Carreno M et al. Current approaches to the use of generic antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Behav. 11(1), 46–52 (2007).
  • Krauss GL, Caffo B, Chang YT, Hendrix CW, Chuang K. Assessing bioequivalence of generic antiepilepsy drugs. Ann. Neurol. 70(2), 221–228 (2011).
  • Maliepaard M, Banishki N, Gispen-de Wied CC, Teerenstra S, Elferink AJ. Interchangeability of generic anti-epileptic drugs: a quantitative analysis of topiramate and gabapentin. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 67(10), 1007–1016 (2011).
  • Erickson SC, Le L, Ramsey SD et al. Clinical and pharmacy utilization outcomes with brand to generic antiepileptic switches in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 52(7), 1365–1371 (2011).
  • Meyer MC, Straughn AB, Mhatre RM et al. Variability in the bioavailability of phenytoin capsules in males and females. Pharm. Res. 18(3), 394–397 (2001).
  • Urquhart J. The odds of the three nons when an aptly prescribed medicine isn’t working: non-compliance, non-absorption, non-response. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 54(2), 212–220 (2002).
  • van Gelder T. Advisory committee recommendations on generic substitution of immunosuppressive drugs. Transplant Int. 24, 1135–1141 (2011).
  • Rodríguez-Calvillo JA, Lana A, Cueto A, Markham WA, López ML. Psychosocial factors associated with the prescription of generic drugs. Health Policy 101(2), 178–184 (2011).
  • European Commission. Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry: Final Report. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium (2009).
  • Windmeijer F, de Laat E, Douven R, Mot E. Pharmaceutical promotion and GP prescription behaviour. Health Econ. 15(1), 5–18 (2006).
  • Lundin D. Moral hazard in physician prescription behavior. J. Health Econ. 19(5), 639–662 (2000).
  • Greene JA, Kesselheim AS. Why do the same drugs look different? Pills, trade dress, and public health. N. Engl. J. Med. 365(1), 83–89 (2011).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.