755
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Relative Abundance and Functional Role of Whitebark Pine at Treeline in the Northern Rocky Mountains

, , , &
Pages 407-418 | Accepted 01 Oct 2014, Published online: 16 Jan 2018

References Cited

  • Arno, S. F. , 1990: Alpine larch Larix lyallii Parl. In Burns, R. M. , and Honkala, B. H. (technical coordinators), Silvics of North America, Vol. 1, Conifers. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 654: 152–159.
  • Arno, S. F. , and Hammerly, R. P. , 1984: Timberline: Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers. Seattle: The Mountaineers, 304 pp.
  • Arno, S. F. , and Hoff, R. J. , 1990: Whitebark pine Pinus albicaulis Engelm. In Burns, R. M. , and Honkala, B. H. (technical coordinators), Silvics of North America, Vol. 1, Conifers. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 654: 268–279.
  • Bansal, S. , Reinhardt, K. , and Germino, M. J. , 2011: Linking carbon balance to establishment patterns: comparison of whitebark pine and Engelmann spruce seedlings along an herb cover exposure gradient at treeline. Plant Ecology , 212: 219–228.
  • Bartlein, P. J. , Whitlock, C. , and Shafer, S. L. , 1997: Future climate in the Yellowstone National Park region and its potential impact on vegetation. Conservation Biology, 11: 782–792.
  • Baud, K. S. , 1993: Simulating Clark's nutcracker caching behavior: germination and predation of seed caches. M.S. thesis, Department of Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, 67 pp.
  • Bertness, M. D. , and Callaway, R. , 1994: Positive interactions in communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 9: 191–193.
  • Bockino, N. K. , and Tinker, D. B. , 2012: Interactions of white pine blister rust and mountain pine beetle in whitebark pine ecosystems in the southern greater Yellowstone area. Natural Areas Journal , 32: 31–40.
  • Brooker, R. W. , Maestre, F. T. , Callaway, R. M. , Lortie, C. L. , Cavieres, L. A. , Kunstler, G. , Liancourt, P. , Tielbörger, K. , Travis, J. M. J. , Anthelme, F. , Armas, C. , Coll, L. , Corcket, E. , Delzon, S. , Forey, E. , Kikvidze, Z. , Olofsson, J. , Pugnaire, F. , Quiroz, C. L. , Saccone, P. , Schiffers, K. , Seifan, M. , Touzard, B. , and Michalet, R. , 2007: Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future. Journal of Ecology , 96: 18–34.
  • Butler, D. R. , and Malanson, G. P. , 1989: Periglacial patterned ground, Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, Canada and USA. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie , 33: 43–57.
  • Butler, D. R. , and Malanson, G. P. , 1999: Site locations and characteristics of miniature patterned ground, eastern Glacier National Park, U.S.A. Landform Analysis , 2: 45–49.
  • Callaway, R. M. , 1998: Competition and facilitation on elevation gradients in subalpine forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Oikos , 82: 561–573.
  • Callaway, R. M. , Brooker, R. W. , Choler, P. , Kikvidze, Z. , Lortie, C. J. , Michalet, R. , Paolini, L. , Pugnaire, F. I. , Newingham, B. , Aschehoug, E. T. , Armas, C. , Kikodze, D. , and Cook, B. J. , 2002: Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress. Nature, 417: 844–848.
  • Campbell, E. M. , and Antos, J. A. , 2000: Distribution and severity of white pine blister rust and mountain pine beetle on whitebark pine in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 30: 1051–1059.
  • Ellison, A. M. ; Bank, M. S. , Clinton, B. D. , Colburn, E. A. , Elliott, K. , Ford, C. R. , Foster, D. R. , Kloeppel, B. D. , Knoepp, J. D , Lovett, G. M. , Mohan, J. , Orwig, D. A. , Rodenhouse, N. L. , Sobczak, W. V. , Stinson, K. A. , Stone, J. K. , Swan, C. M. , Thompson, J. , Von Holle, B. , and Webster, J. R, 2005: Loss of foundation species: consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 3: 479–486.
  • Finklin, A. I. , 1986: A Climatic Handbook for Glacier National Park with Data for Waterton Lakes National Park. Ogden, Utah: Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-204, 124 pp.
  • Geils, B. W. , Hummer, K. E. , and Hunt, R. S. , 2010: White pines, Ribes, and blister rust: a review and synthesis. Forest Pathology , 40: 147–185.
  • Gibson, K. , Skov, K. , Kegley, S. , Jorgensen, C. , Smith, S. , and Witcosky, J. , 2008: Mountain pine beetle impacts in high-elevation five-needle pines: Current trends and challenges. Missoula, Montana: USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, R1-08-020.
  • Government of Canada , 2012: Order amending Schedule 1 to the Species at Risk Act. Canada Gazette Part II, Vol. 146, No. 14, SOR/2012-113, June 20, 2012. http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/orders/g2-14614i_e.pdf , accessed 5 April 2014.
  • Habeck, J. R. , 1969: A gradient analysis of a timberline zone at Logan Pass, Glacier Park, Montana. Northwest Science , 43: 65–73.
  • Hamann, A. , and Wang, T. , 2006: Potential effects of climate change on ecosystem and tree species distribution in British Columbia. Ecology , 87: 2773–2786.
  • Hoff, R. J. , 1992: How to recognize blister rust infection on whitebark pine. Ogden, Utah: Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Research Note INT-406.
  • Hutchins, H. E. , and Lanner, R. M. , 1982: The central role of Clark's nutcracker in the dispersal and establishment of whitebark pine. Oecologia, 55: 192–210.
  • Jean, C. , Shanahan, E. , Daley, R. , DeNitto, G. , Reinhart, D. , and Schwartz, C. , 2011. Monitoring white pine blister rust infection and mortality in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. In Keane, R. E. , Tomback, D. F. , Murray, M. P. , and Smith, C. M. (eds.), Proceedings: “High-Five” Symposium: the Future of High-Elevation Five-Needle White Pines in Western North America. Fort Collins, Colorado: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, RMRS-P-63, 218–221.
  • Keane, R. E. , Tomback, D. F. , Aubry, C. A. , Bower, A. D. , Campbell, E. M. , Cripps, C. L. , Jenkins, M. B. , Mahalovich, M. F. , Manning, M. , McKinney, S. T. , Murray, M. P. , Perkins, D. L. , Reinhart, D. P. , Ryan, C. , Schoettle, A. W. , and Smith, C. M. , 2012: A Range-Wide Restoration Strategy for Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis). Fort Collins, Colorado: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report, RMRS-GTR-279.
  • Kendall, K. C. , and Keane, R. E. , 2001: Whitebark pine decline: infection, mortality, and population trends. In Tomback, D. F. , Arno, S. F. , and Keane, R. E. (eds.), Whitebark Pine Communities: Ecology and Restoration. Washington, DC: Island Press, 221–242.
  • Kullman, L. , 1998: Tree-limits and montane forests in the Swedish Scandes: Sensitive biomonitors of climate change and variability. Ambio , 27: 312–321.
  • Kullman, L. , 2002: Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish Scandes. Journal of Ecology , 90: 68–77.
  • Logan, J. A. , MacFarlane, W. W. , and Willcox, L. , 2010: Whitebark pine vulnerability to climate-driver mountain pine beetle disturbance in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ecological Applications , 20: 895–902.
  • Maher, E. L. , Germino, M. J. , and Hasselquist, N. J. , 2005: Interactive effects of tree and herb cover on survivorship, physiology, and microclimate of conifer seedlings at the alpine tree-line ecotone. Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 35: 567–574.
  • Malanson, G. P , Butler, D. R. , Fagre, D. B. , Walsh, S. J. , Tomback, D. F. , Daniels, L. D. , Resler, L. M. , Smith, W. K. , Weiss, D. J. , Peterson, D. L. , Bunn, A. G. , Hiemstra, C. A. , Liptzin, D. , Bourgeron, P. L. , Shen, Z. , and Millar, C. S. , 2007: Alpine treeline of western North America: linking organism-to-landscape dynamics. Physical Geography , 28: 378–396.
  • Marr, J. W. , 1977: The development and movement of tree islands near the upper limit of tree growth in the southern Rocky Mountains. Ecology, 58: 1159–1164.
  • McCaughey, W. W. , and Schmidt, W. C. , 2001: Taxonomy, distribution, and history of whitebark pine. In Tomback, D. F. , Arno, S. F. , and Keane, R. E. (eds.), Whitebark Pine Communities: Ecology and Restoration. Washington DC: Island Press, 29–40.
  • McCaughey, W. W. , and Tomback, D. F. , 2001: The natural regeneration process of whitebark pine. In Tomback, D. F. , Arno, S. F. , and Keane, R. E. (eds.), Whitebark Pine Communities: Ecology and Restoration. Washington, DC: Island Press, 105–120.
  • McDonald, G. I. , and Hoff, R. J. , 2001: Blister rust: an introduced plague. In Tomback, D. F. , Arno, S. F. , Keane, R .E. (eds.), Whitebark Pine Communities: Ecology and Restoration. Washington, DC: Island Press, 193–220.
  • McKenney, D. W. , Pedlar, J. H. , Lawrence, K. , Campbell, K. , and Hutchinson, M. F. , 2007: Potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of North American trees. BioScience. 57: 939–948. Supplementary material accessed from http://planthardiness.gc.ca/ on 5 July 2008.
  • Moen, J. , Aune, K. , Edenius, L. , and Angerbjörn, A. , 2004: Potential effects of climate change on treeline position in the Swedish mountains. Ecology and Society , 19: article 16, 11 pp..
  • Pederson, G. T. , Graumlich, L. J. , Fagre, D. B. , Kipfer, T. , and Muhlfeld, C. C. , 2010: A century of climate and ecosystem change in western Montana: what do temperature trends portend? Climate Change , 98: 133–154.
  • Resler, L. M. , 2006: Geomorphic controls of spatial pattern and process at alpine treeline. The Professional Geographer , 58(2): 124–138.
  • Resler, L. M. , and Tomback, D. F. , 2008: Blister rust prevalence in krummholz whitebark pine: implications for treeline dynamics, northern Rocky Mountains, Montana, USA. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , 40: 161–170.
  • Resler, L. M. , Butler, D. R. , and Malanson, G. P. , 2005: Topographic shelter and conifer establishment and mortality in an alpine environment, Glacier National Park, Montana. Physical Geography , 26: 112–125.
  • Schrag, A. M. , Bunn, A. G. , and Graumlich, L. J. , 2008: Influence of bioclimatic variables on treeline conifer distribution in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: implications for species of conservation concern. Journal of Biogeography , 35: 698–710.
  • Schwandt , J. W. , Lockman, I. B. , Kliejunas, J. T. , and Muir, J. A. , 2010: Current health issues and management strategies for white pines in the western United States and Canada. Forest Pathology , 40: 226–250.
  • Smith, C. M. , Wilson, B. , Rasheed, S. , Walker, R. C. , Carolin, T. , and Shepherd, B. , 2008: Whitebark pine and white pine blister rust in the Rocky Mountains of Canada and northern Montana. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 38: 982–995.
  • Smith, W. K. , Germino, M. J. , Johnson, D. M. , and Reinhardt, K. , 2009: The altitude of alpine treeline: a bellwether of climate change effects. Botanical Review , 75: 163–190.
  • Smith, E. K. , Resler, L. M. , Vance, E. A. , Carstensen, L. W., Jr. , and Kolivras, K. N. , 2011: Blister rust incidence in treeline whitebark pine, Glacier National Park, U.S.A.: environmental and topographic influences. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , 43: 107–117.
  • Sokal, R. R. , and Rohlf, F. J. , 1981: Biometry. 2nd edition. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company, 859 pp.
  • Tillman-Sutela, E. , Kauppi, A. , Karppinen, K. , and Tomback, D. F. , 2008: Variant maturity in seed structures of Pinus albicaulis (Engelm.) and Pinus sibirica (Du Tour): key to a soil seed bank, unusual among conifers? Trees , 22: 225–236.
  • Tomback, D. F. , 1978: Foraging strategies of Clark's nutcracker. Living Bird , 16: 123–161.
  • Tomback, D. F. , 1982: Dispersal of whitebark pine seeds by Clark's nutcracker: a mutualism hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 51: 451–467.
  • Tomback, D. F. , 1986: Post-fire regeneration of krummholz whitebark pine: a consequence of nutcracker seed caching. Madroño , 33: 100–110.
  • Tomback, D. F. , 2001: Clark's nutcracker: agent of regeneration. In Tomback, D. F. , Arno, S. F. , and Keane, R. E. (eds.), Whitebark Pine Communities: Ecology and Restoration. Washington, DC: Island Press, 89–104.
  • Tomback, D. F. , 2005: The impact of seed dispersal by the Clark's nutcracker on whitebark pine: multi-scale perspective on a high mountain mutualism. In Broll, G. , and Keplin, B. (eds.), Mountain Ecosystems: Studies in Treeline Ecology. Berlin: Springer, 181–201.
  • Tomback, D. F. , and Achuff, P. , 2010: Blister rust and western forest biodiversity: ecology, values and outlook for white pines. Forest Pathology , 40: 186–225.
  • Tomback, D. F. , and Resler, L. M. , 2007: Invasive pathogens at alpine treeline: consequences for treeline dynamics. Physical Geography , 28: 397–418.
  • Tomback, D. F. , Anderies, A. J. , Carsey, K. S. , Powell, M. L. , and Mellmann-Brown, S. , 2001a: Delayed seed germination in whitebark pine and regeneration patterns following the Yellowstone fires. Ecology , 82: 2587–2600.
  • Tomback, D. F. , Arno, S. F , and Keane, R. E. , 2001b: The compelling case for management intervention. In Tomback, D. F. , Arno, S. F. , and Keane, R. E. (eds.), Whitebark Pine Communities: Ecology and Restoration. Washington DC: Island Press, 3–25.
  • Tomback, D. F. , Achuff, P. , Schoettle, A. W. , Schwandt, J. W. , and Mastrogiuseppe, R. J. , 2011: The magnificent high-elevation five-needle white pines: ecological roles and future outlook. In Keane, R. E. , Tomback, D. F. , Murray, M. P. , and Smith, C. M. (eds.), Proceedings: “High-Five” Symposium: the Future of High-Elevation Five-Needle White Pines in Western North America. Fort Collins, Colorado: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, RMRS-P-63, 2–28.
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011: Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; 12-month finding on a petition to list Pinus albicaulis as Endangered or Threatened with critical habitat. Federal Register , 76: 42631–42654.
  • Vander Wall, S. B. , 1982: An experimental analysis of cache recovery in Clark's nutcracker. Animal Behavior , 30: 84–94.
  • Walsh, S. J. , Malanson, G. P. , and Butler, D. R. , 1992: Alpine treeline in Glacier National Park, Montana. In Janelle, D. G. (ed.), Geographical Snapshots of North America. New York: Guilford Press, 167–171.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.