Simulated Internal Storage Buildup, Release, and Runoff from Greenland Ice Sheet at Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland

References Cited

• ACIA 2005. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 1042 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Allerup, P. , H. Madsen , and F. Vejen . 1998. Estimating true precipitation in arctic areas. In Proceedings Nordic Hydrological Conference, Helsinki, Finland. Nordic Hydrological Programme Report,. 44:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Allerup, P. , H. Madsen , and F. Vejen . 2000. Correction of precipitation based on off-site weather information. Atmospheric Research 53:231–250.
   Google Scholar
• Bamber, J. , S. Ekholm , and W. Krabill . 2001. A new, high-resolution digital elevation model of Greenland fully validated with airborne laser altimeter data. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (B4):6733–6746.
   Google Scholar
• Box, J. E. , D. H. Bromwich , B. A. Vennhuis , L-S. Bai , J. C. Stroeve , J. C. Rogers , K. Steffen , T. Haren , and S-H. Wang . 2006. Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance variability (1988–2004) from calibrated Polar MM5 output. Journal of Climate 19:2783–2800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, W. I. and L. A. Rasmussen . 1973. The production, flow and distribution of meltwater in a glacier treated as a porous medium. In Union Geodesique et Geophysique Internationale, Association Internationale d'Hydrologie Scientifique, Commission de Neiges et Glaces, Symposium on the Hydrology of Glaciers, Cambridge, 7–13 September 1969. IAHS Publication 95:11–27.
   Google Scholar
• Dowdeswell, J. A. , J. O. Hagen , H. Björnsson , A. F. Glazovsky , W. D. Harrison , P. Holmlund , J. Jania , R. M. Koerner , B. Lefauconnier , C. S. L. Ommanney , and R. H. Thomas . 1997. The mass balance of circum-arctic glaciers and recent climate change. Quaternary Research 48:1–4. no. QR971900: 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettema, J. , M. van den Broeke , E. van Meijgaard , M. J. van de Berg , J. L. Bamber , J. E. Box , and R. C. Bales . 2009. Higher surface mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet revealed by high-resolution climate modeling. Geophysical Research Letters 36:L12501. doi:10.1029/2009GL038110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fettweis, X. 2007. Reconstruction of the 1979–2006 Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate model MAR. The Cryosphere 1:21–40.
   Google Scholar
• Fettweis, X. , M. Tedesco , M. van den Broeke , and J. Ettema . 2011. Melting trends over the Greenland Ice Sheet (1958–2009) from spaceborne microwave data and regional climate models. The Cryosphere 5:359–375. doi:10.5194/tc-5-359-2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna, E. , J. Box , and P. Huybrechts . 2007. Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance. Arctic Report Card 2007, update to State of Arctic Report 2006, NOAA. Available at http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/ .
   Google Scholar
• Hanna, E. , P. Huybrechts , K. Steffen , J. Cappelen , R. Huff , C. Shuman , T. Irvine-Fynn , S. Wise , and M. Griffiths . 2008. Increased runoff from melt from the Greenland Ice Sheet: a response to global warming. Journal of Climate 21:331–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna, E. , J. Cappelen , X. Fettweis , P. Huybrechts , A. Luckman , and M. H. Ribergaard . 2009. Hydrologic response of the Greenland Ice Sheet: the role of oceanographic warming. Hydrological Processes 23:7–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC 2007. Summary for policymakers. In Solomon, S. , D. Qin , M. Manning , Z. Chen , M. Marquis , K. B. Averyt , M. Tignor , and H. L. Miller . (eds.). Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press. p. 996
   Google Scholar
• Janssens, I. and P. Huybrechts . 2000. The treatment of meltwater retention in mass-balance parameterisation of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Annals of Glaciology 31:133–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansson, P. , R. Hock , and T. Schneider . 2003. The concept of glacier storage: a review. Journal of Hydrology 282:116–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen, O. M. , K. Khvorostovsky , M. W. Miles , and L. P. Bobylev . 2005. Recent ice sheet growth in the interior of Greenland. Science 310:1013–1016. doi:10.1126/science.1115356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemke, P. , J. Ren , R. B. Alley , I. Allison , J. Carrasco , G. Flato , Y. Fujii , G. Kaser , P. Mote , R. H. Thomas , and T. Zhang . 2007. Observations: changes in snow, ice and frozen ground. In Solomon, S. , D. Qin , M. Manning , Z. Chen , M. Marquis , K. B. Averyt , M. Tignor , and H. L. Miller . (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press. p. 48
   Google Scholar
• Liston, G. E. 1995. Local advection of momentum, heat, and moisture during the melt of patchy snow covers. Journal of Applied Meteorology 34 (7):1705–1715.
   Google Scholar
• Liston, G. E. and K. Elder . 2006a. A distributed snow-evolution modeling system (SnowModel). Journal of Hydrometeorology 7:1259–1276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liston, G. E. and K. Elder . 2006b. A meteorological distribution system for high resolution terrestrial modeling (MicroMet). Journal of Hydrometeorology 7:217–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liston, G. E. and D. K. Hall . 1995. An energy-balance model of lake-ice evolution. Journal of Glaciology 41:373–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liston, G. E. and C. A. Hiemstra . 2008. A simple data assimilation system for complex snow distributions (SnowAssim). Journal of Hydrometeorology 9:989–1004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liston, G. E. and M. Sturm . 1998. A snow-transport model for complex terrain. Journal of Glaciology 44:498–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liston, G. E. and M. Sturm . 2002. Winter precipitation patterns in arctic Alaska determined from a blowing-snow model and snow-depth observations. Journal of Hydrometeorology 3:646–659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liston, G. E. and M. Sturm . 2004. The role of winter sublimation in the Arctic moisture budget. Nordic Hydrology 35 (4):325–334.
   Google Scholar
• Liston, G. E. , J-G. Winther , O. Bruland , H. Elvehøy , and K. Sand . 1999. Below surface ice melt on the coastal Antarctic ice sheet. Journal of Glaciology 45 (150):273–285.
   Google Scholar
• Liston, G. E. , C. A. Hiemstra , K. Elder , and D. W. Cline . 2008. Mesocell study area snow distributions for the Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX). Journal of Hydrometeorology 9 (5):957–976.
   Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H. and B. Hasholt . 2006. Climatic control on river discharge simulations, Mittivakkat Glacier catchment, Ammassalik Island, SE Greenland. Nordic Hydrology 37 (4–5):327–346.
   Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H. and B. Hasholt . 2009. Observed runoff, jökulhlaups, and suspended sediment load from the Greenland Ice Sheet at Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland, for 2007 and 2008. Journal of Glaciology 55 (193):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H. and G. E. Liston . 2010. The influence of air temperature inversion on snow melt and glacier surface mass-balance simulations, SW Ammassalik Island, SE Greenland. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climate 49 (1):47–67.
   Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H. , G. E. Liston , B. Hasholt , and N. T. Knudsen . 2006a. Snow distribution and melt modeling for Mittivakkat Glacier, Ammassalik Island, SE Greenland. Journal of Hydrometeorology 7:808–824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H. , B. Hasholt , and G. E. Liston . 2006b. Water flow through Mittivakkat Glacier, Ammassalik Island, SE Greenland. Danish Journal of Geography 106 (1):25–43.
   Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H. , G. E. Liston , C. A. Hiemstra , and K. Steffen . 2008. Surface melt area and water balance modeling on the Greenland Ice Sheet 1995–2005. Journal of Hydrometeorology 9 (6):1191–1211. doi:10.1175/2008JHM957.1.
   Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H. , G. E. Liston , C. A. Hiemstra , and K. Steffen . 2009a. Record 2007 Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt-extent and runoff. Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 90 (2):13–14.
   Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H. , G. E. Liston , C. A. Hiemstra , K. Steffen , E. Hanna , and J. H. Christensen . 2009b. Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass-balance modeling and freshwater flux for 2007, and in a 1995–2007 perspective. Hydrological Processes 23:2470–2484. doi:10.1002/hyp.7354.
   Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H. , G. E. Liston , K. Steffen , and P. Chylek . 2010. Meltwater flux and runoff modeling in the ablation area of the Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 56 (195):20–32.
   Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H. , T. Mote , and G. E. Liston . 2011. Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt extent and trends, 1960–2010. Journal of Glaciology 57 (204):621–628.
   Google Scholar
• Nick, F. M. , A. Vieli , I. M. Howat , and I. Joughin . 2009. Large-scale changes in Greenland outlet glacier dynamics triggered at the terminus. Nature Geoscience 2 (2):110–114.
   Google Scholar
• Parizek, B. R. and R. B. Alley . 2004. Implications of increased Greenland surface melt under global-warming scenarios: ice-sheet simulations. Quaternary Science Reviews 23:1013–1027.
   Google Scholar
• Pimentel, S. and G. E. Flowers . 2011. A numerical study of hydrologically driven glacier dynamics and subglacial flooding. Proceedings of the Royal Society, A 467:537–558. doi:10.1098/rspa.2010.0211.
   Google Scholar
• Röthlisberger, H. and H. Lang . 1987. Glacial hydrology. In Gurnell, A. M. and M. J. Clark . (eds.). Glacio-fluvial Sediment Transfer. New York Wiley. 207–284.
   Google Scholar
• Scambos, T. and T. Haran . 2002. An image-enhanced DEM of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Annals of Glaciology 34:291–298.
   Google Scholar
• Serreze, M. C. and R. G. Barry . 2005. The Arctic Climate System. Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Science Series. Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press. 424 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Steffen, K. and J. Box . 2001. Surface climatology of the Greenland Ice Sheet: Greenland climate network 1995–1999. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (24):33951–33964.
   Google Scholar
• Steffen, K. , P. U. Clark , J. G. Cogley , D. Holland , S. Marshall , E. Rignot , and R. Thomas . 2008. Rapid changes in glacier and ice sheet and their impacts on sea level. In:. Abrupt Climate Change, a Report by the US Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey. 60–142.
   Google Scholar
• Stenborg, T. 1970. Delay of runoff from a glacier basin. Geografiske Annaler 52A:1–30.
   Google Scholar
• van de Wal, R. S. W. , W. Greuell , M. R. van den Broeke , W. Boot , H. Snellen , C. H. Reijmer , and J. Oerlemans . 2005. Surface mass balance observations and AWS data along a transect near Kangerlussuaq, West-Greenland. Annals of Glaciology 42:311–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Broeke, M. , P. Smeets , J. Ettema , and P. K. Munneke . 2008a. Surface radiation balance in the ablation zone of the west Greenland Ice Sheet. Journal of Geophysical Research 113:D13105. doi:10.1029/2007/JD009283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Broeke, M. , P. Smeets , and J. Ettema . 2008b. Surface layer climate and turbulent exchange in the ablation zone of the West Greenland Ice Sheet. International Journal of Climatology 29:2309–2323. doi:10.1002/joc.1815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Broeke, M. R. , J. Bamber , J. Ettema , E. Rignot , E. Schrama , W. J. van de Berg , E. van Meijgaard , I. Velicogna , and B. Wouters . 2009. Partitioning recent Greenland mass loss. Science 326:984–986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Broeke, M. R. , C. J. P. P. Smeets , and R. S. W. van de Wal . 2011. The seasonal cycle and interannual variability of surface energy balance and melt in the ablation zone of the West Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere 5:377–390.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, D. , B. E. Goodison , J. R. Metcalfe , V. S. Golubev , R. Bates , T. Pangburn , and C. L. Hanson . 1998. Accuracy and NWS 8 standard nonrecording precipitation gauge: results and application of WMO intercomparison. Journal of Atmospheric Oceanic Technology 15:54–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwally, J. H. , W. Abdalati , T. Herring , K. Larson , J. Saba , and K. Steffen . 2002. Surface melt-induced acceleration of Greenland Ice-Sheet flow. Science 297:218–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar