Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Vaccines Volume 11, 2012 - Issue 6
Submit an article Journal homepage
291
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Vaccine Profile

Cervarix®: a bivalent vaccine against HPV types 16 and 18, with cross-protection against other high-risk HPV types

Anne Szarewski Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK. [email protected]
Pages 645-657 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. 61(2), 69–90 (2011).
  • Peto J, Gilham C, Fletcher O, Matthews FE. The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK. Lancet 364(9430), 249–256 (2004).
  • Arbyn M, Kyrgiou M, Simoens C et al. Perinatal mortality and other severe adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: meta-analysis. BMJ 337, a1284 (2008).
  • Szarewski A. Social and psychological aspects of cervical screening. Expert Rev. Obstet. Gynecol. 6(1), 37–44 (2011).
  • Arbyn M, Rebolj M, De Kok IM et al. The challenges of organising cervical screening programmes in the 15 old member states of the European Union. Eur. J. Cancer 45(15), 2671–2678 (2009).
  • Cohen J. Public health. High hopes and dilemmas for a cervical cancer vaccine. Science 308(5722), 618–621 (2005).
  • zur Hausen H. Human papillomaviruses and their possible role in squamous cell carcinomas. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 78, 1–30 (1977).
  • Smith JS, Lindsay L, Hoots B et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer and high-grade cervical lesions: a meta-analysis update. Int. J. Cancer 121(3), 621–632 (2007).
  • Capri S, Gasparini R, Panatto D, Demarteau N. Cost-consequences evaluation between bivalent and quadrivalent HPV vaccines in Italy: the potential impact of different cross-protection profiles. Gynecol. Oncol. 121(3), 514–521 (2011).
  • de Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L et al..; Retrospective International Survey and HPV Time Trends Study Group. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol. 11(11), 1048–1056 (2010).
  • Giuliano AR, Tortolero-Luna G, Ferrer E et al. Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection in men, cancers other than cervical and benign conditions. Vaccine 26(Suppl. 10), K17–K28 (2008).
  • Koutsky L. Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Am. J. Med. 102(5A), 3–8 (1997).
  • Lacey CJ, Lowndes CM, Shah KV. Chapter 4: burden and management of non-cancerous HPV-related conditions: HPV-6/11 disease. Vaccine 24(Suppl. 3), S3/35–S3/41 (2006).
  • Bosch FX, Castellsagué X, de Sanjosé S. HPV and cervical cancer: screening or vaccination? Br. J. Cancer 98(1), 15–21 (2008).
  • Bosch FX. Human papillomavirus: science and technologies for the elimination of cervical cancer. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 12(14), 2189–2204 (2011).
  • Stanley M. Pathology and epidemiology of HPV infection in females. Gynecol. Oncol. 117(Suppl. 2), S5–S10 (2010).
  • Schwarz TF, Leo O. Immune response to human papillomavirus after prophylactic vaccination with AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 vaccine: improving upon nature. Gynecol. Oncol. 110(Suppl. 1), S1–S10 (2008).
  • Safaeian M, Porras C, Schiffman M et al..; Costa Rican Vaccine Trial Group. Epidemiological study of anti-HPV16/18 seropositivity and subsequent risk of HPV16 and -18 infections. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 102(21), 1653–1662 (2010).
  • Castellsague X. Risk of new infection with the same HPV type in women with naturally acquired HPV 16/18 antibodies. Presented at: Thirteenth Biennial meeting of the International Gynaecologic Cancer Society (IGCS). Prague, Czech Republic, 23–26 October2010(Abstract 44).
  • Schwarz TF, Kocken M, Petäjä T et al. Correlation between levels of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and 18 antibodies in serum and cervicovaginal secretions in girls and women vaccinated with the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine. Hum. Vaccin. 6(12), 1054–1061 (2010).
  • Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C et al..; GlaxoSmithKline HPV Vaccine Study Group. Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364(9447), 1757–1765 (2004).
  • Villa LL, Costa RL, Petta CA et al. Prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in young women: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre Phase II efficacy trial. Lancet Oncol. 6(5), 271–278 (2005).
  • Boland G, Beran J, Lievens M et al. Safety and immunogenicity profile of an experimental hepatitis B vaccine adjuvanted with AS04. Vaccine 23(3), 316–320 (2004).
  • Petaja T, Pedersen C, Poder A et al. Long-term persistence of systemic and mucosal immune response to HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in preteen/adolescent girls and young women. Int. J. Cancer 129(9), 2147–2157 (2011).
  • Rivera-Medina DM, Valencia A, de Velasquez A et al..; HPV-013 Study Group. Safety and immunogenicity of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine: a randomized, controlled trial in adolescent girls. J. Adolesc. Health 46(5), 414–421 (2010).
  • Schwarz TF, Schneider A, Wysocki J et al. HPV Study Group for Adult Women. Immunogenicity and tolerability of an HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted prophylactic cervical cancer vaccine in women aged 15–55 years. Vaccine, 27(4), 581–587 (2009).
  • Romanowski B, de Borba PC, Naud PS et al..; GlaxoSmithKline Vaccine HPV-007 Study Group. Sustained efficacy and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine: analysis of a randomised placebo-controlled trial up to 6.4 years. Lancet 374(9706), 1975–1985 (2009).
  • Roteli-Martins CM, Naud P, Borba P et al. Sustained immunogenicity of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine: follow up to 8.4 years. Presented at: EPSID. Nice, France, 4–8 May 2010.
  • De Carvalho NS, Roteli-Martins CM, Teixeira J et al. Immunogenicity and safety of HPV 16/18 AS04 adjuvanted vaccine up to 7.3 years. Presented at: The 25th International Papillomavirus Conference. Malmo, Sweden, 8–14 May 2009 (Abstract P-29.15).
  • Naud P, De Carvalho N, Teixeira J et al.. HPV-16/18 vaccine: sustained immunogenicity and efficacy up to 9.4 years. Presented at: IPV Conference. Berlin, Germany, 17–22 September 2011 (Abstract O-18.04).
  • Giannini SL, Hanon E, Moris P et al. Enhanced humoral and memory B cellular immunity using HPV16/18 L1 VLP vaccine formulated with the MPL/aluminium salt combination (AS04) compared to aluminium salt only. Vaccine 24(33–34), 5937–5949 (2006).
  • Einstein MH, Baron M, Levin MJ et al..; HPV-010 Study Group. Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety of Cervarix and Gardasil human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical cancer vaccines in healthy women aged 18–45 years. Hum. Vaccin. 5(10), 705–719 (2009).
  • Pichichero ME. Booster vaccinations: can immunologic memory outpace disease pathogenesis? Pediatrics 124(6), 1633–1641 (2009).
  • Schiller JT, Lowy DR. Immunogenicity testing in human papillomavirus virus-like-particle vaccine trials. J. Infect. Dis. 200(2), 166–171 (2009).
  • Einstein MH; HPV 010 Study Group. Comparison of immunogenicity of two prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines at month 36. Presented at: EUROGIN 2011 Congress. Lisbon, Portugal, 8–11 May 2011 (Abstract SS 19-3).
  • Brown DR, Garland SM, Ferris DG et al. The humoral response to Gardasil over four years as defined by total IgG and competitive Luminex immunoassay. Hum. Vaccin. 7(2), 230–238 (2011).
  • David MP, Van Herck K, Hardt K et al. Long-term persistence of anti-HPV-16 and -18 antibodies induced by vaccination with the AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine: modeling of sustained antibody responses. Gynecol. Oncol. 115(Suppl. 3), S1–S6 (2009).
  • Michels KB, zur Hausen H. Appropriate human papillomavirus vaccination strategies. Lancet 374(9698), 1328–1329 (2009).
  • Syrjänen K. Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections as surrogate endpoints of progressive cervical disease. Potential new endpoint for efficacy studies with new-generation (non-HPV 16/18) prophylactic HPV vaccines. Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 32(1), 17–33 (2011).
  • Jenkins D. A review of cross-protection against oncogenic HPV by an HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine: importance of virological and clinical endpoints and implications for mass vaccination in cervical cancer prevention. Gynecol Oncol. 110(Suppl. 1), S18–S25 (2008).
  • Koshiol J, Lindsay L, Pimenta JM, Poole C, Jenkins D, Smith JS. Persistent human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 168(2), 123–137 (2008).
  • Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmerón J et al..; HPV PATRICIA Study Group. Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women. Lancet 374(9686), 301–314 (2009).
  • Lehtinen M, Paavonen J, Wheeler CM et al..; HPV PATRICIA Study Group. Overall efficacy of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against grade 3 or greater cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: 4-year end-of-study analysis of the randomised, double-blind PATRICIA trial. Lancet Oncol. 13(1), 89–99 (2012).
  • Kreimer AR, González P, Katki HA et al..; CVT Vaccine Group. Efficacy of a bivalent HPV 16/18 vaccine against anal HPV 16/18 infection among young women: a nested analysis within the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial. Lancet Oncol. 12(9), 862–870 (2011).
  • Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler CM et al..; HPV Vaccine Study Group. Sustained efficacy up to 4.5 years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: follow-up from a randomised control trial. Lancet 367(9518), 1247–1255 (2006).
  • Paavonen J, Jenkins D, Bosch FX et al..; HPV PATRICIA study group. Efficacy of a prophylactic adjuvanted bivalent L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: an interim analysis of a Phase III double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 369(9580), 2161–2170 (2007).
  • Wheeler CM, Castellsagué X, Garland SM et al..; HPV PATRICIA Study Group. Cross-protective efficacy of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by non-vaccine oncogenic HPV types: 4-year end-of-study analysis of the randomised, double-blind PATRICIA trial. Lancet Oncol. 13(1), 100–110 (2012).
  • Brown DR, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K et al. The impact of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine on infection and disease due to oncogenic nonvaccine hpv types in generally HPV-naive women aged 16–26 years. J. Infect. Dis. 199(7), 926–935 (2009).
  • Wheeler CM, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K et al. The impact of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine on infection and disease due to oncogenic nonvaccine HPV types in sexually active women aged 16-26 years. J. Infect. Dis. 199(7), 936–944 (2009).
  • Bulkmans NW, Bleeker MC, Berkhof J, Voorhorst FJ, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ. Prevalence of types 16 and 33 is increased in high-risk human papillomavirus positive women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse. Int. J. Cancer 117(2), 177–181 (2005).
  • Insinga RP, Perez G, Wheeler CM et al..; FUTURE I Investigators. Incident cervical HPV infections in young women: transition probabilities for CIN and infection clearance. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 20(2), 287–296 (2011).
  • Wheeler CM, Hunt WC, Joste NE, Key CR, Quint WG, Castle PE. Human papillomavirus genotype distributions: implications for vaccination and cancer screening in the United States. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 101(7), 475–487 (2009).
  • Smith HO, Tiffany MF, Qualls CR, Key CR. The rising incidence of adenocarcinoma relative to squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in the United States – a 24-year population-based study. Gynecol. Oncol. 78(2), 97–105 (2000).
  • Bosch FX, Burchell AN, Schiffman M et al. Epidemiology and natural history of human papillomavirus infections and type-specific implications in cervical neoplasia. Vaccine 26(Suppl. 10), K1–16 (2008).
  • Schiller JT, Castellsagué X, Villa LL, Hildesheim A. An update of prophylactic human papillomavirus L1 virus-like particle vaccine clinical trial results. Vaccine 26(Suppl. 10), K53–K61 (2008).
  • Descamps D, Hardt K, Spiessens B et al. Safety of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine for cervical cancer prevention: a pooled analysis of 11 clinical trials. Hum. Vaccin. 5(5), 332–340 (2009).
  • Verstraeten T, Descamps D, David MP et al. Analysis of adverse events of potential autoimmune aetiology in a large integrated safety database of AS04 adjuvanted vaccines. Vaccine 26(51), 6630–6638 (2008).
  • Wacholder S, Chen BE, Wilcox A et al..; CVT group. Risk of miscarriage with bivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18: pooled analysis of two randomised controlled trials. BMJ 340, c712 (2010).
  • Slade BA, Leidel L, Vellozzi C et al. Postlicensure safety surveillance for quadrivalent human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine. JAMA 302(7), 750–757 (2009).
  • Villa LL, Costa RL, Petta CA et al. High sustained efficacy of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus types 6/11/16/18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine through 5 years of follow-up. Br. J. Cancer 95(11), 1459–1466 (2006).
  • Szarewski A, Poppe WA, Skinner SR et al..; HPV PATRICIA Study Group. Efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in women aged 15-25 years with and without serological evidence of previous exposure to HPV-16/18. Int. J. Cancer 131(1), 106–116 (2012).
  • Clifford GM, Gallus S, Herrero R et al..; IARC HPV Prevalence Surveys Study Group. Worldwide distribution of human papillomavirus types in cytologically normal women in the International Agency for Research on Cancer HPV prevalence surveys: a pooled analysis. Lancet 366(9490), 991–998 (2005).
  • Munoz N, Manalastas R Jr, Pitisuttithum P et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 24–45 years: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 373(9679), 1949–1957 (2009).
  • Stanley M. Immune responses to human papillomavirus. Vaccine 24(Suppl. 1), S16–S22 (2006).
  • Ault KA; Future II Study Group. Effect of prophylactic human papillomavirus L1 virus-like-particle vaccine on risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2, grade 3, and adenocarcinoma in situ: a combined analysis of four randomised clinical trials. Lancet 369(9576), 1861–1868 (2007).
  • Castellsagué XSA, Kaufmann AM, Bosch FX. HPV vaccination against cervical cancer in women above 25 years of age: key considerations and current perspectives. Gynec. Oncol. 115, S15–S23 (2009).
  • Cuschieri KS, Horne AW, Szarewski A, Cubie HA. Public awareness of human papillomavirus. J. Med. Screen. 13(4), 201–207 (2006).
  • Skinner SR, Szarewski A, Romanowski B et al. HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine efficacy in ≥26-year-old women after 4-year follow-up. Presented at: IPV Conference. Berlin, Germany, 17–22 September 2011(Abstract O-18.06).
  • Franco EL, Villa LL, Sobrinho JP et al. Epidemiology of acquisition and clearance of cervical human papillomavirus infection in women from a high-risk area for cervical cancer. J. Infect. Dis. 180(5), 1415–1423 (1999).
  • Muñoz N, Méndez F, Posso H et al..; Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia HPV Study Group. Incidence, duration, and determinants of cervical human papillomavirus infection in a cohort of Colombian women with normal cytological results. J. Infect. Dis. 190(12), 2077–2087 (2004).
  • Coupé VM, Berkhof J, Bulkmans NW, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ. Age-dependent prevalence of 14 high-risk HPV types in The Netherlands: implications for prophylactic vaccination and screening. Br. J. Cancer 98(3), 646–651 (2008).
  • Sellors JW, Karwalajtys TL, Kaczorowski J et al..; Survey of HPV in Ontario Women Group. Incidence, clearance and predictors of human papillomavirus infection in women. CMAJ 168(4), 421–425 (2003).
  • Grainge MJ, Seth R, Guo L et al. Cervical human papillomavirus screening among older women. Emerging Infect. Dis. 11(11), 1680–1685 (2005).
  • Markowitz LE, Hariri S, Unger ER, Saraiya M, Datta SD, Dunne EF. Post-licensure monitoring of HPV vaccine in the United States. Vaccine 28(30), 4731–4737 (2010).
  • Labadie J. Postlicensure safety evaluation of human papilloma virus vaccines. Int. J. Risk Saf. Med. 23(2), 103–112 (2011).
  • Pedersen C, Petaja T, Strauss G et al..; HPV Vaccine Adolescent Study Investigators Network. Immunization of early adolescent females with human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine containing AS04 adjuvant. J. Adolesc. Health 40(6), 564–571 (2007).
  • Siddiqui MA, Perry CM. Human papillomavirus quadrivalent (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine (Gardasil). Drugs 66(9), 1263–1271; discussion 1272 (2006).
  • Hilton S, Hunt K, Bedford H, Petticrew M. School nurses’ experiences of delivering the UK HPV vaccination programme in its first year. BMC Infect. Dis. 11, 226 (2011).
  • Szarewski A. HPV vaccine: Cervarix. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 10(3), 477–487 (2010).
  • Miura S, Matsumoto K, Oki A et al. Do we need a different strategy for HPV screening and vaccination in East Asia? Int. J. Cancer 119(11), 2713–2715 (2006).
  • Denny L, Boa R, Williamson AL et al. Human papillomavirus infection and cervical disease in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected women. Obstet. Gynecol. 111(6), 1380–1387 (2008).
  • Levin MJ, Moscick AB, Song LY et al.; IMPAACT P1047 Protocol Team. Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine in HIV-infected children 7 to 12 years old. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 55(2), 197–204 (2010).
  • Wilkin T, Lee JY, Lensing SY et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men. J. Infect. Dis. 202(8), 1246–1253 (2010).
  • Eggertson L. Three provinces to study 2-dose HPV vaccine. CMAJ 177(5), 444–445 (2007).
  • Dobson S, Dawar M, Scheifele D et al. Are 2 doses of HPV vaccine adequate in girls? Presented at: The 25th International Papillomavirus Conference. Malmo, Sweden, 8–14 May 2009 (Abstract O-29.04).
  • Kreimer AR, Rodriguez AC, Hildesheim A et al..; CVT Vaccine Group. Proof-of-principle evaluation of the efficacy of fewer than three doses of a bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 103(19), 1444–1451 (2011).
  • Romianowsk B, Schwarz TF, Ferguson LM et al..; Immunogenicity and safety of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine administered as a 2-dose schedule compared with the licensed 3-dose schedule: results from a randomized study Hum Vaccin. 7(12), 1374–1386 (2011).
  • Esposito S, Birlutiu V, Jarcuska P et al. Immunogenicity and safety of human papillomavirus-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine administered according to an alternative dosing schedule compared with the standard dosing schedule in healthy women aged 15 to 25 years: results from a randomized study. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 30(3), e49–e55 (2011).
  • Kane MA. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) vaccines: implementation and communication issues. J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care 34(1), 3–4 (2008).
  • Szarewski A. HPV vaccines: peering through the fog. J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care 34(4), 207–209 (2008).
  • Michels KB, zur Hausen H. HPV vaccine for all. Lancet 374(9686), 268–270 (2009).
  • Kim JJ. Focus on research: weighing the benefits and costs of HPV vaccination of young men. N. Engl. J. Med. 364(5), 393–395 (2011).
  • Malmqvist E, Natunen K, Lehtinen M, Helgesson G. Just implementation of human papillomavirus vaccination. J. Med. Ethics 38(4), 247–249 (2012).
  • Mehanna H, Jones TM, Gregoire V, Ang KK. Oropharyngeal carcinoma related to human papillomavirus. BMJ 340, c1439 (2010).
  • Brisson M, van de Velde N, Franco EL, Drolet M, Boily MC. Incremental impact of adding boys to current human papillomavirus vaccination programs: role of herd immunity. J. Infect. Dis. 204(3), 372–376 (2011).
  • Hughes JP, Garnett GP, Koutsky L. The theoretical population-level impact of a prophylactic human papilloma virus vaccine. Epidemiology 13(6), 631–639 (2002).
  • Garnett GP. Role of herd immunity in determining the effect of vaccines against sexually transmitted disease. J. Infect. Dis. 191(Suppl. 1), S97–S106 (2005).
  • Böttiger M, Forsgren M. Twenty years’ experience of rubella vaccination in Sweden: 10 years of selective vaccination (of 12-year-old girls and of women postpartum) and 13 years of a general two-dose vaccination. Vaccine 15(14), 1538–1544 (1997).
  • Kim JJ. Mathematical model of HPV provides insight into impacts of risk factors and vaccine. PLoS Med. 3(5), e164 (2006).
  • Bowring J, Walker P. The “Jade Goody effect”: what now for cervical cancer prevention? J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care 36(2), 51–54 (2010).
  • Donovan B, Franklin N, Guy R et al. Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination and trends in genital warts in Australia: analysis of national sentinel surveillance data. Lancet Infect. Dis. 11(1), 39–44 (2011).
  • Martin F, Bower M. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV positive people. Sex. Transm. Infect. 77(5), 327–331 (2001).
  • Castle PE, Zhao FH. Population effectiveness, not efficacy, should decide who gets vaccinated against human papillomavirus via publicly funded programs. J. Infect. Dis. 204(3), 335–337 (2011).
  • Block SL, Nolan T, Sattler C et al..; Protocol 016 Study Group. Comparison of the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in male and female adolescents and young adult women. Pediatrics 118(5), 2135–2145 (2006).
  • Petäjä T, Keränen H, Karppa T et al. Immunogenicity and safety of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in healthy boys aged 10–18 years. J. Adolesc. Health 44(1), 33–40 (2009).
  • Giuliano AR, Palefsky JM, Goldstone S et al. Efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV infection and disease in males. N. Engl. J. Med. 364(5), 401–411 (2011).
  • Swedish KA, Factor SH, Goldstone SE. Prevention of recurrent high-grade anal neoplasia with quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination of men who have sex with men: a nonconcurrent cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 54(7), 891–898 (2012).
  • Szarewski A. Raising awareness of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer prevention: the need for clinical education. Future Virol. 4(5), 431–436 (2009).
  • Schiffman M, Wacholder S. Success of HPV vaccination is now a matter of coverage. Lancet Oncol. 13(1), 10–12 (2012).
  • Le Tallec D, Doucet D, Elouahabi A, Harvengt P, Deschuyteneer M, Deschamps M. Cervarix, the GSK HPV-16/HPV-18 AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine, demonstrates stability upon long-term storage and under simulated cold chain break conditions. Hum. Vaccin. 5(7), 467–474 (2009).
  • Schiller JT, Nardelli-Haefliger D. Chapter 17: second generation HPV vaccines to prevent cervical cancer. Vaccine 24(Suppl. 3), S3/147–S3/153 (2006).
  • Brotherton JM, Gertig DM. Primary prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccination programs: future perspective on global impact. Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 9(8), 627–639 (2011).
  • Meijer CJ, Berkhof J, Snijders PJ. A new approach to cervical screening. Lancet Oncol. 12(7), 612–613 (2011).
  • Schiffman M, Wentzensen N, Wacholder S, Kinney W, Gage JC, Castle PE. Human papillomavirus testing in the prevention of cervical cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 103(5), 368–383 (2011).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.