Pollen Limitation in the Alpine: A Meta-Analysis

References Cited

• Adams, D. C. , J. Gurevitch , and M. S. Rosenberg . 1997. Resampling tests for meta-analysis of ecological data. Ecology 78:1277–1283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aizen, M. A. and L. D. Harder . 2007. Expanding the limits of the pollen-limitation concept: effects of pollen quantity and quality. Ecology 88:271–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arft, A. M. , M. D. Walker , J. Gurevitch , J. M. Alatalo , M. S. Bret-Harte , M. Dale , M. Diemer , F. Gugerli , G. H R. Henry , M. H. Jones , R. D. Hollister , I. S. Jónsdóttir , K. Laine , E. Lévesque , G. M. Marion , U. Molau , P. Mølgaard , U. Nordenhäll , V. Raszhivin , C. H. Robinson , G. Starr , A. Stenström , M. Stenström , Ø Totland , P. L. Turner , L. J. Walker , P. J. Webber , J. M. Welker , and P. A. Wookey . 1999. Responses of tundra plants to experimental warming: meta-analysis of the International Tundra Experiment. Ecological Monographs 69:491–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo, M. T K. , R. B. Primack , and J. J. Armesto . 1982. Community studies in population ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile I. Pollination mechanisms and altitudinal variation. American Journal of Botany 69:82–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo, M. T K. , J. J. Armesto , and R. B. Primack . 1985. Community studies in population ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile II. Effect of temperature on visitation rates and pollination possibilities. Plant Systematics and Evolution 149:187–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo, M. T K. , M. S. Muñoz , C. Henríquez , I. Till-Bottraud , and F. Pérez . 2006. Erratic pollination, high selfing levels and their correlates and consequences in an altitudinally widespread above-tree-line species in the high Andes of Chile. Acta Oecologica 30:248–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashman, T-L. , T. M. Knight , J. A. Steets , P. Amarasekare , M. Burd , D. R. Campbell , M. R. Dudash , M. O. Johnson , S. J. Mazer , R. J. Mitchell , M. T. Morgan , and W. Wilson . 2004. Pollen limitation of plant reproduction: ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences. Ecology 85:2408–2421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D. 1987. Constraints to plant growth, reproduction, and establishment in arctic environments. Arctic and Alpine Research 19:357–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D. and H. A. Mooney . 1968. The ecology of arctic and alpine plants. Biological Review 43:481–529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingham, R. A. and A. R. Orthner . 1998. Efficient pollination of alpine plants. Nature 391:238–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss, L. C. 1971. Arctic and alpine plant life cycles. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2:405–438.
   Google Scholar
• Burd, M. 1994. Bateman's principle and plant reproduction: the role of pollen limitation in fruit and seed set. Botanical Review 60:83–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burd, M. 1995. Ovule packaging in stochastic pollination and fertilization environments. Evolution 49:100–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, R. M M. 1989. Studies in Plant Survival: Ecological Case Histories of Plant Adaptation to Adversity. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications. 296.
   Google Scholar
• Culley, T. M. , S. G. Weller , and A. N. Sakai . 2002. The evolution of wind pollination in angiosperms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:361–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, T. J. , T. G. Barraclough , M. W. Chase , P. S. Soltis , D. E. Soltis , and V. Savolainen . 2004. Darwin's abominable mystery: insights from a supertree of the angiosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101:1904–1909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galen, C. 1985. Regulation of seed-set in Polemonium viscosum : floral scents, pollination, and resources. Ecology 66:792–797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galen, C. 2000. High and dry: drought stress, sex-allocation trade-offs, and selection on flower size in the alpine wildflower Polemonium viscosum (Polemoniaceae). American Naturalist 156:72–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galen, C. and M. L. Stanton . 1989. Bumble bee pollination and floral morphology: factors influencing pollen dispersal in the alpine sky pilot, Polemonium viscosum (Polemoniaceae). American Journal of Botany 76:419–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland Jr, T. , A. W. Dickerman , C. M. Janis , and J. A. Jones . 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Systematic Biology 42:265–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland Jr, T. , A. F. Bennet , and E. L. Rezende . 2005. Phylogenetic approaches in comparative physiology. Journal of Experimental Biology 208:3015–3035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudeul, M. and I. Till-Bottraud . 2004. Reproductive ecology of the endangered alpine species Eryngium alpinum L. (Apiaceae): phenology, gene dispersal and reproductive success. Annals of Botany 93:711–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez, J. M. 2002. Self-pollination in Euphrasia willcommii Freyn (Scrophulariaceae), an endemic species from the alpine of the Sierra Nevada (Spain). Plant Systematics and Evolution 232:63–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurevitch, J. and L. V. Hedges . 1997. Statistical issues in ecological meta-analyses. Ecology 80:1142–1149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurevitch, J. and L. V. Hedges . 2001. In Sheiner, S. M. and J. Gurevitch . Meta-analysis:combining the results of independent experiments. Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments. New York Oxford University Press. 347–369.
   Google Scholar
• Gurevitch, J. , P. S. Curtis , and M. H. Jones . 2001. Meta-analysis in ecology. Advances in Ecological Research 32:200–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haig, D. and M. Westoby . 1988. On limits of seed production. The American Naturalist 131:757–759.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges, L. V. and I. Olkin . 1985. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. New York Academic Press. 369.
   Google Scholar
• Heinrich, B. 1993. The Hot-Blooded Insects: Strategies and Mechanisms of Thermoregulation. Berlin Springer. 602.
   Google Scholar
• Inouye, D. W. and G. H. Pyke . 1988. Pollination biology in the Snowy Mountains of Australia: comparisons with montane Colorado, USA. Australian Journal of Ecology 13:191–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasagi, T. and G. Kudo . 2003. Variations in bumble bee preference and pollen limitation among neighbouring populations: comparisons between Phyllodoce caerulea and Phyllodoce aleutica (Ericaceae) along snowmelt gradients. American Journal of Botany 90:1321–1327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall, D. M. , P. G. Kevan , and J. D. Lafontaine . 1981. Nocturnal flight activity of moths (Lepidoptera) in alpine tundra. Canadian Entomologist 113:607–614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kevan, P. G. 1972. Insect pollination of High Arctic flowers. The Journal of Ecology 60:831–847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kevan, P. G. 1973. Flowers, insects, and pollination ecology in the Canadian High Arctic. Polar Record 16:667–674.
   Google Scholar
• Kevan, P. G. and H. G. Baker . 1983. Insects as flower visitors and pollinators. Annual Review of Entomology 28:407–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kevan, P. G. and D. M. Kendall . 1997. Liquid assets for fat bankers: summer nectarivory by migratory moths in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 29:478–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, T. M. , J. A. Steets , J. C. Vamosi , S. J. Mazer , M. Burd , D. R. Campbell , M. R. Dudash , M. O. Johnson , R. J. Mitchell , and T-L. Ashman . 2005. Pollen limitation of plant reproduction: pattern and process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 36:467–497.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, T. M. , J. A. Steets , and T-L. Ashman . 2006. A quantitative synthesis of pollen supplementation experiments highlights the contribution of resource reallocation to estimates of pollen limitation. American Journal of Botany 93:271–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körner, C. 1999. Alpine Plant Life. 2nd ed . Berlin Springer-Verlag. 338.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, B. M H. and S. C H. Barrett . 2000. A comparative analysis of pollen limitation in flowering plants. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69:503–520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, B. M H. , P. G. Kevan , and D. W. Inouye . 2001. Flies and flowers: taxonomic diversity of anthophiles and pollinators. Canadian Entomologist 133:439–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestre, F. T. , F. Valladares , and J. F. Reynolds . 2005. Is the change of plant-plant interactions with abiotic stress predictable? A meta-analysis of field results in arid environments. Journal of Ecology 93:748–757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani, M. S. 1962. Introduction to High Altitude Entomology. Insect Life above the Timber-Line in the North-West Himalaya. London Methuen & Co. 302.
   Google Scholar
• McCall, C. and R. B. Primack . 1992. Influence of flower characteristics, weather, time of day, and season on insect visitation rates in three plant communities. American Journal of Botany 79:434–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J. , M. Litvak , S. Kelso , and A. Vargo . 1994. Comparative reproductive biology of two alpine primrose species. Arctic and Alpine Research 26:297–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, H. 1881. Alpenblummen, ihre Befruchtung durch Insekten und ihre Anpassungen an dieselben. Leizpig Engelmann. 611.
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz, A. A. , C. Celedon-Neghme , L. A. Cavieres , and M. T K. Arroyo . 2005. Bottom-up effects of nutrient availability on flower production, pollinator visitation, and seed output in a high-Andean shrub. Oecologia 143:126–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp, M. , S. R J. Woodell , J. Böcher , and O. Mattsson . 1996. Reproductive biology of four species of Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae) in West Greenland. Arctic and Alpine Research 28:403–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, A. J. 1997. Plant Breeding Systems. London Chapman & Hall. 529.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. S. , D. C. Adams , and J. Gurevitch . 2000. Meta Win: Statistical Software for Meta-Analysis with Resampling Tests. Version 2.0 . Sunderland Sinauer Associates. 128.
   Google Scholar
• Shykoff, J. A. 1988. Maintenance of gynodioecy in Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae): stage-specific fecundity and viability selection. American Journal of Botany 75:844–850.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenström, M. and P. Bergman . 1998. Bumblebees at an alpine site in northern Sweden: temporal development, population size, and plant utilization. Ecography 21:306–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totland, Ø . 1993. Pollination in alpine Norway: flowering phenology, insect visitors, and visitation rates in two plant communities. Canadian Journal of Botany 71:1072–1079.
   Google Scholar
• Totland, Ø . 1994. Influence of climate, time of day and season, and flower density on insect flower visitation in alpine Norway. Arctic and Alpine Research 26:66–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totland, Ø . 2001. Environmental-dependent pollen limitation and selection on floral traits in an alpine species. Ecology 82:2233–2244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totland, Ø and W. Eide . 1999. Environmentally-dependent pollen limitation on seed production in alpine Ranunculus acris . Ecoscience 6:173–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totland, Ø and M. Sottocornola . 2001. Pollen limitation of reproductive success in two sympatric alpine willows (Salicaceae) with contrasting pollination strategies. American Journal of Botany 88:1011–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vamosi, J. C. , T. M. Knight , J. A. Steets , S. J. Mazer , M. Burd , and T-L. Ashman . 2006. Pollination decays in biodiversity hotspots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103:956–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdú, M. and A. Traveset . 2004. Bridging meta-analysis and the comparative method: a test of seed size effect on germination after frugivore's gut passage. Oecologia 138:414–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdú, M. and A. Traveset . 2005. Early emergence enhances plant fitness: a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis. Ecology 86:1385–1394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, C. O. and M. J. Donoghue . 2004. Phylomatic: tree assembly for applied phylogenetics. Molecular Ecology Notes 5:181–183.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M. and G. H. Pyke . 1988. Reproduction in Polemonium : assessing the factors limiting seed set. The American Naturalist 131:723–738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar