Relationships between Flowering Phenology and Functional Traits in Eastern Tibet Alpine Meadow

References Cited

• Aarssen, L. W. and C. Y. Jordan . 2001. Between-species patterns of covariation in plant size, seed size and fecundity in monocarpic herbs. Ecoscience 8:471–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerly, D. D. 2000. Taxon sampling, correlated evolution, and independent contrasts. Evolution 54:1480–1492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansquer, P. , R. A. H. Khaled , P. Cruz , J. P. Theau , O. Therond , and M. Duru . 2009. Characterizing and predicting plant phenology in species-rich grasslands. Ecological Indicators 64:57–70.
   Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D. 1974. Adaptations and origins of alpine plants. Arctic and Alpine Research 6:129–142.
   Google Scholar
• Bliss, L. C. 1971. Arctic and alpine plant life cycles. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2:405–438.
   Google Scholar
• Bolmgren, K. and P. Cowan . 2008. Time-size tradeoffs: a phylogenetic comparative study of flowering time, plant height and seed mass in a north-temperate flora. Oikos 117:424–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolmgren, K. , O. Eriksson , and H. P. Linder . 2003. Contrasting flowering phenology and species richness in abiotically and biotically pollinated angiosperms. Evolution 57:2001–2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustamante, E. and A. Burquez . 2008. Effects of plant size and weather on the flowering phenology of the organ pipe cactus ( Stenocereus thurberi ). Annals of Botany 102:1019–1030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelissen, J. H. C. , S. Lavorel , E. Garnier , S. Diaz , N. Buchmann , D. E. Gurvich , P. B. Reich , H. Steege , H. D. Morgan , and M. G. A. Van Der Heijden . 2003. A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany 51:335–380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlgren, J. P. , O. Eriksson , K. Bolmgren , M. Strindell , and J. Ehrlen . 2006. Specific leaf area as a superior predictor of changes in field layer abundance during forest succession. Journal of Vegetation Science 17:577–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Díaz, S. , J. G. Hodgson , K. Thompson , M. Cabido , J. H. C. Cornelissen , A. Jalili , G. Montserrat-Marti , J. P. Grime , F. Zarrinkamar , and Y. Asri . 2004. The plant traits that drive ecosystems: evidence from three continents. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:295–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elzinga, J. A. , A. Atlan , A. Biere , L. Gigord , A. E. Weis , and G. Bernasconi . 2007. Time after time: flowering phenology and biotic interactions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22:432–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falster, D. S. and M. Westoby . 2003. Plant height and evolutionary games. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18:337–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felsenstein, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. The American Naturalist 125:1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenner, M. 1998. The phenology of growth and reproduction in plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 1:78–91.
   Google Scholar
• Golodets, C. , M. Sternberg , and J. Kigel . 2009. A community-level test of the leaf-height-seed ecology strategy scheme in relation to grazing conditions. Journal of Vegetation Science 20:392–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubb, P. J. , D. A. Coomes , and D. J. Metcalfe . 2005. Comment on “A brief history of seed size”. Science 310:783a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inouye, D. W. and F. E. Wielgolaski . 2003. High altitude climates. In Schwartz, M. (ed.). Phenology: an Integrative Environmental Science. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers. 195–214.
   Google Scholar
• Iversen, M. , K. A. Brathen , N. G. Yoccoz , and R. A. Ims . 2009. Predictors of plant phenology in a diverse high-latitude alpine landscape: growth forms and topography. Journal of Vegetation Science 20:903–915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson, A. and O. Eriksson . 2000. A comparative study of seed number, seed size, seedling size and recruitment in grassland plants. Oikos 88:494–502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. D. 1992. Climatic and phylogenetic determinants of flowering seasonality in the Cape flora. Journal of Ecology 81:567–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochmer, J. P. and S. N. Handel . 1986. Constraints and competition in the evolution of flowering phenology. Ecological Monographs 56:303–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudo, G. and S. Suzuki . 1999. Flowering phenology of alpine plant communities along a gradient of snowmelt timing. Polar Bioscience 12:100–113.
   Google Scholar
• Lacey, E. P. , D. A. Roach , D. Herr , S. Kincaid , and R. Perrott . 2003. Multigenerational effects of flowering and fruiting phenology in Plantago lanceolata . Ecology 84:2462–2475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavergne, S. , E. Garnier , and M. Debussche . 2003. Do rock endemic and widespread plant species differ under the Leaf-Height-Seed plant ecology strategy scheme? Ecology Letters 6:398–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leishman, M. R. , M. Westoby , and E. Jurado . 1995. Correlates of seed size variation: a comparison among five temperate floras. Journal of Ecology 83:517–529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leishman, M. R. , I. J. Wright , A. T. Moles , and M. Westoby . 2000. The evolutionary ecology of seed size. In Fenner, M. (ed.). Seeds: the Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities. 2nd edition. Wallingford CABI Publishing. 31–57.
   Google Scholar
• Leishman, M. R. , T. Haslehurst , A. Ares , and Z. Baruch . 2007. Leaf trait relationships of native and invasive plants: community- and global-scale comparisons. New Phytologist 176:635–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinkova, J. , P. Šmilauer , and S. Mihulka . 2002. Phenological pattern of grassland species: relation to the ecological and morphological traits. Flora—Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 197:290–302.
   Google Scholar
• Mazer, S. 1990. Seed mass of Indiana Dune genera and families: taxonomic and ecological correlates. Evolutionary Ecology 4:326–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalski, S. G. and W. Durka . 2007. Synchronous pulsed flowering: analysis of the flowering phenology in Juncus (Juncaceae). Annals of Botany 100:1271–1285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moles, A. T. , D. S. Falster , M. R. Leishman , and M. Westoby . 2004. Small-seeded species produce more seeds per square metre of canopy per year, but not per individual per lifetime. Journal of Ecology 92:384–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moles, A. T. , D. I. Warton , L. Warman , N. G. Swenson , S. W. Laffan , A. E. Zanne , A. Pitman , F. A. Hemmings , and M. R. Leishman . 2009. Global patterns in plant height. Journal of Ecology 97:923–932.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu, K. , Y. Luo , P. Choler , and G. Du . 2008. The role of biomass allocation strategy in diversity loss due to fertilization. Basic and Applied Ecology 9:485–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberrath, R. and K. Bohning-Gaese . 2002. Phenological adaptation of ant-dispersed plants to seasonal variation in ant activity. Ecology 83:1412–1420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollerton, J. and A. Lack . 1998. Relationships between flowering phenology, plant size and reproductive success in Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae). Plant Ecology 139:35–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollerton, J. and A. J. Lack . 1992. Flowering phenology: an example of relaxation of natural selection? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7:274–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradis, E. and J. Claude . 2002. Analysis of comparative data using generalized estimating equations. Journal of Theoretical Biology 218:175–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradis, E. , J. Claude , and K. Strimmer . 2004. APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 20:289–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pianka, E. R. 1973. The structure of lizard communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4:53–74.
   Google Scholar
• Primack, R. B. 1985. Longevity of individual flowers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16:15–37.
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team 2009. R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz, D. , J. K. Rapp , V. L. Sork , B. J. Rathcke , G. A. Reese , and J. C. Weaver . 1981. Phenological properties of wind- and insect-pollinated prairie plants. Ecology 62:49–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathcke, B. and E. P. Lacey . 1985. Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16:179–214.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, P. B. , D. S. Ellsworth , M. B. Walters , J. M. Vose , C. Gresham , J. C. Volin , and W. D. Bowman . 1999. Generality of leaf trait relationships: a test across six biomes. Ecology 80:1955–1969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rösch, H. , M. W. Van Rooyen , and G. K. Theron . 1997. Predicting competitive interactions between pioneer plant species by using plant traits. Journal of Vegetation Science 8:489–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueden, C. T. and K. W. Eliceiri . 2007. Visualization approaches for multidimensional biological image data. BioTechniques 43:31–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sola, A. J. and J. Ehrlén . 2007. Vegetative phenology constrains the onset of flowering in the perennial herb Lathyrus vernus . Journal of Ecology 95:208–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, F. G. 1977. Coadapted competitors: the flowering seasons of hummingbird-pollinated plants in a tropical forest. Science 198:1177–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, G. N. , P. Willmer , and J. A. Rowe . 1998. Partitioning of pollinators during flowering in an African Acacia community. Ecology 79:2808–2827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vashistha, R. K. , N. Rawat , A. K. Chaturvedi , B. P. Nautiyal , P. Prasad , and M. C. Nautiyal . 2009. An exploration on the phenology of different growth forms of an alpine expanse of North-West Himalaya, India. New York Science Journal 2:29–41.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, C. O. and M. J. Donoghue . 2005. Phylomatic: tree assembly for applied phylogenetics. Molecular Ecology Notes 5:181–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, C. O. , D. D. Ackerly , and S. W. Kembel . 2008. Phylocom: software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and character evolution. Bioinformatics 24:2098–2100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westoby, M. 1998. A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant and Soil 199:213–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westoby, M. , M. R. Leishman , and J. M. Lord . 1995. On misinterpreting the phylogenetic correction. Journal of Ecology 83:531–534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westoby, M. , D. S. Falster , A. T. Moles , P. A. Vesk , and I. J. Wright . 2002. Plant ecological strategies: some leading dimensions of variation between species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33:125–159.
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead, D. R. 1969. Wind pollination in the angiosperms: evolutionary and environmental considerations. Evolution 23:28–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wielgolaski, F. E. and D. W. Inouye . 2003. High latitude climates. In Schwartz, M. (ed.). Phenology: an Integrative Environmental Science. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers. 175–194.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, I. J. and M. Westoby . 1999. Differences in seedling growth behaviour among species: trait correlations across species, and trait shifts along nutrient compared to rainfall gradients. Journal of Ecology 87:85–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, I. J. , P. B. Reich , M. Westoby , D. D. Ackerly , Z. Baruch , F. Bongers , J. Cavender-Bares , T. Chapin , J. H. C. Cornelissen , M. Diemer , J. Flexas , E. Garnier , P. K. Groom , J. Gulias , K. Hikosaka , B. B. Lamont , T. Lee , W. Lee , C. Lusk , J. J. Midgley , M-L. Navas , U. Niinemets , J. Oleksyn , N. Osada , H. Poorter , P. Poot , L. Prior , V. I. Pyankov , C. Roumet , S. C. Thomas , M. G. Tjoelker , E. J. Veneklaas , and R. Villar . 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428:821–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, I. J. , D. D. Ackerly , F. Bongers , K. E. Harms , G. Ibarra-Manriquez , M. Martinez-Ramos , S. J. Mazer , H. C. Muller-Landau , H. Paz , N. C. A. Pitman , L. Poorter , M. R. Silman , C. F. Vriesendorp , C. O. Webb , M. Westoby , and S. J. Wright . 2007. Relationships among ecologically important dimensions of plant trait variation in seven Neotropical forests. Annals of Botany 99:1003–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, S. J. and O. Calderon . 1995. Phylogenetic patterns among tropical flowering phenologies. Journal of Ecology 83:937–948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar