Rock Glaciers in Central Colorado, U.S.A., as Indicators of Holocene Climate Change

References Cited

• Armour, J. , P. J. Fawcett , and J. W. Geissman . 2002. 15 k.y. Paleoclimatic and glacial record from northern New Mexico. Geology 30:723–726.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baroni, C. , A. Carton , and R. Seppi . 2004. Distribution and behavior of rock glaciers in Adamello-Presanella Massif (Italian Alps). Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 15:243–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsch, D. 1977. Nature and importance of mass-wasting by rock glaciers in alpine permafrost environments. Earth Surficial Processes 2:231–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, J. B. 1967. Recent glacial history of an alpine area in the Colorado Front Range, USA. I. Establishing a lichen growth curve. Journal of Glaciology 6:817–832.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict, J. B. 1973. Chronology of cirque glaciation, Colorado Front Range. Quaternary Research 3:585–599.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict, J. B. 1985. Arapaho Pass: glacial geology and archeology at the crest of the Colorado Front Range Research Report no. 3. Ward, Colorado Center for Mountain Archeology. 197.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict, J. B. 1990. Lichen mortality due to late-lying snow: results of a transplant study. Arctic and Alpine Research 22:81–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, J. B. 1993. A 2000-year lichen-snowkill chronology for the Colorado Front Range, U.S.A. The Holocene 3:27–33.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, L. , R. Madole , G. Landis , and J. C. Gosse . 2005. New data for Late Pleistocene Pinedale alpine glaciation in southwestern Colorado. Quaternary Science Reviews 24:49–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beschel, R. 1961. Dating rock surfaces by lichen growth and its application to glaciation and physiography (lichenometry). In Raasch, G. O. , editor. ed. Geology of the Arctic. Vol. 2 Toronto University of Toronto Press. 1044–1062.
   Google Scholar
• Birkeland, P. W. 1973. Use of relative age-dating methods in a stratigraphic study of rock glacier deposits, Mt. Sopris, Colorado. Arctic and Alpine Research 5:401–416.
   Google Scholar
• Brazier, V. , M. P. Kirkbirde , and I. F. Owens . 1998. The relationship between climate and rock glacier distribution in the Ben Ohau Range, New Zealand. Geografiska Annaler 80A:193–207.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, W. H. 1925. A probable fossil glacier. Journal of Geology 33:464–466.
   Google Scholar
• Brugger, K. A. 2006. Late Pleistocene climate inferred from the reconstruction of the Taylor River Glacier Complex, southern Sawatch Range, Colorado. Geomorphology 75:318–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugger, K. A. and B. S. Goldstein . 1999. Paleoglacier reconstruction and late Pleistocene equilibrium-line altitudes, southern Sawatch Range, Colorado. In Mickelson, D. M. and J. W. Attig , editors. eds. Glacial Processes Past and Present Special Paper 337. Boulder, Colorado Geological Society of America. 103–112.
   Google Scholar
• Brunstein, F. C. 1996. Climatic significance of the bristlecone pine latewood frost-ring record at Almagre Mountain, Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 28:65–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, B. 1971. Movement measurements on two rock glaciers in the eastern Elk Mountains, Colorado U.S. Geology Survey. Professional Paper 750-B, B108–B116.
   Google Scholar
• Bull, W. B. and M. T. Brandon . 1998. Lichen dating of earthquake-generated regional rockfall events, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin 110:60–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkin, P. E. , L. L. Haworth , and J. M. Ellis . 1987. Rock glaciers of central Brooks Range, Alaska, U.S.A. In Giardino, J. R. , J. F. Shroder Jr , and J. D. Vitek , editors. eds. Rock glaciers London Allen and Unwin, Inc. 65–82.
   Google Scholar
• Capps Jr, S. R. 1910. Rock glaciers in Alaska. Journal of Geology 18:359–375.
   Google Scholar
• Carrara, P. E. , D. A. Trimble , and M. Meyer . 1991. Holocene treeline fluctuations in the northern San Juan Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A., as indicated by radiocarbon-dated conifer wood. Arctic and Alpine Research 23:233–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, D. H. , M. M. Clark , and A. R. Gillespie . 1994. Debris-covered glaciers in the Sierra Nevada, California, and their implications for snowline reconstruction. Quaternary Research 41:139–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, D. H. , E. J. Steig , N. Potter Jr , and A. R. Gillepsie . 1998. Genetic variability of rock glaciers. Geografiska Annaler 80A:175–182.
   Google Scholar
• Corte, A. E. 1987. Rock glacier taxonomy. In Giardino, J. R. , J. F. Shroder Jr , and J. D. Vitek , editors. eds. Rock glaciers London Allen and Unwin, Inc. 27–39.
   Google Scholar
• Elconin, R. F. and E. R. LaChapelle . 1997. Flow and internal structure of a rock glacier. Journal of Glaciology 43:328–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias, S. A. 1996. Late Pleistocene and Holocene seasonal temperatures reconstructed from fossil beetle assemblages in the Rocky Mountains. Quaternary Research 46:311–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emslie, S. D. , M. Stiger , and E. Wambach . 2005. Packrat middens and late Holocene environmental change in southwestern Colorado. The Southwestern Naturalist 50:209–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, D. J. A. , S. Archer , and D. J. H. Wilson . 1999. A comparison of the lichenometric and Schmidt hammer dating techniques based on data from the proglacial areas of some Icelandic glaciers. Quaternary Science Reviews 18:13–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fall, P. L. 1997. Timberline fluctuation and late Quaternary paleoclimates in the southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109:1306–1320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giardino, J. R. and J. D. Vitek . 1988. The significance of rock glaciers in the glacial-periglacial landscape continuum. Journal of Quaternary Science 3:97–104.
   Google Scholar
• Gosse, J. C. , J. Klein , E. B. Evenson , B. Lawn , and R. Middleton . 1995. Beryllium-10 dating of the duration and retreat of the last Pinedale glacial sequence. Science 268:1329–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haeberli, W. 1985. Creep of mountain permafrost; internal structure and flow of alpine rock glaciers. Mitteilungen der Versuchsanstalt fuer Wasserbau, Hydrologie, und Glaziologie 77:142.
   Google Scholar
• Hales, T. C. and J. J. Roering . 2005. Climate-controlled variations in scree production, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geology 33:701–704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, S. J. and W. B. Whalley . 1995. Preliminary results from the lichenometric study of the Nautardálur rock glacier, Tröllaskagi, northern Iceland. Geomorphology 12:123–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, P. D. , P. L. Gibbard , and J. C. Woodward . 2003. Relict rock glaciers as indicators of Mediterranean paleoclimate during the Last Glacial Maximum (Late Würmian) in northwest Greece. Journal of Quaternary Science 18:431–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humlum, O. 1998. The climatic significance of rock glaciers. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 9:75–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humlum, O. 2000. The geomorphic significance of rock glaciers: estimates of rock glacier debris volumes and headwall recession rates in West Greenland. Geomorphology 35:41–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda, A. and N. Matsuoka . 2002. Degradation of talus-derived rock glaciers in the upper Engadin Valley, Swiss Alps. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 13:145–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innes, J. L. 1984. The optimal sample size in lichenometric studies. Arctic and Alpine Research 16:233–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerschner, H. 1978. Paleoclimatic inferences from late Würm rock glaciers, eastern Central Alps, western Tyrol, Austria. Arctic and Alpine Research 10:635–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkbride, M. and V. Brazier . 1998. On the sensitivity of Holocene talus-derived rock glaciers to climate change in the Ben Ohau Range, New Zealand. Journal of Quaternary Science 10:353–365.
   Google Scholar
• Konrad, S. K. and D. H. Clark . 1998. Evidence for an early Neoglacial glacier advance from rock glaciers and lake sediments in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 30:272–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka, N. 2001. Direct observation of frost wedging in alpine bedrock. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26:601–614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarroll, D. 1994. A new approach to lichenometry: dating single-age species and diachronous surfaces. The Holocene 4:383–396.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, C. D. 1973. Chronology of Neoglacial deposits in the northern Sawatch Range, Colorado. Arctic and Alpine Research 5:385–400.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, S. E. 1987. Regional and topoclimatic implications of rock glacier stratigraphy: Blanca Massif, Colorado. In Giardino, J. R. , J. F. Shroder Jr , and J. D. Vitek , editors. eds. Rock glaciers London Allen and Unwin, Inc. 107–125.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, S. E. and G. A. Olyphant . 1990. Alpine lithofacies variations: working toward a physically-based model. Geomorphology 3:73–90.
   Google Scholar
• Munroe, J. S. 2002. Timing of postglacial cirque reoccupation in the northern Uinta Mountains, northeastern Utah, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 34:38–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, A. R. and R. R. Shroba . 1998. Soil relative dating of moraine and outwash-terrace sequences in the northern part of the upper Arkansas Valley, central Colorado. Arctic and Alpine Research 30:349–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas, J. W. and D. R. Butler . 1996. Application of relative-age dating techniques on rock glaciers of the La Sal Mountains, Utah: an interpretation of Holocene paleoclimates. Geografiska Annaler 78:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Noller, J. S. and W. W. Locke . 2000. Lichenometry. In Noller, J. S. , J. M. Sowers , and W. R. Lettis , editors. eds. Quaternary Geochronology Methods and Applications Washington, D.C American Geophysical Union. 261–272.
   Google Scholar
• Olyphant, G. A. 1987. Rock glacier response to abrupt changes in talus production in rock glaciers. In Giardino, J. R. , J. F. Shroder Jr , and J. D. Vitek , editors. eds. Rock glaciers London Allen and Unwin, Inc. 55–64.
   Google Scholar
• Outcalt, S. I. and J. B. Benedict . 1965. Photo-interpretation of two types of rock glaciers in the Colorado Front Range, U.S.A. Journal of Glaciology 5:849–856.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen, K. L. and P. J. Mehringer . 1976. Postglacial timberline fluctuations, La Plata Mountains, southwestern Colorado. Arctic and Alpine Research 8:275–288.
   Google Scholar
• Potter Jr, N. 1972. Ice-cored rock glacier, Galena Creek, northern Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83:3025–3058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, N. , E. J. Steig , D. H. Clark , M. A. Speece , G. M. Clark , and A. B. Updike . 1998. Galena Creek rock glacier revisited—new observations on an old controversy. Geografiska Annaler 80A:251–265.
   Google Scholar
• Sailer, R. and H. Kerschner . 1999. Equilibrium-line altitudes and rock glaciers during the Younger Dryas cooling event, Ferwell group, western Tyrol, Austria. Annals of Glaciology 28:141–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan, V. F. and L. D. Dyke . 1998. Decadal and millennium velocities of rock glaciers, Selwyn Mountains, Canada. Geografiska Annaler 80A:237–249.
   Google Scholar
• Stuiver, M. , P. J. Reimer , and R. W. Reimer . 2005. CALIB 4.3 [program and documentation]. Seattle University of Washington, and Belfast: Queen's University of Belfast. (http://www.calib.org).
   Google Scholar
• Tweto, O. 1987. Rock units of the Precambrian basement in Colorado U.S. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 1321-A.
   Google Scholar
• Walder, J. S. and B. Hallet . 1986. The physical basis of frost weathering: toward a more fundamental and unified perspective. Arctic and Alpine Research 18:27–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalley, W. B. and H. E. Martin . 1992. Rock glaciers: II models and mechanisms. Progress in Physical Geography 16:127–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wharhaftig, C. and A. Cox . 1959. Rock glaciers in the Alaska Range. Geological Society of America Bulletin 70:383–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar