References Cited
- Aleksandrova, V. D. 1980. The Arctic and Antarctic: Their Division into Geobotanical Areas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 247 pp.
- Anonymous, 2001. Nikon Electronic Total Stations: Model DTM-330/350 Instruction Manual. Tokyo: Nikon. 165 pp.
- Arroyo, M. T K. , L. A. Cavieres , A. Peñaloza , and M. A. Arroyo-Kalin . 2003. Positive associations between the cushion plant Azorella monantha (Apiaceae) and alpine plant species in the Chilean Patagonian Andes. Plant Ecology 169:121–129.
- Blake, B. J. 1996. Microclimate and prediction of photosynthesis at Marion Island. M.Sc., Department of Botany and Genetics, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein. 115 pp.
- Bluemle, J. P. , J. M. Sabel , and W. Karlén . 1999. Rate and magnitude of past global climate changes. Environmental Geosciences 6:63–74.
- Boelhouwers, J. , S. Holness , and P. Sumner . 2003. The maritime sub-Antarctic: a distinct periglacial environment. Geomorphology 52:39–55.
- Bradwell, T. 2001. A new lichenometric dating curve for southeast Iceland. Geografiska Annaler 83A:91–101.
- Brewer, A. M. and K. J. Gaston . 2002. The geographical range structure of the holly leaf-miner. I. Population density. Journal of Animal Ecology 71:99–111.
- Callaghan, T. V. , BÅ Carlsson , and N. J C. Tyler . 1989. Historical records of climate-related growth in Cassiope tetragona from the Arctic. Journal of Ecology 77:823–837.
- Callaghan, T. V. , S. Jonasson , and R. W. Brooker . 1997. Arctic clonal plants and global change. In de Kroon, H. and van Groenendael, J. (eds.), The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants. Leiden: Backhuys, 381–403.
- Campana, S. E. 2001. Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods. Journal of Fish Biology 59:197–242.
- Collet, D. 1991. Modelling binary data. London: Chapman & Hall. 369 pp.
- Cook, E. R. , J. G. Palmer , B. I. Cook , A. Hogg , and R. D. D'Arrigo . 2002. A multi-millennial palaeoclimatic resource from Lagarostrobos colensoi tree-rings at Oroko Swamp, New Zealand. Global and Planetary Change 33:209–220.
- Elvebakk, A. and S. Spjelkavik . 1995. The ecology and distribution of Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum on Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Nordic Journal of Botany 15:541–552.
- Frenot, Y. , J. C. Gloaguen , G. Picot , J. Bougère , and D. Benjamin . 1993. Azorella selago Hook. used to estimate glacier fluctuations and climatic history in the Kerguelen Islands over the last two centuries. Oecologia 95:140–144.
- Frenot, Y. and J. C. Gloaguen . 1994. Reproductive performance of native and alien colonizing phanerogams on a glacier foreland, Iles Kerguelen. Polar Biology 14:473–481.
- Frenot, Y. , J. C. Gloaguen , M. Cannavacciuolo , and A. Bellido . 1998. Primary succession on glacier forelands in the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands. Journal of Vegetation Science 9:75–84.
- Hall, K. 2002. Review of present and quaternary periglacial processes and landforms of the maritime and sub-Antarctic region. South African Journal of Science 98:71–81.
- Huntley, B. J. 1972. Notes on the ecology of Azorella selago Hook. f. Journal of South African Botany 38:103–113.
- IPCC, 2001. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group I, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 63 pp.
- Jumpponen, A. , H. Väre , K. G. Mattson , R. Ohtonen , and J. M. Trappe . 1999. Characterization of ‘safe sites' for pioneers in primary succession on recently deglaciated terrain. Journal of Ecology 87:98–105.
- Koenig, W. D. 2002. Global patterns of environmental synchrony and the Moran effect. Ecography 25:283–288.
- Langenegger, O. and W. J. Verwoerd . 1971. Topographic survey. In van Zinderen Bakker, E. M., Sr, Winterbottom, J. M., and Dyer, R. A. (eds.), Marion and Prince Edward Islands: report on the South African biological and geological expeditions, 1965–1966. Cape Town: A.A. Balkema, 32–39.
- Legendre, P. and L. Legendre . 1998. Numerical Ecology. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 853 pp.
- Lobo, J. M. , J-P. Lumaret , and P. Jay-Robert . 2002. Modelling the species richness distribution of French dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) and delimiting the predictive capacity of different groups of explanatory variables. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11:265–277.
- Lyons, B. , N. M. Nadkarni , and M. P. North . 2000. Spatial distribution and succession of epiphytes on Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock) in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 78:957–968.
- Mann, M. E. 2002. The value of multiple proxies. Science 297:1481–1482.
- McCarroll, D. 1993. Modelling late-Holocene snow-avalanche activity: incorporating a new approach to lichenometry. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 18:527–539.
- McCarthy, D. P. 1992. Dating with cushion plants: establishment of a Silene acaulis growth curve in the Canadian Rockies. Arctic and Alpine Research 24:50–55.
- McCarthy, D. P. 1997. Habitat selection and ecology of Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr. in glacial forefields: implications for lichenometry. Journal of Biogeography 24:363–373.
- McCarthy, D. P. 1999. A biological basis for lichenometry?. Journal of Biogeography 26:379–386.
- McCarthy, D. P. 2003. Estimating lichenometric ages by direct and indirect measurement of radial growth: a case study of Rhizocarpon agg. at the Illecillewaet Glacier, British Columbia. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 35:203–213.
- Molau, U. 1997. Age-related growth and reproduction in Diapensia lapponica , an Arctic-alpine cushion plant. Nordic Journal of Botany 17:225–324.
- Moore, D. M. 1968. The vascular flora of the Falkland Islands. London: British Antarctic Survey. 202 pp.
- Niklasson, M. 2002. A comparison of three age determination methods for suppressed Norway spruce: implications for age structure analysis. Forest Ecology and Management 161:279–288.
- Orchard, A. E. 1989. Azorella Lamarck (Apiaceae) on Heard and Macquarie Islands, with description of a new species, A. macquariensis . Muelleria 7:15–20.
- Rice, W. R. 1989. Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43:223–225.
- Schulze, B. R. 1971. The climate of Marion Island. In van Zinderen Bakker, E. M., Sr, Winterbottom, J. M., and Dyer, R. A. (eds.), Marion and Prince Edward Islands: report on the South African biological and geological expeditions, 1965–1966. Cape Town: A.A. Balkema, 16–31.
- Trotter III, R. T. , N. S. Cobb , and T. G. Whitham . 2002. Herbivory, plant resistance, and climate in the tree ring record: Interactions distort climatic reconstructions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99:10197–10202.
- Verwoerd, W. J. 1971. Geology. In van Zinderen Bakker, E. M., Sr, Winterbottom, J. M., and Dyer, R. A. (eds.), Marion and Prince Edward Islands: report on the South African biological and geological expeditions, 1965–1966. Cape Town: A.A. Balkema, 40–62.
- Vogel, J. C. , A. Fuls , and E. Visser . 2001. Radiocarbon adjustments to the dendrochronology of a yellowwood tree. South African Journal of Science 97:164–166.
- Winchester, V. and S. Harrison . 1994. A development of the lichenometric method applied to the dating of glacially influenced debris flows in southern Chile. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 19:137–151.
- Winchester, V. and S. Harrison . 2000. Dendrochronology and lichenometry: colonization, growth rates and dating of geomorphological events on the east side of North Patagonian Icefield, Chile. Geomorphology 34:181–194.
- Winchester, V. and R. K. Chaujar . 2002. Lichenometric dating of slope movements, Nant Ffrancon, North Wales. Geomorphology 47:61–74.