1,721
Views
55
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Ground Temperatures under Ski Pistes with Artificial and Natural Snow

, &
Pages 419-427 | Received 01 Dec 2002, Published online: 28 Jan 2018

References Cited

  • Abegg, B. , U. Koenig , R. Buerki , and H. Elsasser . 1997. Climate Impact Assessment im Tourismus. Die Erde 128:105–116.
  • Andrews, T. 1886. Observations of pure ice and snow. Proceedings of the Royal Society London 40:544–549.
  • Auerbach, N. A. and J. C. Halfpenny . 1991. Snowpack and the subnivean environment for different aspects of an open meadow in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 23:41–44.
  • Baiderin, V. V. 1982. Winter recreation and subnivial plant development. Soviet Journal of Ecology 13:287–291.
  • Bayfield, N. G. 1996. Long-term changes in colonization of bulldozed ski pistes at Cairn Gorm, Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology 33:1359–1365.
  • Bell, K. L. and L. C. Bliss . 1979. Autecology of Kobresia Bellardii : Why winter snow accumulation limits local distribution. Ecological Monographs 49:377–402.
  • Brooks, P. D. , M. W. Williams , and S. K. Schmidt . 1996. Microbial activity under alpine snowpacks, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry 32:93–113.
  • Bürki, R. 1998. Klimaaenderung und Skitourismus: Wie wirkt sich eine Klimaaenderung auf die skitouristische Nachfrage aus?. Geographica Helvetica 53:155–161.
  • Cernusca, A. , H. Angerer , C. Newesely , and U. Tappeiner . 1990. Ökologische Auswirkungen von Kunstschnee: eine Kausalanalyse der Belastungsfaktoren. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie 19:746–757.
  • Edwards, A. C. and M. S. Cresser . 1992. Freezing and its effect on chemical and biological properties of soil. Advances in Soil Science 18:59–95.
  • Ellenberg, H. 1988. Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 731 pp.
  • Elsasser, H. and P. Messerli . 2001. The vulnerability of the snow industry in the Swiss Alps. Mountain Research and Development 21:335–339.
  • Fattorini, M. 2001. Establishment of transplants on machine-graded ski runs above timberline in the Swiss Alps. Restoration Ecology 9:119–126.
  • Freppaz, M. , S. Lunardi , E. Bonifacio , R. Scalenghe , and E. Zanini . 2002. Ski slopes and stability of soil aggregates. In Pagliai, M. and Jones, R. (eds.), Advances in GeoEcology 35: Sustainable Land Management—Environmental Protection. A Soil Physical Approach. Catena, 125–132.
  • Funk, M. and M. Hoelzle . 1992. A model of potential direct solar radiation for investigating occurrences of mountain permafrost. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 3:139–142.
  • Galen, C. and M. L. Stanton . 1995. Responses of snowbed plant species to changes in growing-season length. Ecology 76:1546–1557.
  • Goodrich, L. E. 1982. The influence of the snow cover on the ground thermal regime. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 19:421–432.
  • Grabherr, G. 1985. Damage to vegetation by recreation in the Austrian and German Alps. In Bayfield, N. and Barrow, G. C. (eds.), The Ecological Impacts of Outdoor Recreation on Mountain Areas in Europe and North America. Asford (England): Recreation Ecol. Research Group Report, Wye College.
  • Green, B. F. and J. W. Tukey . 1960. Complex analyses of variance: general problems. Psychmetrika 25:127–152.
  • Groffman, P. M. , C. T. Driscoll , T. J. Fahey , J. P. Hardy , R. D. Fitzhugh , and G. L. Tierney . 2001. Effects of mild winter freezing on soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in a northern hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry 56:191–213.
  • Haeberli, W. 1973. Die Basistemperatur der winterlichen Schneedecke als möglicher Indikator für die Verbreitung von Permafrost in den Alpen. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 9:221–227.
  • Haeberli, W. 1975. Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung von Permafrost zwischen Flüelapass und Piz Grialetsch (Graubünden). Mitteilungen der Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule Zürich 17:1–221.
  • Haeberli, W. 1982. Skipisten im alpinen Permafrost. Materialien zur Physiogeographie, Basel 4:59–61.
  • Haeberli, W. 1992. Construction, environmental problems and natural hazards in periglacial mountain belts. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 3:111–124.
  • Hardy, J. P. , P. M. Groffman , R. D. Fitzhugh , K. S. Henry , A. T. Welman , J. D. Demers , T. J. Fahey , C. T. Driscoll , G. L. Tierney , and S. Nolan . 2001. Snow depth manipulation and its influence on soil frost and water dynamics in a northern hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry 56:151–174.
  • Hinkel, K. M. , J. G. Bockheim , K. M. Peterson , and D. W. Norton . 2003. Impact of snow fence construction on tundra soil temperatures at Barrow, Alaska. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Permafrost vol. 1:401–405.
  • Hoelzle, M. , M. Wegmann , and B. Krummenacher . 1999. Miniature temperature dataloggers for mapping and monitoring of permafrost in high mountain areas: first experience from the Swiss Alps. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 10:113–124.
  • Horner, R. A. 1990. Techniques for sampling sea-ice algae. In Medlin, L. K. and Priddle, J. (eds.), Polar marine diatoms. Cambridge, England: British Antarctic Survey, 19–23.
  • IPCC, 2001. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation & Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1000 pp.
  • Jones, H. G. , J. W. Pomeroy , D. A. Walker , and R. W. Hoham . 2001. Snow ecology. Cambridge University Press: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 378 pp.
  • Kammer, P. M. 2002. Floristic changes in subalpine grasslands after 22 years of artificial snowing. Journal for Nature Conservation 10:109–123.
  • Keller, F. and H. Gubler . 1993. Interaction between snow cover and high mountain permafrost, Murtèl/Corvatsch, Swiss Alps. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Permafrost, Beijing, July 5–9, 1993. Guangzhou, China: South China University of Technology Press. Vol. 1: 332–337.
  • Keller, F. and M. Tamás . 2003. Enhanced ground cooling in periods with thin snow cover in the Swiss National Park. In Phillips, M., Springman, S. M., and Arenson, L. U. (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Permafrost, Zurich, Switzerland, July 21–25, 2003, Vol. 1: 531–536.
  • Kocak, R. and H. van Gemert . 1988. Man-made snow: biotechnology assisting the skiing industry. Australian Journal of Biotechnology 2:37–38.
  • Kokelj, S. V. and A. G. Lewkowicz . 1998. Long-term influence of active-layer detachment sliding on permafrost slope hydrology, Hot Weather Creek, Ellesmere Island, Canada. In Lewkowicz, A. G. and Allard, M. (eds.), Seventh International Conference on Permafrost, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, June 23–27, 1998. Sainte Foy, Québec: Université Laval. Collection Nordiciana 57: 583–589.
  • Körner, C. 1999. Alpine Plant Life. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 338 pp.
  • Krummenacher, B. , K. Budmider , D. Mihajlovic , and B. Blank . 1998. Periglaziale Prozesse und Formen im Furggentälti, Gemmipass. Mitteilungen des Eidgenössischen Institutes für Schnee- und Lawinenforschung, Davos 56:1–245.
  • Larcher, W. 1995. Physiological Plant Ecology. 3rd ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 506 pp.
  • Lipson, D. A. and R. K. Monson . 1998. Plant-microbe competition for soil amino acids in the alpine tundra: effects of freeze-thaw and dry-rewet events. Oecologia 113:406–414.
  • Mackay, J. R. and D. K. MacKay . 1975. Snow cover and ground temperatures, Garry Island, N.W.T. Arctic 27:287–296.
  • May, D. E. , P. J. Webber , and T. A. May . 1982. Success of transplanted alpine tundra plants on Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Journal of Applied Ecology 19:965–976.
  • Mellini, K. 1996. Skipisten und Permafrost - Untersuchungen der Permafrostverbreitung auf der Diavolezza unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Einwirkung von Pistenpräparation und Pistenbeschneiung auf die Bodentemperatur. Masters Thesis, Geografisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Universität Zürich. 113 pp.
  • Mittaz, C. , M. Hoelzle , and W. Haeberli . 2000. First results and interpretation of energy-flux measurements over Alpine permafrost. Annals of Glaciology 31:275–280.
  • Mosimann, T. 1985. Geo-ecological impacts of ski piste construction in the Swiss Alps. Applied Geography 5:29–37.
  • Mosimann, T. 1987. Schneeanlagen in der Schweiz, aktueller Stand - Umwelteinflüsse - Empfehlungen. Materialien zur Physiogeographie 10:112.
  • Neilson, C. B. , P. M. Groffman , S. P. Hamburg , C. T. Driscoll , T. J. Fahey , and J. P. Hardy . 2001. Freezing effects on carbon and nitrogen cycling in northern hardwood forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65:1723–1730.
  • Newesely, C. , A. Cernusca , and M. Bodner . 1994. Entstehung und Auswirkung von Sauerstoffmangel im Bereich unterschiedlich präparierter Schipisten. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie 23:277–282.
  • Newesely, C. 1997. Auswirkungen der künstlichen Beschneiung von Schipisten auf Aufbau, Struktur und Gasdurchlässigkeit der Schneedecke, sowie auf den Verlauf der Bodentemperatur und das Auftreten von Bodenfrost. Dissertation, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Leopold Franzens Universität, Innsbruck. 239 pp.
  • Pomeroy, J. W. and E. Brun . 2001. Physical properties of snow. In Jones, H. G., Pomeroy, J. W., Walker, D. A., and Hoham, R. W. (eds.), Snow Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 45–126.
  • Price, M. F. 1985. Impact of recreational activities on alpine vegetation in western North America. Mountain Research and Development 5:263–277.
  • Recco Rescue Systems, 1999. Directions for Use and Training. Lidingö, Sweden.
  • Rixen, C. , V. Stoeckli , C. Huovinen , and K. Huovinen . 2001. The phenology of four subalpine herbs in relation to snow cover characteristics. Proceedings of the Sixth IAHS Symposium 2001. Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer Schemes and Large Scale Hydrological Models. IAHS Publication 270:359–362.
  • Rixen, C. 2002. Artificial snow and snow additives on ski pistes: interactions between snow cover, soil and vegetation. PhD thesis, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich. 162 pp.
  • Rixen, C. , V. Stoeckli , and W. Ammann . 2002. Does artificial snow production affect soil and vegetation of ski pistes? A review. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 5:219–230.
  • Rixen, C. , A. Casteller , F. H. Schweingruber , and V. Stoeckli . 2004. Age analysis helps to estimate plant performance on ski pistes. Botanica Helvetica 114:127–138.
  • Seppäla, M. 2003. An experimental climate change study of the effect of increased snow cover on active layer formation of a palsa, Finnish Lapland. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Permafrost, Zurich, Switzerland, July 21–25, 2003, Vol. 1: 1013–1016.
  • Schimel, J. P. , C. Bilbrough , and J. A. Welker . 2004. Increased snow depth affects microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in two Arctic tundra communities. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36:217–227.
  • Schweiz, Seilbahnen 2001. Wirtschaftsbericht 2001. Paul Haupt AG, Bern.
  • Sommerfeld, R. A. , A. R. Mosier , and R. C. Musselman . 1993. CO2, CH4 and N2O flux through a Wyoming snowpack and implications for global budgets. Nature 361:140–142.
  • SPSS, 1999. SPSS for Windows. SPSS Inc., Chicago.
  • Stoeckli, V. and C. Rixen . 2000. Characteristics of artificial snow and its effect on vegetation. Conference Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop: 468–471.
  • Sturm, M. , J. Holmgren , M. König , and K. Morris . 1997. The thermal conductivity of seasonal snow. Journal of Glaciology 43:26–41.
  • Sulkava, P. and V. Huhta . 2003. Effects of hard frost and freeze-thaw cycles on decomposer communities and N mineralisation in boreal forest soil. Applied Soil Ecology 22:225–239.
  • Tierney, G. L. , T. J. Fahey , P. M. Groffman , J. P. Hardy , R. D. Fitzhugh , and C. T. Driscoll . 2001. Soil freezing alters fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry 56:175–190.
  • Titus, J. H. and S. Tsuyuzaki . 1999. Ski slope vegetation of Mount Hood, Oregon, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 31:283–292.
  • Tsuyuzaki, S. 1995. Ski slope vegetation in Central Honshu, Japan. Environmental Management 19:773–777.
  • Urbanska, K. M. 1990. Ecologically compatible revegetation of high-alpine ski runs. Zeitschrift für Vegetationstechnik 13:74–83.
  • Urbanska, K. M. 1995. Biodiversity assessment in ecological restoration above the timberline. Biodiversity and Conservation 4:679–695.
  • Urbanska, K. M. 1997. Restoration ecology research above the timberline: Colonization of safety islands on a machine-graded alpine ski run. Biodiversity and Conservation 6:1655–1670.
  • Walker, M. D. , D. A. Walker , J. M. Welker , A. M. Arft , T. Bordsley , P. D. Brooks , J. T. Fahnstick , M. H. Jones , M. Losleben , A. N. Davsons , T. R. Seastedt , and P. L. Turner . 1999. Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra. Hydrological Processes 13:2315–2330.
  • Weih, M. and P. S. Karlsson . 2002. Low winter soil temperature affects summertime nutrient uptake capacity and growth rate of mountain birch seedlings in the Subarctic, Swedish Lapland. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 34:434–439.
  • Williams, M. W. , P. D. Brooks , and T. Seastedt . 1998. Nitrogen and carbon soil dynamics in response to climate change in a high-elevation ecosystem in the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 30:26–30.
  • Wipf, S. , C. Rixen , M. Fischer , B. Schmid , and V. Stoeckli . in press. Effects of ski piste preparation on alpine vegetation. Journal of Applied Ecology.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.