Effects of Temperature Forcing Provenance and Extrapolation on the Performance of an Empirical Glacier-Melt Model

References Cited

• Arendt, A. A. , Luthcke, S. B. , Larsen, C. F. , Abdalati, W. , Krabill, W. B. , and Beedle, M. J. , 2008: Validation of high-resolution GRACE mascon estimates of glacier mass changes in the St. Elias Mountains, Alaska, USA, using aircraft laser altimetry. Journal of Glaciology , 256: 165–172.
   Google Scholar
• Beven, K. , 1993: Prophecy, reality and uncertainty in distributed hydrological modelling. Advances in Water Resources , 16: 41–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blöschl, G. , 1991: The influence of uncertainty in air temperature and albedo on snowmelt. Nordic Hydrology , 22: 95–108.
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, R. J. , 1995: Positive degree-day factors for ablation on the Greenland ice sheet studied by energy-balance modelling. Journal of Glaciology , 41: 153–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock, B. W. , Willis, I. C. , and Sharp, M. J. , 2000a: Measurement and parameterization of albedo variations at Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology , 46: 657–688.
   Google Scholar
• Brock, B. W. , Willis, I. C. , Sharp, M. J. , and Arnold, N. , 2000b: Modelling seasonal and spatial variations in the surface energy balance of Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. Annals of Glaciology , 31: 53–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carenzo, M. , Pellicciotti, F. , Rimkus, S. , and Burlando, P. , 2009: Assessing the transferability and robustness of an enhanced temperature-index glacier melt model. Journal of Glaciology , 55: 258–274.
   Google Scholar
• Carturan, L. , Cazorzi, F. , and Fontana, G. D. , 2012: Distributed mass-balance modelling on two neighbouring glaciers in Ortles-Cevedale, Italy, from 2004 to 2009. Journal of Glaciology , 58: 467–486.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, G. K. C. , and Holdsworth, G. , 2002: Glaciers of the St. Elias Mountains. In Williams, R. S. , and Ferrigno, J. G. (eds.), Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-J, J301–J328.
   Google Scholar
• Cogley, J. G. , Hock, R. , Rasmussen, L. A. , Arendt, A. A. , Bauder, A. , Braithwaite, R. J. , Jansson, P. , Kaser, G. , Möller, M. , Nicholson, L. , and Zemp, M. , 2011: Glossary of Glacier Mass Balance and Related Terms. IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology, 86, IACS Contribution No. 2. Paris: UNESCO-IHP.
   Google Scholar
• De Paoli, L. , 2009: Dynamics of a small surge-type glacier, St. Elias Mountains, Yukon Territory, Canada: characterization of basal motion using 1-D geophysical inversion. Master's thesis, Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, 223 pp.
   Google Scholar
• De Paoli, L. , and Flowers, G. E. , 2009: Dynamics of a small surge-type glacier using one-dimensional geophysical inversion. Journal of Glaciology , 55: 1101–1112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finsterwalder, S. , and Schunk, H. , 1887: Der suldenferner. Zeitschrift des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins , 18: 72–89.
   Google Scholar
• Flowers, G. E. , Roux, N. , Pimentel, S. , and Schoof, C. G. , 2011: Present dynamics and future prognosis of a slowly surging glacier. The Cryosphere , 5: 299–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, P. , and Rich, P. M. , 2000: The Solar Analyst 1.0 Manual. Lawrence, Kansas: Helios Environmental Modeling Institute. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=063D78F145F3244277FE555E1BBF4AC9?doi=10.1.1.98.1271&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, A. S. , and Sharp, M. , 2009: Sensitivity of net mass-balance estimates to near-surface temperature lapse rates when employing the degree-day method to estimate glacier melt. Annals of Glaciology , 50: 80–86.
   Google Scholar
• Greuell, W. , and Böhm, R. , 1998: 2 m temperatures along melting mid-latitude glaciers, and implications for the sensitivity of the mass balance to variations in temperature. Journal of Glaciology , 44: 9–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guðmundsson, S. , Björnsson, H. , Pálsson, F. , and Haraldsson, H. , 2006: Energy balance of Brúarjökull and circumstances leading to the August 2004 floods in the river Jökla, N-Vatnajökull. Jökull , 55: 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Guðmundsson, S. , Björnsson, H. , Pálsson, F. , and Haraldsson, H. , 2009: Comparison of energy balance and degree-day models of summer ablation on the Langjökull ice cap, SW-Iceland. Jökull , 59: 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Heynen, M. , Pellicciotti, F. , and Carenzo, M. , 2013: Parameter sensitivity of a distributed enhanced temperature-index melt model. Annals of Glaciology , 54: 311–321.
   Google Scholar
• Hock, R. , 1999: A distributed temperature-index ice- and snowmelt model including potential direct solar radiation. Journal of Glaciology , 45: 101–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hock, R. , 2003: Temperature index melt modelling in mountain areas. Journal of Hydrology , 282: 104–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hock, R. , and Holmgren, B. , 2005: A distributed energy-balance model for complex topography and its application to Storglaciären, Sweden. Journal of Glaciology , 51: 25–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hock, R. , Radić, V. , and de Woul, M. , 2007: Climate sensitivity of Storglaciären, Sweden: an intercomparison of mass-balance models using ERA-40 reanalysis and regional climate model data. Annals of Glaciology , 46: 342–348.
   Google Scholar
• Huss, M. , Bauder, A. , Werder, M. , Funk, M. , and Hock, R. , 2007: Glacier dammed lake outburst events of Gornersee, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology , 53: 189–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huss, M. , Farinotti, D. , Bauder, A. , and Funk, M. , 2008: Modelling runoff from highly glacierized alpine drainage basins in a changing climate. Hydrological Processes , 22: 3888–3902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Immerzeel, W. W. , van Beek, L. A. H. , and Bierkens, M. F. P. , 2010: Climate change will affect the Asian water towers. Science , 328: 1382–1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiskoot, H. , and Mueller, M. S. , 2012: Glacier fragmentation effects on surface energy balance and runoff: field measurements and distributed modelling. Hydrological Processes , 26: 1861–1875.
   Google Scholar
• Jóhannesson, T. , Sigurdsson, O. , Laumann, T. , and Kennett, M. , 1995: Degree-day glacier mass-balance modelling with applications to glaciers in Iceland, Norway, and Greenland. Journal of Glaciology , 41: 345–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, P. G. , 1997: Spatial and temporal variability of ice-dammed lake sediments in alpine environments. Quaternary Science Reviews , 15: 635–647.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, P. G. , and Kasper, J. N. , 1992: The development of an ice-dammed lake: the contemporary and older sedimentary record. Arctic and Alpine Research , 24: 304–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaser, G. , Großhauser, M. , and Marzeion, B. , 2010: Contribution potential of glaciers to water availability in different climate regimes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 107: 20223–20227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, H. , 1968: Relation between glacier runoff and meteorological factors observed on and outside the glacier. IAHS Publications , 79: 429–439.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, H. , and Braun, L. , 1990: On the information content of air temperature in the context of snow melt estimation. IAHS Publications , 190: 347–354.
   Google Scholar
• Lemke, P. , Ren, J. , Alley, R. B. , Allison, I. , Carrasco, J. , Flato, G. , Fujii, Y. , Kaser, G. , Mote, P. , Thomas, R. H. , and Zhang, T. , 2007: Observations: changes in snow, ice and frozen ground. In Solomon, S. , Qin, D. , Manning, M. , Chen, Z. , Marquis, M. , Averyt, K. , Tignor, M. , and Miller, H. (eds.), Climate Change 2007: the Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 338–383.
   Google Scholar
• Letréguilly, A. , 1988: Relation between the mass balance of western Canadian mountain glaciers and meteorological data. Journal of Glaciology , 34: 11–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDougall, A. H. , and Flowers, G. E. , 2011: Spatial and temporal transferability of a distributed energy-balance glacier melt model. Journal of Climate , 24: 1480–1498.
   Google Scholar
• MacDougall, A. H. , Wheler, B. A. , and Flowers, G. E. , 2011: A preliminary assessment of glacier melt-model parameter sensitivity and transferability in a dry subarctic environment. The Cryosphere , 5: 1011–1028.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, S. J. , Sharp, M. J. , Burgess, D. O. , and Anslow, F. S. , 2007: Near-surface temperature lapse rates on the Prince of Wales Icefield, Ellesmere Island, Canada: implications for regional downscaling of temperature. International Journal of Climatology , 27: 385–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minder, J. R. , Mote, P. W. , and Lundquist, J. D. , 2010: Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: lessons from the Cascade Mountains. Journal of Geophysical Research , 115: D14122, doi: http://dx.doi.org/1029/2009JD013493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, G. W. K. , Alverson, K. , and Holdsworth, G. , 2002: Variability in the climate of the Pacific Ocean and North America as expressed in the Mount Logan ice core. Annals of Glaciology , 35: 423–429.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, R. , Fleming, S. , Menounos, B. , Wheate, R. , Fountain, A. , Stahl, K. , Holm, K. , and Jakob, M. , 2008: Glacier change in western North America: influences on hydrology, geomorphic hazards and water quality. Hydrological Processes , 23: 42–61.
   Google Scholar
• Oerlemans, J. , and Klok, E. J. , 2002: Energy balance of a glacier surface: analysis of automatic weather station data from the Morteratschgletscher, Switzerland. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , 34: 477–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmura, A. , 2001: Physical basis for the temperature-based melt-index method. Journal of Applied Meteorology , 40: 753–761.
   Google Scholar
• Pellicciotti, F. , Brock, B. , Strasser, U. , Burlando, P. , Funk, M. , and Corripio, J. , 2005: An enhanced temperature-index glacier melt model including the shortwave radiation balance: development and testing for Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology , 51: 573–587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellicciotti, F. , Bauder, A. , and Parola, M. , 2010: Effect of glaciers on streamflow trends in the Swiss Alps. Water Resources Research , 46: W10522, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009WR009039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, L. , and Pellicciotti, F. , 2011: Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier: atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. Journal of Geophysical Research , 116: D23109, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015842.
   Google Scholar
• Radić, V. , Bliss, A. , Beedlow, A. C. , Hock, R. , Miles, E. , and Cogley, J. G. , 2013: Regional and global projections of twenty-first century glacier mass changes in response to climate scenarios from global climate models. Climate Dynamics , 42: 37–58, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1719-7.
   Google Scholar
• Ragettli, S. , and Pellicciotti, F. , 2012: Calibration of a physically based, spatially distributed hydrological model in a glacierized basin: on the use of knowledge from glaciometeorological processes to constrain model parameters. Water Resources Research , 48: W03509, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010559.
   Google Scholar
• Raper, S. C. B. , Braithwaite, R. J. , 2006: Low sea level rise projections from mountain glaciers and icecaps under global warming. Nature , 439: 311–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltelli, A. , Tarantola, S. , Campolongo, F. , and Ratto, M. , 2004: Sensitivity Analysis in Practice: a Guide to Assessing Scientific Models. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 232 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Schuler, T. V. , Loe, E. , Taurisano, A. , Eiken, T. , Hagen, J. O. , and Kohler, J. , 2007: Calibrating a surface mass-balance model for Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard. Annals of Glaciology , 46: 241–248.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, J. M. , and Moore, R. D. , 2010: Prediction of spatially distributed regional-scale fields of air temperature and vapor pressure over mountain glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research , 115: D23107, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014351.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, J. M. , Moore, R. D. , and Stahl, K. , 2009: Derivation of melt factors from glacier mass-balance records in western Canada. Journal of Glaciology , 55: 123–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheler, B. A. , 2009: Glacier melt modelling in the Donjek Range, St. Elias Mountains, Yukon Territory. Master's thesis, Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, 283 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Wheler, B. A. , and Flowers, G. E. , 2011: Glacier subsurface heat-flux characterizations for energy-balance modelling in the Donjek Range, southwest Yukon, Canada. Journal of Glaciology , 57: 121–133.
   Google Scholar
• Whitfield, P. , 2012: Why the provenance of data matters: assessing “fitness for purpose” for environmental data. Canadian Water Resources Journal , 37: 23–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, N. J. , Flowers, G. E. , and Mingo, L. , 2013: Comparison of thermal structure and evolution between neighboring subarctic glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research—Earth Surface , 118: 1443–1459.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. , Liu, S. , and Ding, Y. , 2007: Glacier meltwater and runoff modelling, Keqicar Baqi Glacier, southwestern Tien Shan, China. Journal of Glaciology , 53: 91–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar