Shrinking lung syndrome: recognition, pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy

References

• Hoffbrand BI, Beck EI. Unexplained dyspnoea and shrinking lungs in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br. Med. J.1, 1273–1277 (1965).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibson GJ, Edmonds JP, Hughes GR. Diaphragm function and lung involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am. J. Med.63, 926–932 (1977).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson PJ, Dhillon DP, Ledingham J et al. Shrinking lungs, diaphragmatic dysfunction and systemic lupus erythematosus. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.132, 926–928 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Warrington KJ, Moder KG, Brutinel WM. The shrinking lungs syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. Mayo Clin. Proc.75, 467–472 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Branger S, Schleinitz N, Gayet S et al. Le syndrome des poumons rétractés et les maladies immunes. Rev. Med. Interne.25, 83–90 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Karim MY, Miranda LC, Tench CM et al. Presentation and prognosis of the shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin. Arthritis Rheum.31, 289–298 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Traynor AE, Corbridge TC, Eagan AE et al. Prevalence and reversibility of pulmonary dysfunction in refractory systemic lupus: improvement correlates with disease remission following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Chest127, 1680–1689 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toya SP, Tzelepis GE. Association of the shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus with pleurisy: a systematic review. Semin. Arthritis Rheum.39, 30–37 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Singh R, Huang W, Menon Y et al. Shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren’s syndrome. J. Clin. Rheumatol.8, 340–345 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Tavoni A, Vitali C, Cirigliano G et al. Shrinking lung syndrome in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum.42, 2249–2250 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed S, Herrick A, O’Driscoll BR. Shrinking lung syndrome in patients without systemic lupus erythematosus: comment on the consice communication by Tavoni et al.Athritis Rheum.44, 243–245 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Dauriat G, Stern JB, Similowski T et al. Acute respiratory failure due to diaphragmatic weakness revealing a polymyositis. Eur. Inter. Med.13, 203–205 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Teixeira A, Chérin P, Demoule A et al. Diaphragmatic dysfunction in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Neuromuscular Disorders15, 32–39 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laroche CM, Mulvey DA, Hawkins PN et al. Diaphragm strength in the shrinking lung syndrome of systemic lupus erythematosus. Q J Med.71, 429–439 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pego-Reigosa JM, Medeiros DA, Isenberg DA. Respiratory manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: old and new concepts. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol.23, 469–480 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen D, Stoller JK, Minai OA. A 45-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and progressive dyspnea. Chest131, 1252–1255 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Carmier D, Marchand-adam S, Diot P et al. Atteinte respiratoire au cours du lupus érythémateux systémique. Rev. Mal. Resp.25, 1289–303 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Jacobelli S, Moreno R, Massardo L et al. Inspiratory muscle dysfunction and unexplained dyspnea in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum.28, 781–788 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Cavallesca JA, Dubinsky D, Nasswetter GG. Shrinking lungs syndrome, a rare manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Int. J. Clin. Pract.60, 1683–1686 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Ishii M, Uda H, Yamagami T, Katada Y. Possible association of ‘shrinking lung’ and anti-Ro/SSA antibody. Arthritis Rheum.43, 2612–2613 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Munoz-Rodriguez FJ, Font J, Badia RJ et al. Shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: improvement with inhaled β-agonist therapy. Lupus6, 412–414 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Kitamura Y, Okano Y. A case of ‘shrinking lung syndrome’ in SLE: improvement with corticosteroid therapy. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi19, 217–222 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Al Arfaj AS, Khalil N. Clinical and immunological manifestations in 624 SLE patients in Saudi Arabia. Lupus18, 465–473 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Soubrier M, Dubost JJ, Piette JC et al. Shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. A report of three cases. Rev. Rhum. Engl. Ed.62, 395–398 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Mills GH, Kyroussis D, Hamnegard CH et al. Cervical magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves in bilateral diaphragm paralysis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.155, 1565–1569 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Mador MJ, Khan S, Kufel TJ. Bilateral anterolateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves can detect diaphragmatic fatigue. Chest121, 452–458 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins P, Davidson AG, Dasgupta B et al. Diaphragm strength in acute systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with paradoxical abdominal motion and reduced lung volumes. Thorax56, 329–330 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Fergusson PJ, Weinberger M. Shrinking lung sysdrome in a 14 year old boy with systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediat. Pulmonol.41, 194–197 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Hardy K, Herry I, Attali V et al. Bilateral phrenic paralysis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Chest119, 1274–1277 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox PG, Stein HB, Clarke SD et al. Phrenic nerve function in patients with diaphragmatic weakness and systemic lupus erythematosus. Chest93, 352–358 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oud KT, Bresser P, Ten Berge RJ et al. The shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: improvement with corticosteroid therapy. Lupus14, 959–963 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Keane MP, Lynch JP. Pleuropulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Thorax55, 159–166 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ropes MW. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Harvard University Press, MA, USA (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Montes JF, Garcia-valero J, Ferrer J. Evidence of innervation in talc induced pleural adhesions. Chest130, 702–709 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Walz-Leblanc BAE, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD et al. Shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: improvement with corticosteroid therapy. J. Rheumatol.19, 1970–1972 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Martens J, Demadts M, Vanmeenen MT et al. Respiratory muscle dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Chest84, 170–175 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Aubier M. Effects of theophylline on diaphragmatic muscle function. Chest92, 27S–31S (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Veen S, Peeters AJ, Sterk PJ et al. The ‘shrinking lung syndrome’ in SLE, treatment with theophylline. Clin. Rheumatol.12, 462–465 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Ernest D, Leung A. Ventilatory failure in shrinking lung syndrome is associated with reduced chest compliance. Intern. Med. J.40, 66–69 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Lu TY, Cambridge G, Leandro MJ et al. A retrospective seven-year analysis of the use of B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus at University College London Hospital: the first fifty patients. Arthitis Rheum.61, 482–487 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leandro MJ, Cambridge G, Edwards JC et al. B-cell depletion in the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal analysis of 24 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford)44, 1542–1545 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottenberg JE, Guillevin L, Lambotte O et al. Tolerance and short term efficacy of rituximab in 43 patients with systemic autoimmune disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis.64, 913–920 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterly SJ, Pillans P, Horn B. Off-label use of rituximab in a tertiary Queensland hospital. Intern. Med. J.40, 443–452 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benham H, Garske L Vecchio P et al. Successful treatment of shrinking lung syndrome with rituximab in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Clin. Rheumatol.16, 68–70 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, Phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum.62, 222–233 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furie R, Looney RJ, Rovin B et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in subjects with active proliferative lupus nephritis (LN): results from the randomized, double-blind Phase III LUNAR study (abstract). Arthritis Rheum.60(Suppl.), S429 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Terrier B, Amoura Z, Ravaud PH et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus. Results from 136 patients from the French Autoimmunity and Rituximab Registry. Arthritis Rheum.62, 2458–2466 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilaplan-Garcia, Trujillo-Santos AJ, Vera-Mendez FJ. Shrinking lung syndrome, a rare manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch. Bronconeuromol.44, 341–342 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Elkayan O, Segal R, Caspi D et al. Restrictive lung disease due to diaphragmatic dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Two cases reports. Clin. Exp. Rhumatol.10, 267–269 (1992).
   Google Scholar