Spatial Variation in Distribution and Growth Patterns of Old Growth Strip-Bark Pines

References Cited

• Allen, T. R. and S. J. Walsh . 1996. Spatial and compositional pattern of alpine treeline, Glacier National Park, Montana. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 62:2161–2168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, V. A. , G. P. Juday , and B. P. Finney . 2000. Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress. Nature 405:668–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box, G. E P. , G. M. Jenkins , and G. C. Reinsel . 1994. Time series analysis: forecasting and control, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 592 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, R. S. and P. D. Jones . 1992. Climate since A.D. 1500. London and New York: Routledge. 679 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Briffa, K. R. , P. D. Jones , T. S. Bartholin , D. Eckstein , F. H. Schweingruber , W. Karlen , P. Zetteberg , and M. Eronen . 1992. Fennoscandian summers from A.D. 500: temperature changes on short and long time scales. Climate Dynamics 7:111–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briffa, K. R. and T. J. Osborn . 1999. Seeing the wood from the trees. Science 284:926–927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubaker, L. B. 1986. Responses of tree populations to climatic change. Vegetatio 67:119–130.
   Google Scholar
• Cressie, N. A C. 1993. Statistics for Spatial Data. New York: Wiley. 900 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Crowley, T. J. 2000. Causes of climate change over the past 1,000 years. Science 289:270–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.), 2003. ArcGIS, Version 8.3. Redlands, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Fortin, M-J. and J. Gurevitch . 1993. Mantel tests: spatial structure in field experiments. In Scheiner, S.M., and Gurevitch, J. (eds), Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments. New York: Chapman and Hall, pp. 342–359.
   Google Scholar
• Fritts, H. C. 1976. Tree Rings and Climate. London and New York: Academic Press. 567 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Fritts, H. C. and T. W. Swetnam . 1989. Dendroecology: A tool for evaluating variations in past and present forest environments. Advances in Ecological Research 19:111–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graumlich, L. J. 1991. Subalpine tree growth, climate, and increasing CO2: an assessment of recent growth trends. Ecology 72:1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graumlich, L. J. 1993. A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada. Quaternary Research 39:249–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graybill, D. A. 1987. A network of high elevation conifers in the western US for detection of tree-ring growth response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Energy.
   Google Scholar
• Graybill, D. A. and S. B. Idso . 1993. Detecting the aerial fertilization effect of atmospheric CO2 enrichment in tree-ring chronologies. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7:81–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holling, C. S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4:2–23.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, M. K. and L. J. Graumlich . 1996. Multimillennial dendroclimatic records from the western United States. In Jones, P.D., Bradley, R.S., and Jouzel, J. (eds.), Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 109–124.
   Google Scholar
• Idso, S. B. , B. A. Kimball , and M. G. Anderson . 1985. Atmospheric CO2 enrichment of water hyacinths: effects on transpiration and water-use efficiency. Water Resources Research 21:1787–1790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby, G. C. and R. D. D'Arrigo . 1997. Tree rings, carbon dioxide, and climatic change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94:8350–8353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körner, C. 1999. Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer. 338 pp.
   Google Scholar
• LaMarche Jr., V. C. 1974. Paleoclimatic inferences from long tree-ring records. Science 183:1043–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaMarche Jr., V. C. , D. A. Graybill , H. C. Fritts , and M. R. Rose . 1984. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: tree ring evidence for growth enhancement in natural vegetation. Science 225:1019–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leduc, A. , P. Drapeau , Y. Bergeron , and P. Legendre . 1992. Study of spatial components of forest cover using partial Mantel's tests and path analysis. Journal of Vegetation Science 3:69–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legendre, P. and M-J. Fortin . 1989. Spatial pattern and ecological analysis. Vegetatio 80:107–138.
   Google Scholar
• Manly, B. F J. 1997. Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology, 2nd ed. London: CRC Press. 424 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, M. E. , R. S. Bradley , and M. K. Hughes . 1998. Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries. Nature 392:779–787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, M. E. , R. S. Bradley , and M. K. Hughes . 1999. Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters 26:759–762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantel, N. 1967. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Research 27:209–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney, H. A. , B. G. Drake , R. J. Luxmoore , W. C. Oechel , and L. F. Pitelka . 1991. Predicting ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 concentrations. BioScience 41:96–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, I. D. , R. B. Gryson , and A. R. Ladson . 1991. Digital terrain modelling: a review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications. Hydrolgical Processes 5:3–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberhuber, W. and W. Kofler . 2000. Topographic influences on radial growth of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) at small spatial scales. Plant Ecology 146:231–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, K. , T. R. Lookingbill , and D. L. Urban . 2000. A simple method for obtaining potential relative radiation for vegetation analysis. Unpublished manuscript, Landscape Ecology Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A.
   Google Scholar
• Ripley, B. D. 1976. The second-order analysis of stationary point processes. Journal of Applied Probability 13:255–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripley, B. D. 1981. Spatial Statistics, 1st ed. New York: Wiley. 272 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Risser, P. G. , J. R. Karr , and R. T T. Forman . 1984. Landscape ecology: directions and approaches. Special Publication No. 2. Champaign: Illinois Natural History Survey.
   Google Scholar
• Scheffer, M. , S. Carpenter , J. A. Foley , C. Folke , and W. Walker . 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413:591–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick, R. S. and D. L. Urban . 2000. Spatial components of bowhead whale ( Balaena mysticetus ) distribution in the Alaska Beaufort Sea. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:2193–2200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scuderi, L. A. 1993. A 2000-year tree ring record of annual temperatures in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Science 259:1433–1436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smouse, P. E. , J. C. Long , and R. R. Sokal . 1986. Multiple regression and correlation extensions of the Mantel test of matrix correspondence. Systematic Zoology 35:627–632.
   Google Scholar
• Stahle, D. W. , E. R. Cook , M. K. Cleaveland , M. D. Therrell , D. M. Meko , H. D. Grissino-Mayer , E. Watson , and B. H. Luckman . 2000. Tree-ring data document 16th century megadrought over North America. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 81:121–125.
   Google Scholar
• Stine, S. 1994. Extreme and persistent drought in California and Patagonia during Medieval time. Nature 369:546–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, M. A. and T. L. Smiley . 1996. An Introduction to Tree Ring Dating. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. 95 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Strain, B. R. and J. D. Cure . 1985. Direct effects of increasing carbon dioxide on vegetation. DOE/ER-0238. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, K. , F. Xiahong , and G. Funkhouser . 1999. The delta C 13 of tree rings in full-bark and strip-bark bristlecone pine trees in the White Mountains of California. Global Change Biology 5:33–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban, D. L. , R. V. O'Neill , and H. H. Shugart . 1987. Landscape ecology. BioScience 37:119–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban, D. L. , C. Miller , N. L. Stephenson , and P. N. Halpin . 2000. Forest pattern in Sierran landscapes: the physical template. Landscape Ecology 15:603–620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, L. D. and T. M L. Wigley . 1983. A comparison of evidence for late Holocene summer temperature variations in the northern hemisphere. Quaternary Research 20:186–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical Analysis, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar