Extreme High-altitude Asian and Andean Pierid Butterflies Are Not Each Others’ Closest Relatives

References Cited

• Ackery, P. R. 1975. A new pierine genus and species with notes on the genus Tatochila (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 30:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Braby, M. F. , R. Vila , and N. E. Pierce . 2006. Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): higher classification and biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 147:238–275.417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caterino, M. S. and F. A. H. Sperling . 1999. Papilio phylogeny based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes. Phylogenetics and Evolution 11:122–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapperton, C. M. 1993. Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology of South America Amsterdam Elsevier. 779.
   Google Scholar
• Descimon, H. 1986. Origins of lepidopteran faunas in the high tropical Andes. In: Vuilleumier, F. and M. Monasterio , editors. eds. High-altitude Tropical Biogeography New York Oxford. 500–532.
   Google Scholar
• Dixey, F. A. 1894. On the phylogeny of the Pierinae, as illustrated by their wing-markings and geographical distribution. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1894:2 249–335.
   Google Scholar
• Elwes, H. J. 1895. Geographical distribution of butterflies. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1894:6 lii–1xxxiv.
   Google Scholar
• Felsenstein, J. 1981. Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. Journal of Molecular Evolution 17:368–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, W. D. 1958. A redefinition of the butterfly genera Tatochila, Phulia, Piercolias , and Baltia , with descriptions of related genera and subgenera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 108:103–131.
   Google Scholar
• Field, W. E. and J. Herrera . 1977. The pierid butterflies of the genera Hypsochila Ureta, Phulia Herrich-Schaffer, Infraphulia Field, Pierphulia Field, and Piercolias Staudinger. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 232:1–64.
   Google Scholar
• Forster, W. 1958. Die Tiergeographischen Verhaktnisse Boliviens. In: Becker, E. C. , editor. ed. Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Entomology (1956) Ottawa Mortimer. vol. 1:843–846.
   Google Scholar
• Grote, A. R. 1900. The descent of the pierids. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 39:4–67.
   Google Scholar
• Hasegawa, M. , K. Kishino , and T. Yano . 1985. Dating the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution 22:160–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huelsenbeck, J. P. and F. Ronquist . 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics 17:754–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalvoda, J. 1992. Geomorphological record of the Quaternary orogeny in the Himalaya and the Karakoram Amsterdam Elsevier. 316.
   Google Scholar
• Klots, A. B. 1932. A generic revision of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera), together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica Americana 12:139–204.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb, S. , L. Hoke , L. Kennan , and J. Dewey . 1997. Cenozoic evolution of the Central Andes in Bolivia and northern Chile. In: Burg, J. P. and M. Ford , editors. eds. Orogeny through Time Special Publication 121. London The Geological Society. 237–264.
   Google Scholar
• Mani, M. S. 1968. Ecology and Biogeography of High-Altitude Insects The Hague Junk. 527.
   Google Scholar
• Mani, M. S. 1986. Butterflies of the Himalaya The Hague Junk. 181.
   Google Scholar
• Matthew, W. D. 1915. Climate and evolution. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 24:171–318.
   Google Scholar
• Posada, D. and K. A. Crandall . 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14:817–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymo, M. E. and W. F. Ruddiman . 1992. Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate. Nature 359:117–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeber, J. 1908–1924. (South American Pieridae). In: Seitz, A. , editor. ed. The Macrolepidoptera of the World Stuttgart Kernen. 5:53–55–56.97–98.1015. 1016. 1024; plates 18, 28, 192, 194.
   Google Scholar
• Shackleton, R. M. and C. Chengfa . 1988. Cenozoic uplift and deformation of the Tibetan Plateau: the geomorphological evidence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, (A) 327:365–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, A. M. 1991. The zoogeography and systematics of the Argentine Andean and Patagonian pierid fauna. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 28:137–238.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, A. M. 1992. Why are there so few butterflies in the High Andes?. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 31:35–56.
   Google Scholar
• Swofford, D. L. 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0b.10. Sunderland, MA Sinauer.
   Google Scholar
• Tamura, K. and M. Nei . 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10:512–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeuner, F. E. 1942. Two new fossil butterflies of the family Pieridae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9:409–416.
   Google Scholar