Is the incidence of parasitic lung diseases increasing, and how may this affect modern respiratory medicine?

References

• Vijayan VK. Immunopathogenesis and treatment of eosinophilic lung diseases in the tropics. In: Tropical Lung Disease (Lung Biology in Health and Disease). Sharma OP (Ed.). Taylor & Francis Group, NY, USA, 211, 195–239 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Vijayan VK. Tropical parasitic lung diseases. Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Dis.50, 49–66 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks DR, Hoberg EP. How will global climate change affect parasite host assemblages? Trends Parasitol.23, 571–574 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vijayan VK. How to diagnose and manage common parasitic pneumonias? Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med.13, 218–224 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vijayan VK. Parasitic lung infections. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med.15, 274–282 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackers JP, Mirelman D. Progress in research on Entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis. Curr. Opin. Microbiol.9, 367–373 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shamsuzzaman SM, Hashiguchi Y. Thoracic amoebiasis. Clin. Chest Med.23, 479–492 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu MS, Hsieh SM, Chen MY et al. Association between amebic liver abscess and human immunodeficiency virus infection in Taiwanese subjects. BMC Infect. Dis.8, 48 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan LK, Yacoub S, Scott S et al. Acute lung injury and other serious complications of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Lancet Infect. Dis.8, 449–454 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mharakurwa S, Simoloka C, Thuma PE et al. PCR detection of Plasmodium falciparum in human urine and saliva samples. Malar. J.5, 103 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal PJ. Artesunate for the treatment of severe falciparum malaria. N. Engl. J. Med.358, 1829–1836 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praygod G, De Fray A, Eisenhut M. Artemisin derivatives versus quinine in treating severe malaria in children: a systematic review. Malar. J.7, 210 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1–266 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Freedman DO. Clinical practice: malaria prevention in short-term travelers. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 603–612 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan Sel-D, Malik EM, Okoued SI, Eltayeb EM. Retention and efficacy of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets distributed in eastern Sudan: a two-step community-based study. Malar. J.7, 85 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vannier E, Gewurz BE, Krause PJ. Human babesiosis. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am.22, 469–488 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirino CM, Leitman SF, Williams E et al. Transfusion-associated babesiosis with an atypical time course after nonmyeloablative transplantation for sickle cell disease. Ann. Intern. Med.148, 794–795 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noskoviak K, Broome E. Images in clinical medicine: babesiosis. N. Engl. J. Med.358, e19 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Boustani MR, Lepore TJ, Gelfand JA, Lazarus DS. Acute respiratory failure in patients treated for babesiosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.149, 1689–1691 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raju M, Salazar JC, Leopold H, Krause PJ. Atovaquone and azithromycin treatment for babesiosis in an infant. Pediatr. Infect. Dis.26, 181–183 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Piscopo TV, Mallia AC. Leishmaniasis. Postgrad. Med. J.82, 649–657 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morales P, Torres JJ, Salavert M et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in lung transplantation. Transplantation Proc.35, 2001–2003 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deborggraeve S, Laurent T, Espinosa D et al. A simplified and standardized polymerase chain reaction format for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. J. Infect. Dis.198, 1565–1572 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deborggraeve S, Boelaert M, Rijal S et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a new Leishmania PCR for clinical visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal and its role in diagnosis of disease. Trop. Med. Int. Health.13, 1378–1383 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft SL, Engel J. Miltefosine: discovery of the anti-leishmanial activity of phospholipid derivatives. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.100(Suppl. 1), 54–58 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Dodds EM. Toxoplasmosis. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol.17, 557–561 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nash G, Kerschmann RL, Herndier B, Dubey JP. The pathological manifestations of pulmonary toxoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum. Pathol.25, 652–658 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duarte AG, Sattar F, Granwehr B et al. Disseminated acanthamebiasis after lung transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant.25, 237–240 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corti M, Villafane MF, Muzzio E et al. Pulmonary cryptosporidiais in AIDS patients. Rev. Argent. Microbiol.40, 106–108 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez-Giron R, Esteban JG, Ribas A, Doganci L. Protozoa in respiratory pathology: a review. Eur. Respir. J.32, 1354–1370 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Jain M et al.Strongyloides stercoralis infestation associated with septicemia due to intestinal transmural migration of bacteria. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.17, 1331–1333 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorman SR, Craven DE. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection. N. Engl. J. Med.359, e12 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Vijayan VK. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med.13, 428–433 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiva TM, Israel RH, Poe RH. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia masquerading as acute bronchial asthma. Respiration63, 55–58 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooray JH, Ismail MM. Re-examination of the diagnostic criteria of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Respir. Med.93, 655–659 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rom WN, Vijayan VK, Cornelius MJ et al. Persistent lower respiratory tract inflammation associated with interstitial lung disease in patients with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia following treatment with diethylcarbamazine. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.142, 1088–1092 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oshiro Y, Murayama S, Sunagawa U et al. Pulmonary dirofilariasis: computed tomographic findings and correlation with pathologic features. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.28, 796–800 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyoshi T, Tsubouchi H, Iwasaki A et al. Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: a case report and review of the recent Japanese literature. Respirology11, 343–347 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hisamatsu Y, Ishii H, Kai N et al. Case of toxocariasis showing migratory nodular shadows with halos. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi46, 420–424 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruschi F, Murrell K. Trichinellosis. In: Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice (Volume 2). Guerrant R, Walker DH, Weller PF (Eds). Elsevier Science Health Science Division, Churchill Livingstone, PA, USA, 917–925 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Gomez-Morales MA, Ludovisis A, Amati M et al. Validation of an ELISA for the diagnosis of human trichinellosis. Clin. Vaccine Immunol.15, 1723–1729 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzucu A. Parasitic diseases of the respiratory tract. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med.12, 212–221 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fanne RA, Khamaisi M, Mevorach D et al. Spontaneous rupture of lung echinococcal cyst causing anaphylactic shock and respiratory distress syndrome. Thorax61, 550 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kavukcu S, Kilic D, Tokat AO et al. Parenchyma-preserving surgery in the management of pulmonary hydatid cysts. J. Invest. Surg.19, 61–68 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haralabidis S, Diakou A, Frydas S et al. Long-term evaluation of patients with hydatidosis treated with albendazole and praziquantel. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol.21, 429–435 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottstein B, Reichen J. Hydatid lung disease. In: Lung Biology in Health and Disease: Tropical Lung Disease (2nd Edition). Sharma OP (Ed.). Taylor & Francis Group, NY, USA, 327–350 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Doherty JF, Moody AH, Wright SG. Katayama fever; an acute manifestation of schistosomiasis. BMJ313, 1071–1072 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross AG, Vickers D, Olds GR et al. Katayama syndrome. Lancet Infect. Dis.7, 218–224 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapa MS, Ferreira EV, Jardim C et al. Clinical characteristics of pulmonary hypertension patients in two reference centres in the city of Sao Paulo. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.52, 139–143 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Utzinger J, Xiao SH, Tanner M, Keiser J. Artemisinins for schistosomiasis and beyond. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs8, 105–116 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touré S, Zhang Y, Bosqué-Oliva E et al. Two-year impact of single praziquantel treatment on infection in the national control programme on schistosomiasis in Burkina Faso. Bull. World Health Organ.86, 780–787 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strobel M, Veasna D, Saykham M et al. Pleuro–pulmonary paragonimiasis. Med. Mal. Infect.35, 476–481 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keiser J, Engels D, Buscher G, Utzinger J. Triclabendazole for the treatment of fascioliasis and paragonimiasis. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs14, 1513–1526 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar