REFERENCES

• Abdelhedi , T. 2003 . “ Inondation et gestion. Séminaire à l'occasion de la Journée Météorologique Mondiale 2003 “Le Climat de demain” . In Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'environnement et des ressources hydrauliques Tunis, Tunisie
   Google Scholar
• Amisigo , B. A. and van de Giesen , N. C. 2005 . Using a spatio-temporal dynamic state-space model with the EM algorithm to patch gaps in daily riverflow series, with examples from the Volta Basin, West Africa. . Hydrol. Earth Sys. Sci. Discuss. , 2 : 449 – 481 .
   Google Scholar
• Bàlint , G. 2002 . State-of-the-art for flood forecasting modelling. . HarmoniQuA—State-of-the-art Report on QA Guidelines , 7 : 1 – 11 . Flood Forecasting Modelling Water Resour. Res. Centre, VITUKI, Hungary.
   Google Scholar
• Bergström , S. 1992 . The HBV model—its structure and applications. , SMHI Reports RH no. 4 Norrköping, , Sweden
   Google Scholar
• Boudevillain , B. 2003 . “ Contribution à la définition des caractéristiques d'un radar hydrologique urbain. Prévision de la pluie à très courte échéance ” . In Thèse Doctorat, Blaise Pascal (UFR de Recherche Scientifique et Technique) Paris, , France : Ecole Doctorale des Sciences Fondamentales .
   Google Scholar
• Bras , R. L. and Rodriguez-Iturbe , I. , eds. 1993 . Random Functions and Hydrology. Reading, Massachusetts, , USA : Addison-Wesley . Chapters 8 and 9.
   Google Scholar
• Crandall , S. H. 2001 . Is stochastic equivalent linearization a subtly flawed procedure? . Probab. Engng Mech. , 16 ( 2 ) : 169 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Crandall , S. H. 2004 . On using non-Gaussian distributions to perform statistical linearization. . Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. , 39 : 1395 – 1406 .
   Google Scholar
• Drécourt , J. P. 2003 . Kalman filtering in hydrological modelling , DAIHM Tech. Report 2003-1 DHI Water & Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Georgakakos , K. P. 1986a . A generalized stochastic hydrometeorological model for flood and flash-flood forecasting: Part 1, Formulation. . Water Resour. Res. , 22 ( 13 ) : 2083 – 2095 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgakakos , K. P. 1986b . A generalized stochastic hydrometeorological model for flood and flash-flood forecasting: Part 2, Case studies. . Water Resour. Res. , 22 ( 13 ) : 2096 – 2106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgakakos , K. P. and Smith , G. F. 1990 . On improved operational hydrologic forecasting, Results from a WMO realtime forecasting experiment. . J. Hydrol. , 114 : 17 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham , L. P. 2000 . “ Large-scale hydrologic modelling in the Baltic basin ” . In Dept of Civil and Environ. Sweden : Engng, Division of Hydraulic Engineering, The Royal Inst. of Technology . PhD Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Hartnack , J. and Madsen , H. 2001 . “ Data assimilation in river flow modelling ” . In Proc. Fourth DHI Software Conf. Helsingør, , Denmark : Scanticon Conf. Centre . 6–8 June 2001
   Google Scholar
• Hinzman , L. D. and Kane , D. L. 1991 . Snow hydrology of a headwater Arctic basin, 2: Conceptual analysis and computer modeling. . Water Resour. Res. , 27 ( 6 ) : 1111 – 1121 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoteit , I. 2001 . Filtres de Kalman réduits et efficaces pour l'assimilation de données en océanographie. Grenoble I, , France : LMC / IMAG, Université Joseph-Fourier . PhD Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Husain , T. 1985 . Kalman filter estimation model in flood forecasting. . Adv. Water Resour. , 7 ( 2 ) : 15 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Kallel , R. 1997 . Caractéristiques morphologiques et hydrologiques des cours d'eaux frontaliers Tuniso-Algériens. Tunis, , Tunisie : Direction générale des Ressources en Eaux .
   Google Scholar
• Kalman , R. E. 1960 . A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. . J. Basic Engng. , 82D : 35 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Kitanidis , P. K. and Bras , R. L. 1980a . Real-time forecasting with a conceptual hydrologic model; 1. Analysis of uncertainty. . Water Resour. Res. , 16 ( 6 ) : 1025 – 1033 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitanidis , P. K. and Bras , R. L. 1980b . Real-time forecasting with a conceptual hydrologic model; 2. Applications and results. . Water Resour. Res. , 16 ( 6 ) : 1034 – 1044 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , Y. H. and Singh , V. P. 1998 . Application of Kalman filter to Nash model. . Hydrol. Processes , 12 ( 5 ) : 755 – 768 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , Y. H. and Singh , V. P. 1999 . Tank model using Kalman filter. . J. Hydrol. Engng ASCE , 4 ( 4 ) : 344 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindström , G. , Johansson , B. , Persson , M. , Gardelin , M. and Bergström , B. 1997 . Development and test of the distributed HBV-96 hydrological model. . J. Hydrol. , 201 : 272 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , D. 2002 . An integrated approach to hydrologic data assimilation: interpolation, smoothing, and filtering. . Adv. Water Resour. , 25 : 1275 – 1286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradkhani , H. , Sorooshian , S. , Gupta , H. V. and Houser , P. R. 2005 . Dual state-parameter estimation of hydrological models using ensemble Kalman filter. . Adv. Water Resour. , 28 : 135 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash , J. E. and Sutcliffe , J. V. 1970 . River flow forecasting through conceptual models. Part I, A discussion of principles. . J. Hydrol. , 27 ( 3 ) : 282 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Ouachani , R. 2003 . “ Etude des ressources en eaux des bassins frontaliers de l'extrême nord ouest de la Tunisie ” . In Projet de fin d'études d'ingénieur Tunisie : Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tunis (ENIT) .
   Google Scholar
• Ouachani , R. 2004 . Implémentation d'une procédure de mise à jour pour le modèle HBV. Tunis, , Tunisie : ENIT, Laboratoire de modélisation en hydraulique et environnement (LMHE) . MSc Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Puente , C. E. and Bras , R. L. 1987 . Application of nonlinear filtering in the real time forecasting of river flows. . Water Resour. Res. , 23 ( 4 ) : 675 – 682 .
   Google Scholar
• Quesney , A. , François , C. H. , Ottle , C. , Le Hegarat , S. , Loumagne , C. and Normand , M. 2000 . “ Sequential assimilation, of SAR/ERS data in a lumped rainfull—runoiff model with an extended Kalman filter ” . In Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 Edited by: Owe , M. , Brubaker , K. , Ritchie , J. and Rango , A. 495 – 496 . Wallingford, , UK : IAHS Publ. 267. IAHS Press . (Proc. Santa Fe Symp., April 2000)
   Google Scholar
• Reihan , A. and Kovalenko , O. 2001 . “ Experience of an application of the HBV model for runoff computation in Estonia ” . In Environmental Impact and Water Management in a Catchment Area Perspective 126 – 134 . Estonia, , Tallinn : Proc. Symp. dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of Inst. of Environ. Engng at Tallinn Tech. University .
   Google Scholar
• Schreider , S. Y. , Young , P. C. and Jakeman , A. J. 2001 . An application of the Kalman filtering technique for streamflow forecasting in the upper Murray Basin. . Math. Comput. Modell. , 33 : 733 – 743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troch , A. , Paniconi , C. and McLaughlin , D. B. 2003 . Catchment-scale hydrological modeling and data assimilation. . Adv. Water Resour. , 26 : 131 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch , G. and Bishop , G. 2003 . An introduction to the Kalman filter. , TR 95-041 Department of Computer Science USA : University of North Carolina .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , E. and O'Connell , P. E. 1985 . “ Real-time forecasting ” . In Hydrological Forecasting Edited by: Anderson , M. G. and Burt , T. P. 505 – 558 . New York, , USA : Wiley & Sons Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , E. F. and Szollosi-Nagy , A. 1978 . An adaptive algorithm for analyzing short-term structural and parameter changes in hydrologic prediction models. . Water Resour. Res. , 14 ( 4 ) : 577 – 581 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar