140
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Progress in the development of DNA vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease

&
Pages 481-493 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Nicolau C, Le Pape A, Soriano P, Fargette F, Juhel MF. In vivo expression of rat insulin after intravenous administration of the liposome-entrapped gene for rat insulin I. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 80, 1068–1072 (1983).
  • Benvenisty N, Reshef L. Direct introduction of genes into rats and expression of the genes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 9551–9555 (1986).
  • Wolff JA, Malone RW, Williams P et al. Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle cells in vivo. Science 247, 1465–1468 (1990).
  • Tang DC, DeVit M, Johnston SA. Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response. Nature 356, 152–154 (1992).
  • Robinson HL, Hunt LA, Webster RG. Protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immunization with a haemagglutinin-expressing plasmid DNA. Vaccine 11, 957–960 (1993).
  • Ulmer JG, Donnelly JJ, Parker SE et al. Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science 259, 1745–1749 (1993).
  • Wang B, Ugen KE, Srikantan V et al. Gene inoculation generates immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4156–4160 (1993).
  • Youmans GP, Youmans AS. Immunogenic activity if a ribosomal fraction obtained from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 89, 1291–1298 (1965).
  • Berry LJ, Vennman MR. Cellular Antigens. Nowotny A (Ed.). Springer-Verlag, NY, USA, 3–13 (1972).
  • Fynan EF, Webster RG, Fuller DH, Haynes JR, Santoro JC, Robinson HL. DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11478–11482 (1993).
  • Gurunathan S, Klinman DM, Seder R. DNA vaccines: immunology, application, and optimization. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 18, 927–974 (2000).
  • Cichutek K. DNA vaccines: development, standardization and regulation. Intervirology 43, 331–338 (2000).
  • Yankauckas MA, Morrow JE, Parker SE et al. Long-term anti-nucleoprotein cellular and humoral immunity is induced by intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA containing the NP gene. DNA Cell Biol. 12, 771–776 (1993).
  • Wolff JA, Ludtke JJ, Acsadi G, Williams P, Jani A. Long-term persistence of plasmid DNA and foreign gene expression in mouse muscle. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1, 363–369 (1992).
  • Klinman DM, Currie D, Gursel I, Verthelyi D. Use of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as immune adjuvants. Immunol. Rev. 199, 201–216 (2004).
  • Somasundaram C, Takamatsu H, Andréoni C et al. Enhanced protective response and immuno-adjuvant effects of porcine GM-CSF on DNA vaccination of pigs against Aujeszky’s disease virus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 70, 277–287 (1999).
  • Lodmell DL, Ray NB, Ewalt LC. Gene gun particle-mediated vaccination with plasmid DNA confers protective immunity against rabies virus infection. Vaccine 16, 115–118 (1998).
  • Torres CA, Iwasaki A, Barber BH, Robinson HL. Differential dependence on target site tissue for gene-gun and intramuscular DNA immunisation. J. Virol. 158, 4529–4532 (1997).
  • Feltquate DM, Heaney S, Webster RG, Robinson HL. Different T helper cell types and antibody isotypes generated by saline and gene gun DNA immunisation. J. Immunol. 158, 2278–2284 (1997).
  • Elnekave M, Furmanov K, Hovav A-H. Intradermal naked plasmid DNA immunization: mechanisms of action. Expert Rev. Vaccines 10(8), 1169–1181 (2011).
  • Wang B, Ugen KE, Srikantan V et al. Gene inoculation generates immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type I. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4157–4805 (1993).
  • Schirmbeck R, Bohm W, Ando K, Chisari FV, Reimann J. Nucleic acid vaccination primes hepatitis B virus surface antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in non-responder mice. J. Virol. 69, 5929–5934 (1995).
  • Kuhrober A, Wild J, Pudollek HP, Chisari FV, Reimann J. DNA vaccination with plasmids encoding the intracellular (HBcAg) or secreted (HBeAg) form of the core protein of hepatitis B virus primes T cell responses to two overlapping Kb- and Kd-restricted epitopes. Int. Immunol. 9, 1203–1212 (1997).
  • Polo JM, Lim B, Govindarajan S, Lai MM. Replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA in mice after intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA. J. Virol. 69, 5203–5207 (1995).
  • He J, Hoffman SL, Hayes CG. DNA inoculation with a plasmid vector carrying the hepatitis E virus structural protein gene induces immune response in mice. Vaccine 15, 357–362 (1997).
  • Ghias H, Cai S, Slanina S, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL. Vaccination of mice with herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D DNA produces low levels of protection against lethal HSV-1 challenge. Antiviral Res. 28, 147–157 (1995).
  • McClements WL, Armstrong ME, Keys RD, Liu MA. Immunization with DNA vaccines encoding glycoprotein D or glycoprotein B, alone or in combination, induces protective immunity in animal models of herpes simplex virus-2 disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 11414–11420 (1996).
  • Fynan EF, Robinson HL, Webster RG. Use of DNA encoding influenza hemagglutinin as an avian influenza vaccine. DNA Cell Biol. 12, 785–789 (1993).
  • Montgomery DL, Shiver JW, Leander KR et al. Heterologous and homologous protection against influenza A by DNA vaccination: optimization of DNA vectors. DNA Cell Biol. 12, 777–783 (1993).
  • Cardoso AI, Blixenkrone-Moller M, Fayolle J, Liu M, Buckland R, Wild TF. Immunization with plasmid DNA encoding for the measles virus hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein leads to humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Virology 225, 293–299 (1996).
  • Fooks AR, Jeevarajah D, Warnes A, Wilkinson GW, Clegg JC. Immunization of mice with plasmid DNA expressing the measles virus nucleoprotein gene. Viral Immunol. 9, 65–71 (1996).
  • Cox GJ, Lamb TJ, Babiuk LA. Bovine herpesvirus-1: immune response in mice and cattle injected with plasmid DNA. J. Virol. 67, 5664–5667 (1993).
  • Romito M, Du Plessis DH, Kleef VM, Van Wyk A, Viljoen GJ. DNA-based immunization of a horse using the VP2 gene of african horse sickness virus. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res. 66(2), 139–144 (1999).
  • Schrijver RS, Langedijk JP, Keil GM, Middel WG, Maris-Veldhuis M, van Oirschot JT. Immunization of cattle with BHV-1 vector vaccine or a DNA vaccine both coding for the G protein of BRSV. Vaccine 15, 1908–1916 (1997).
  • Suradhat S, Yoo D, Babiuk LA, Griebel P, Baca-Estrada ME. DNA immunization with a bovine rotavirus VP4 gene induces a Th1-like immune response in mice. Viral Immunol. 10, 117–127 (1997).
  • Harpin S, Talbot B, Mbikay M, Elazhary Y. Immune response to vaccination with DNA encoding the bovine viral diarrhea virus major glycoprotein gp53 (E2). FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 146, 229–234 (1997).
  • Sundaram P, Xiao W, Brandsma JL. Particle-mediated delivery of recombinant expression vectors to rabbit skin induces high-titered polyclonal antisera (and circumvents purification of a protein immunogen). Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 1375–1377 (1996).
  • Triyatni M, Jilbert AR, Qiao M, Miller DS, Burrell CJ. Protective efficacy of DNA vaccines against duck hepatitis B virus infection. J. Virol. 72, 84–94 (1998).
  • Olsen CW, Mc Gregor MW, Dybdahl-Sissoko N et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy of baculovirus-expressed and DNA-based equine influenza virus hemagglutinin vaccines in mice. Vaccine 15, 1149–1156 (1997).
  • Ward G, Rieder E, Mason PW. Plasmid DNA encoding replicating foot and mouth disease virus genomes induces antiviral immune response in swine. J. Virol. 71, 7442–7447 (1997).
  • Anderson ED, Mourich DV, Fahrenkrug SC, LaPatra S, Shepherd J, Leong JA. Genetic immunization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 5, 114–122 (1996).
  • Martins LP, Lau LL, Asano MS, Ahmed R. DNA vaccination against persistent viral infection. J. Virol. 69, 2574–2582 (1995).
  • Gonzalez Armas C, Morello CS, Cranmer LD, Spector DH. DNA immunization confers protection against murine cytomegalovirus infection. J. Virol. 70, 7921–7928 (1996).
  • Sarzotti M, Dean TA, Remington MP, Ly CD, Furth PA, Robbins DS. Induction of cytotoxic T cell responses in newborn mice by DNA immunization. Vaccine 15, 795–797 (1997).
  • Sakaguchi M, Nakamura H, Sonoda K, Hamada F, Hirai K. Protection of chickens from Newcastle disease by vaccination with a linear plasmid DNA expressing the F protein of Newcastle disease virus. Vaccine 14, 747–752 (1996).
  • Pirzadeh B, Dea S. Immune response in pigs vaccinated with plasmid DNA encoding Orf5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J. Gen. Virol. 79, 989–999 (1998).
  • Monteil M, LePotier MF, Guillotin J, Cariolet R, Houdayer C, Eloit M. Genetic immunization of seronegative one-day-old piglets against pseudorabies induces neutralizing antibodies but not protection and is ineffective in piglets from immune dams. Vet. Res. 27, 443–452 (1996).
  • Xiang ZQ, Spitalnik S, Tran M, Wunner WH, Cheng J, Ertl HC. Vaccination with a plasmid vector carrying the rabies virus glycoprotein gene induces protective immunity against rabies virus. Virology 199, 132–140 (1994).
  • Martinez X, Brandt C, Saddallah F et al. DNA immunization circumvents deficient induction of T helper type 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in neonates and during early life. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8726–8731 (1997).
  • Robinson HL, Lu S, Mustafa F et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccine trial in macaques. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 772, 209–211 (1995).
  • Haynes JR, McCabe DE, Swain WF, Widera G, Fuller JT. Particle-mediated nucleic acid immunization. J. Biotechnol. 44, 37–42 (1996).
  • Heppell J, Lorenzen N, Lorenzen E, Jensen KE, Wu T, Davis HL. Development of DNA vaccines for fish: vector design, antigen expression and demonstration of efficacy using viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus as model. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 8, 271–286 (1998).
  • Hammond JM, Janse ES, Morrissy CJ et al. A prime-boost vaccination strategy using naked DNA followed by recombinant porcine adenovirus protects pigs from classical swine fever. Vet. Microbiol. 80, 101–119 (2001).
  • Davidson AH, Traub-Dargatz J, Roeheaver R et al. Immunologic responses to West Nile virus in vaccinated and clinically affected horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 226, 240–245 (2005).
  • Garver KA, LaPatra SE, Kurath G. Efficacy of an infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus DNA vaccine in Chinook Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and sockeye O. nerka salmon. Dis. Aquat. Org. 64, 13–22 (2005).
  • Bergman PJ, Camps-Palau M, McKnight J et al. Development of a xenogeneic DNA vaccine program for canine malignant melanoma at the Animal Medical Center. Vaccine 24, 4582–4585 (2006).
  • Thacker EL, Holtkamp D, Khan A, Brown P, Draghia A. Plasmid-mediated growth hormone-releasing hormone efficacy in reducing disease associated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. J. Anim. Sci. 84, 733–742 (2006).
  • Doel TR. FMD Vaccines. virus Res. 91, 81–99 (2003).
  • Rodriguez LL, Gay CG. Development of vaccines toward the global control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. Expert Rev. Vaccines 10(3), 377–387 (2011).
  • Brown F. Progress and perspectiveness in the development of a foot-and-mouth disease vaccine by recombinant DNA technology. Progr. Vet. Microbiol. Immunol. 3, 59–72 (1987).
  • Brown F. New approaches to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease. Vaccine 10, 1022–1026 (1992).
  • Chinsangaram J, Beard C, Mason PW, Zellner M, Ward G, Grubman MJ. Antibody response in mice inoculated with DNA expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins. J. Virol. 72, 4454–4457 (1998).
  • Beard C, Ward G, Rieder E, Chinsangaram J, Grubman MJ, Mason PW. Development of DNA vaccines for foot and mouth disease evaluation of vaccines encoding replicating and non-replicating nucleic acids in swine. J. Biotechnol. 73, 243–249 (1999).
  • Huang H, Yang Z, Xu Q et al. Recombinant fusion protein and DNA vaccines against foot and mouth disease virus infection in guinea pig and swine. Viral Immunol. 12, 1–8 (1999).
  • Wong HT, Cheng SCS, Chan EWC et al. Plasmids encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 epitopes elicited immune responses in mice and swine and protected swine against viral infection. Virology 278, 27–35 (2000).
  • Benvenisti L, Rogel A, Kuznetzova L, Bujanover S, Becker Y, Stram Y. Gene gun mediated DNA vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine 19, 3885–3895 (2001).
  • Cedillo-Barron L, Foster-Cuevas M, Belsham G, Lefevre F, Parkhouse M. Induction of a protective response in swine vaccinated with DNA encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid proteins and the 3D polymerase. J. Gen. Virol. 82, 1713–1724 (2001).
  • Wong HT, Cheng SCS, Sin WY, Chan EWC, Sheng ZT, Xie Y. A DNA vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease elicits an immune response in swine which is enhanced by co-administration with interleukin-2. Vaccine 20, 2641–2647 (2002).
  • Zhang H-Y, Sun S-H, Gui Y-J et al. Optimising strategy for plasmid DNAs containing multiple-epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus by cis-expression with IL-2. Vaccine 26, 769–777 (2008).
  • Shao HJ, Chen L, Su YB. DNA fragment encoding human IL-1β 163–171 peptide enhances the immune responses elicited in mice by DNA vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease. Vet. Res. Comm. 29, 35–46 (2005).
  • Su B, Wang J, Wang X et al. The effects of IL-6 and TNF-α as molecular adjuvants on immune responses to FMDV and maturation of dendritic cells by DNA vaccination. Vaccine 26, 5111–5122 (2008).
  • Wang X, Zhang X, Kang Y et al. Interleukin-15 enhance DNA vaccine elicited mucosal and systemic immunity against foot and mouth disease virus. Vaccine 26, 5135–5144 (2008).
  • Zou Q, Wu B, He X et al. Increasing a robust antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response by FMDV DNA vaccination with IL-9 expressing construct. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2010, 1–8 (2010).
  • Mingxiao M, Ningyi J, Juan LH et al. Immunogenecity of plasmid encoding P12A and 3C of FMDV and swine IL-18. Antivir. Res. 76, 59–67 (2007).
  • Xiao C, Jin H, Hu Y et al. Enhanced protective efficacy and reduced viral load of foot-and-mouth disease DNA vaccine with co-stimulatory molecules as the molecular adjuvants. Antivir. Res. 76, 11–20 (2007).
  • Cedillo-Barron L, Foster-Cuevas M, Cook A et al. Immunogenecity of plasmids encoding T and B cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in swine. Vaccine 21, 4261–4269 (2003).
  • Shieh JJ, Liang C-M, Chen C-Y et al. Enhancement of the immunity to foot-and-mouth disease virus by DNA priming and protein boosting immunization. Vaccine 19, 4002–4010 (2001).
  • Jin H, Kang Y, Xiao C et al. DNA prime followed by protein boost enhances neutralisation and Th1 type immunity against FMDV. Viral Immunol. 18, 539–548 (2005).
  • Zhang HY, Sun SH, Guo YJ et al. Immune response in mice inoculated with plasmid DNAs containing multiple epitopes of foot and mouth disease virus. Vaccine 21, 4704–4707 (2003).
  • Borrego B, Fernandez-Pacheco P, Ganges L et al. DNA vaccines expressing B and T cell epitopes can protect mice from FMDV infection in the absence of specific humoral responses. Vaccine 24, 3889–3899 (2006).
  • Guo H, Liu Z, Sun S et al. Immune response of guinea pigs vaccinated with DNA vaccine of foot and mouth disease virus O/China99. Vaccine 23, 3236–3242 (2005).
  • Barfoed AM, Rodriguez F, Therrien D, Borrego B, Sobrino F, Kamstrup S. DNA immunisation with 2C FMDV non-structural protein reveals the presence of an immunodominant CD8+, CTL epitope for Balb/c mice. Antivir. Res. 72, 178–189 (2006).
  • Jin H, Li Y, Ma Z, Zhang F, Xie Q, Gu D, Wang B. Effect of chemical adjuvants on DNA vaccination. Vaccine 22, 2925–2935 (2004).
  • Zhang S, Guo Y-J, Sun S-H et al. DNA vaccination using bacillus Calmette-Geurin DNA as an adjuvant to enhance the immune response to three kinds of swine diseases. Scand. J. Immunol. 62, 371–377 (2005).
  • Chen L, Lin T, Zhang H-X, Su Y-B. Immune response to foot and mouth disease DNA vaccines can be enhanced by co injection with the Isatis indigotica extract. Intervirology 48, 207–212 (2005).
  • Fan H, Tong T, Chen H. Immunisation of DNA vaccine encoding C3d-VP1 fusion enhanced protective immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Genes 35, 347–357 (2007).
  • Xu H, Zhao G, Huang X et al. CD40-expressing plasmid induces anti-CD40 antibody and enhances immune responses to DNA vaccination. J. Gene Med. 12, 97–106 (2010).
  • Kim S-A, Liang C-M, Cheng I-C et al. DNA vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease via electroporation: study of molecular approaches for enhancing VP1 antigenicity. J. Gene Med. 8, 1182–1191 (2006).
  • Niborski V, Li Y, Brennan F et al. Efficacy of particle-based DNA delivery for vaccination of sheep against FMDV. Vaccine 24, 7204–7213 (2006).
  • Li Y, Aggarwal N, Takamatsu H-H, Stirling C, Voyce C, Barnett PV. Enhancing immune responses against a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding a FMDV empty capids from serotype O. Vaccine 24, 4602–4606 (2006).
  • Li Y-G, Tian F-L, Gao F-S, Tang X-S, Xia C. Immune responses generated by Lactobacillus as a carried in DNA immunisation against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine 25, 902–911 (2007).
  • Dory D, Remond M, Beven V et al. Pseudorabies virus glycoprotein B can be used to carry foot and mouth disease antigens in DNA vaccination of pigs. Antivir. Res. 81, 217–225 (2009).
  • Wang KY, Guo YJ, Zhang YL, Lv K, Sun SH. Combined DNA vaccination against three animal viruses elicits decreased immunogenicity of a single plasmid in mice. Vaccine 25, 4429–4436 (2007).
  • Yang B, Lan X, Li X et al. A novel bi-functional DNA vaccine expressing VP1 protein and producing antisense RNA targeted to 5’UTR of foot-and-mouth disease virus can induced both rapid inhibitory effect and specific immune responses in mice. Vaccine 26, 5477–5483 (2008).
  • Li Y, Stirling C, Denyer M et al. Dramatic improvement in FMD DNA vaccine efficacy and cross-serotype antibody induction in pigs following a protein boost. Vaccine 26, 2647–2656 (2008).
  • Borrego B, Argilaguet JM, Perez-Marin E et al. A DNA vaccine encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus B amd T-cell epitopes targeted to class II swine leukocyte antigens protects pigs against viral challenge. Antivir. Res. 92, 359–363 (2011).
  • Ganges L, Borrego B, Fernandez-Pacheco P et al. DNA immunisation of pigs with foot-and-mouth disease virus minigenes: from partial protection to disease exacerbation. Vaccine 15, 121–125 (2011).
  • Lu S. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 21, 346–351 (2009).
  • Kent SJ, Zhao A, Best SJ, Chandler JD, Boyle DB, Ramshaw IA. Enhanced T-cell immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine regimen consisting of consecutive priming with DNA and boosting with recombinant fowlpox virus. J. Virol. 72, 10180–10188 (1998).
  • Amara RR, Villinger F, Altman JD et al. Control of a mucosal challenge and prevention of AIDS by a multiprotein DNA/MVA vaccine. Science 292, 69–74 (2001).
  • Schneider J, Langermans JA, Gilbert SC et al. A prime-boost immunisation regimen using DNA followed by recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara induces strong cellular immune responses against the Plasmodium falciparum TRAP antigen in chimpanzees. Vaccine 19, 4595–4602 (2001).
  • Rogers WO, Baird JK, Kumar A et al. Multistage multiantigen heterologous prime boost vaccine for Plasmodium knowlesi malaria provides partial protection in rhesus macaques. Infect. Immun. 69, 5565–5572 (2001).
  • Pancholi P, Lee DH, Liu Q et al. DNA prime/canarypox boost-based immunotherapy of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in a chimpanzee. Hepatology 33, 448–454 (2001).
  • Hel Z, Nacsa J, Tryniszewska E et al. Containment of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in vaccinated macaques: correlation with the magnitude of virus-specific pre- and post challenge CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. J. Immunol. 169, 4778–4787 (2002).
  • Doria-Rose NA, Pierce CC, Hensel MT et al. Multigene DNA prime-boost vaccines for SHIV89.6P. J. Med. Primatol. 32, 218–228 (2003).
  • Shiver JW, Fu TM, Chen L et al. Replication-incompetent adenoviral vaccine vector elicits effective anti-immunodeficiency-virus immunity. Nature 415, 331–335 (2002).
  • Vinner L, Wee EG, Patel S et al. Immunogenicity in Mamu-A*01 rhesus macaques of a CCR5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope from the primary isolate (Bx08) after synthetic DNA prime and recombinant adenovirus 5 boost. J. Gen. Virol. 84, 203–213 (2003).
  • Skinner MA, Buddle BM, Wedlock DN et al. A DNA prime-Mycobacterium bovis BCG boost vaccination strategy for cattle induces protection against bovine tuberculosis. Infect. Immunol. 71, 4901–4907 (2003).
  • Toussaint JF, Letellier C, Paquet D, Dispas M, Kerkhofs P. Prime-boost strategies combining DNA and inactivated vaccines confer high immunity and protection in cattle against bovine herpesvirus-1. Vaccine 23, 5073–5081 (2005).
  • Cheevers WP, Snekvik KR, Trujillo JD, Kumpula-McWhirter NM, Pretty On Top KJ, Knowles DP. Prime-boost vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding caprine-arthritis encephalitis lentivirus env and viral SU suppresses challenge virus and development of arthritis. Virology 306, 116–125 (2003).
  • Lopez AM, Hines MT, Palmer GH, Knowles DP, Alperin DC, Hines SA. Analysis of anamnestic immune responses in adult horses and priming in neonates induced by a DNA vaccine expressing the vapA gene of Rhodococcus equi. Vaccine 21, 3815–3825 (2003).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.