Xylem Anatomical Trait Variability Provides Insight on the Climate-Growth Relationship of Betula nana in Western Greenland

References Cited

• Abràmoff, M. D. , Magalhães, P. J. , and Ram, S. J. , 2004: Image processing with imageJ. Biophotonics International , 11(7): 36–41.
   Google Scholar
• Alivifar, A. , Karimimalayer, M. , and Anuar, M. K. , 2012: Structural equation modeling vs. multiple regression. Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal , 2(2): 326–329.
   Google Scholar
• Bär, A. , Löffler, J. , and Bräuning, A. , 2005: Methodological approach for dendroecological analysis of dwarf shrubs—A contribution to ecosystem reconstructions in the Norwegian Scandes. Trace-Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology , 61: 114–119.
   Google Scholar
• Bär, A. , Pape, R. , Bräuning, A. , and Löffler, J. , 2008: Growth-ring variations of dwarf shrubs reflect regional climate signals in alpine environments rather than topoclimatic differences. Journal of Biogeography , 35(4): 625–636.
   Google Scholar
• Bliss, L. C. , 1997: Arctic ecosystems of North America. In Wielgolaski, F. E. (ed.), Polar and Alpine Tundra. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 551–684.
   Google Scholar
• Blok, D. , Sass-Klaassen, U. , Schaepman-Strub, G. , Heijmans, M. M. P. D. , Sauren, P. , and Berendse, F. , 2011: What are the main climate drivers for shrub growth in Northeastern Siberian tundra? Biogeosciences , 8: 1169–1179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boorse, G. R. C. B. , Ewers, F. R. W. E. , and Davis, S. T. D. D. , 1998: Response of chaparral shrubs to below-freezing temperatures : acclimation, ecotypes, seedlings vs. adults. American Journal of Botany , 85(9): 1224–1230.
   Google Scholar
• Borner, A. P. , Kielland, K. , and Walker, M. D. , 2008: Effects of simulated climate change on plant phenology and nitrogen mineralization in Alaskan Arctic tundra. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , 40(1): 27–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bret-Harte, M. S. , Shaver, G. R. , and Chapin, F. S. , 2002: Primary and secondary stem growth in arctic shrubs: implications for community response to environmental change. Journal of Ecology , 90: 251–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchwal, A. , Rachlewicz, G. , Fonti, P. , Cherubini, P. , and Gärtner, H. , 2013: Temperature modulates intra-plant growth of Salix polaris from a High Arctic site (Svalbard). Polar Biology , 36: 1305–1318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn, A. , Korpela, M. , Biondi, F. , Campelo, F. , Mérian, P. , Qeadan, F. , and Zang, C. , 2017: dplR: Dendrochronology Program Library in R. R package version 1.6.5. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplR.
   Google Scholar
• Bunn, A. G. , 2008: A dendrochronology program library in R (dplR). Dendrochronologia , 26(2): 115–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn, A. G. , 2010: Statistical and visual crossdating in R using the dplR library. Dendrochronologia , 28(4): 251–258.
   Google Scholar
• Büntgen, U. , Hellmann, L. , Tegel, W. , Normand, S. , Myer-Smith, I. , Kirdyanov, A. , Nievergelt, D. , and Schweingruber, F. H. , 2015: Temperature-induced recruitment pulses of arctic dwarf shrub communities. Journal of Ecology , 103: 489–501.
   Google Scholar
• Buras, A. , and Wilmking, M. , 2014: Straight lines or eccentric eggs? A comparison of radial and spatial ring width measurements and its implications for climate transfer functions. Dendrochronologia , 32(4): 313–326.
   Google Scholar
• Campioli, M. , Leblans, N. , and Michelsen, A. , 2012: Stem secondary growth of tundra shrubs: impact of environmental factors and relationships with apical growth. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , 44(1): 16–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlquist, S. , 1984: Vessel grouping in dicotyledon wood: significance and relationship to imperforate tracheary elements. Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany , 10(4): 505–525.
   Google Scholar
• Carlquist, S. , 2009: Non-random vessel distribution in woods: patterns, modes, diversity, correlations. Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany , 27(1): 39–58.
   Google Scholar
• Carrer, M. , von Arx, G. , Castagneri, D. , and Petit, G. , 2015: Distilling allometric and environmental information from time series of conduit size: the standardization issue and its relationship to tree hydraulic architecture. Tree Physiology , 35(1): 27–33, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu108.
   Google Scholar
• Danish Meteorological Institute , 2016: http://www.dmi.dk, accessed spring 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Dumais, C. , Ropars, P. , Denis, M.-P. , Dufour-Tremblay, G. , and Boudreau S. , 2014: Are low altitude alpine tundra ecosystems under threat? A case study from the Parc National de la Gaspésie, Quebec. Environmental Research Letters , 9(9): doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/9/094001.
   Google Scholar
• Elmendorf, S. C. , Henry, G. H. , Hollister, R. D. , Björk, R. G. , Björkman, A. D. , Callaghan, T. V. , Collier, L. S. , Cooper, E. J. , Cornellissen, J. H. , Day, T. H. , Fosaa, A. M , Gould, W. A. , Grétarsdóttir, J. , Harte, J. , Hermanutz, L. , Hik, D.S. , Hofgaard, A. , Jarrad, F. , Jónsdóttir, I. S. , Keuper, F. , Klanderud, K. , Klein, J. A. , Koh, S. , Kudo, G. , Lang, S. I. , Loewen, V. , May, J. L. , Mercado, J. , Michelsen, A. , Molau, U. , Myers-Smith, I. H. , Oberbauer, S. F. , Pieper, S. , Post, E. , Rixen, C. , Robinson, C. H. , Schmidt, N. M. , Shaver, G. R. , Stenström, A. , Tolvanen, A. , Totland, O. , Troxler, T. , Wahren, C. H. , Webber, P. J. , Welker, J. M. , and Wookey, P. A. , 2012a: Global assessment of experimental climate warming on tundra vegetation: heterogeneity over space and time. Ecology Letters , 15(2): 164–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmendorf, S. C. , Henry, G. H. R. , Hollister, R. D. , Björk, R. G. , Boulanger-Lapointe, N. , Cooper, E. J. , Cornelissen, J. H. C. , Day, T. A. , Dorrepaal, E. , Elumeeva, T. G. , Gill, M. , Gould, W. A. , Harte, J. , Hik, D. S. , Hofgaard, A. , Johnson, D. R. , Johnstone, J. F. , Jónsdóttir, I. S. , Jorenson, J. C. , Klanderud, K. , Klein, J. A. , Koh, S. , Kudo, G. , Lara, M. , Lévesque, E. , Magnússon, B. , May, J. L. , Mercado-Diaz, J. A. , Michelsen, A. , Molau, U. , Myers-Smith, I. H. , Oberbauer, S. F. , Onipchenko, V. G. , Rixen, C. , Schmidt, N. M. , Shaver, G. R. , Spasojevic, M. J. , Bórhallsdóttir, B. E. , Tolvanen, A. , Troxler, T. , Tweedie, C. E. , Villareal, S. , Wahren, C. H. , Walker, X. , Webber, P. J. , Welker, J. M. , and Wipf, S. , 2012b: Plot-scale evidence of tundra vegetation change and links to recent summer warming. Nature Climate Change , 2: 453–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonti, P. , Solomonoff, N. , and García-González, I. , 2007: Earlywood vessels of Castanea sativa record temperature before their formation. New Phytologist , 173(3): 562–570, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01945.x.
   Google Scholar
• Fonti, P. , von Arx, G. , García-González, I. , Eilmann, B. , Sass-Klaassen, U. , Gärtner, H. , and Eckstein, D. , 2010: Studying global change through investigation of the plastic responses of xylem anatomy in tree rings. New Phytologist , 185(1): 42–53, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03030.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gärtner, H. , and Schweingruber, F. H. , 2013: Microscopic Preparation Techniques for Plant Stem Analysis. Remagen-Oberwinter: Verlag Dr. Kessel.
   Google Scholar
• Gärtner-Roer, I. , Heinrich, I. , and Gärtner, H. , 2013: Wood anatomical analysis of Swiss willow (Salix helvetica) shrubs growing on creeping mountain permafrost. Dendrochronologia , 31(2): 97–104, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2012.09.003.
   Google Scholar
• Gärtner, H. , Lucchinetti, S. , and Schweingruber, F. H. , 2015: A new sledge microtome to combine wood anatomy and tree-ring ecology. IAWA Journal , 36: 452–459.
   Google Scholar
• Gorsuch, D. M. , Oberbauer, S. F. , and Fisher, J. B. , 2001: Comparative vessel anatomy of arctic deciduous and evergreen dicots. American Journal of Botany , 88(9): 1643–1649.
   Google Scholar
• Graae, B. J. , Ejrnæs, R. , Lang, S. I. , Meineri, E. , Ibarra, P. T. , and Bruun, H. H. , 2011: Strong microsite control of seedling recruitment in tundra. Oecologia , 166(2): 565–576, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1878-8.
   Google Scholar
• Grace, J. B. , Anderson, T. M. , Olff, H. , and Scheiner, S. M. , 2010: On the specification of structural equation models for ecological systems. Ecological Monographs , 80(1): 67–87, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/09-0464.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacke, U. G. , and Sperry, J. S. , 2001: Functional and ecological xylem anatomy. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics , 4(2): 97–115, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna, E. , Mernild, S. H. , Cappelen, J. , and Steffen, K. , 2012: Recent warming in Greenland in a long-term instrumental (1881–2012) climatic context: I. Evaluation of surface air temperature records. Environmental Research Letters , 7(4): 045404, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hijmans, R. J. , Cameron, S. E. , Parra, J. L. , Jones, P. G. , and Jarvis, A. , 2005:. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology , 25(15): 1965–1978, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollesen, J. , Buchwal, A. , Rachlewicz, G. , Hansen, B. U. , Hansen, M. O. , Stecher, O. , and Elberling, B. , 2015: Winter warming as an important co-driver for Betula nana growth in western Greenland during the past century. Global Change Biology , 21: 2410–2423, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12913.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. , and Bentler, P. M. , 1999: Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal , 6(1): 1–55, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultén, E. , and Fries, M. , 1986: Atlas of North European Vascular Plants (North of the Tropic of Cancer) , Vols. I–III. Königstein: Koeltz Scientific Books, 1172 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Keating, K. A. , Gogan, P. J. P. , Vore, J. M. , and Irby, L. R. , 2007. A simple solar radiation index for wildlife habitat studies. The Journal of Wildlife Management , 71(4): 1344–1348, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-359.
   Google Scholar
• Langan, S. J. , Ewers, F. W. , and Davis, S. D. , 1997: Xylem dysfunction caused by water stress and freezing in two species of co-occurring chaparral shrubs. Plant, Cell and Environment , 20: 425–437, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-94.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehejcek, J. , Buras, A. , Svoboda, M. , and Wilmking, M. , 2016: Wood anatomy of Juniperus communis: a promising proxy for palaeoclimate reconstructions in the Arctic. Polar Biology , 40(5): doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-2021-z.
   Google Scholar
• Li, B. , Heijmans, M. M. P. D. , Berendse, F. , Blok, D. , Maximov, T. , and Sass-Klaassen, U. , 2016: The role of summer precipitation and summer temperature in establishment and growth of dwarf shrub Betula nana in northest Siberian tundra. Polar Biology , 39(7): 1245–1255, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1847-0.
   Google Scholar
• Loepfe, L. , Martinez-Vilalta, J. , Piñol, J. , and Mencuccini, M. , 2007: The relevance of xylem network structure for plant hydraulic efficiency and safety. Journal of Theoretical Biology , 247(4): 788–803, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.03.036.
   Google Scholar
• Meinardus, C. , Weinert, B. , Löffler, J. , Lundberg, A. , and Bräuning, A. , 2011: The potential of the dwarf shrub Betula nana L. as a climate indicator above the tree line in the southern Norwegian Scandes. TRACE , 9: 181–186.
   Google Scholar
• Mernild, S. H. , Hanna, E. , McConnell, J. R. , Sigl, M. , Beckerman, A. P. , Yde, J. C. , Cappelen, J. , Malmros, J. K. , and Steffen, K. , 2014: Greenland precipitation trends in a long-term instrumental climate context (1890–2012): evaluation of coastal and ice core records. International Journal of Climatology , 35(2): 303–320.
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Smith, I. H. , Forbes, B. C. , Wilmking, M. , Hallinger, M. , Lantz, T. , Blok, D. , Tape, K. D. , Macias-Fauria, M. , Sass-Klaassen, U. , Lévesque, E. , Boudreau, S. , Ropars, P. , Hermanutz, L. , Trant, A. , Collier, L.S. , Weijers, S. , Rozema, J. , Rayback, S. A. , Schmidt, N. M. , Schaepman-Strub, G. , Wipf, S. , Rixen, C. , Ménard, C. B. , Venn, S. , Goetz, S. , Andreu-Hayles, L. , Elmendorf, S. , Ravolinen, V. , Welker, J. , Grogan, P. , Epstein, H. E. , and Hik, D. S. , 2011: Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities. Environmental Research Letters , 6(4): 045509, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Smith, I. H. , Elmendorf, S. C. , Beck, P. S. A. , Wilmking, M. , Hallinger, M. , Blok, D. , Tape, K. D. , Rayback, S. A. , Macias-Fauria, M. , Forbes, B. C. , Speed, J. D. M. , Boulanger-Lapointe, N. , Rixen, C. , Lévesque, E. , Schmidt, N. M. , Baittinger, C. , Trant, A. J. , Hermanutz, L. , Collier, L. S. , Dawes, M. A. , Lantz, T. C. , Weijers, S. , Jørgensen, R. H. , Buchwal, A. , Buras, A. , Naito, A. T. , Rabolainen, V. , Schaepman-Strub, G. , Wheeler, J. A. , Wipf, S. , Guay, K. C. , Hik, D. S. , and Vellend, M. , 2015: Climate sensitivity of shrub growth across the tundra biome. Nature Climate Change , 5: 887–891, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olano, J. M. , Almería, I. , Eugenio, M. , and von Arx, G. , 2013: Under pressure: how a Mediterranean high-mountain forb coordinates growth and hydraulic xylem anatomy in response to temperature and water constraints. Functional Ecology , 27(6): 1295–1303, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12144.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, S. H. , Liston, G. E. , Tamstorf, M. P. , Westergaard-Nielsen, A. , and Schmidt, N. M. , 2015: Quantifying episodic snowmelt events in arctic ecosystems. Ecosystems , 18(5): 839–856, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9867-8.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team , 2015: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Robert, E. M. R. , Koedam, N. , Beeckman, H. , and Schmitz, N. , 2009: A safe hydraulic architecture as wood anatomical explanation for the difference in distribution of the mangroves Avicennia and Rhizophora. Functional Ecology , 23: 649–657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ropars, P. , Lévesque, E. , and Boudreau, S. , 2015: How do climate and topography influence the greening of the forest-tundra ecotone in northern Quebec? A dendrochronological analysis of Betula glandulosa. Journal of Ecology , 103(3): 679–690.
   Google Scholar
• Ropars, P. , Angers-Blondin, S. , Gagnon, M. , Myers-Smith, I. H. , Lévesque, E. , and Boudreau, S. , 2017: Different parts, different stories: climate sensitivity of growth is stronger in root collars versus stems in tundra shrubs. Global Change Biology : doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13631.
   Google Scholar
• Rosseel, Y. , 2012: lavaan: an R Package for structural equation modelling. Journal of Statistical Software , 48(2): 1–36, http://www.jstatsoft.org/v48/i02/.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweingruber, F. H. , Hellmann, L. , Tegel, W. , Braun, S. , Nievergelt, D. , and Büntgen, U. , 2013: Evaluating the wood anatomical and dendroecological potential of arctic dwarf shrub communities. IAWA Journal , 34(4): 485–497.
   Google Scholar
• Stendel, M. , Christensen, J. H. , and Petersen, D. , 2008: Arctic climate and climate change with a focus on Greenland. Advances in Ecological Research , 40(7): 13–43, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(07)00002-5.
   Google Scholar
• Tape, K. D. , Hallinger, M. , Welker, J. M. , and Ruess, R. W. , 2012: Landscape heterogeneity of shrub expansion in Arctic Alaska. Ecosystems , 15(5): 711–724.
   Google Scholar
• Taurisano, A. , Karlsen, H. G. , and Boggild, C. E. , 2004: A century of climate variability and climate gradients from coast to ice sheet in West Greenland. Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography , 86: 217–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyree, M. T. , Davis, S. D. , and Cochard, H. , 1994: Biophysical perspectives of xylem evolution: Is there a tradeoff of hydraulic efficiency for vulnerability to dysfunction? IAWA Journal , 15(4): 335–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman, J. B. , 2006: Structural equation modeling: reviewing the basics and moving forward. Journal of Personality Assessment , 87(1): 35–50, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8701_03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Arx, G. , and Dietz, H. , 2005: Automated image analysis of annual rings in the roots of perennial forbs. International Journal of Plant Sciences , 166(5): 723–732.
   Google Scholar
• von Arx, G. , Archer, S. R. , and Hughes, M. K. , 2012: Long-term functional plasticity in plant hydraulic architecture in response to supplemental moisture. Annals Of Botany , 109(6): 1091–1100.
   Google Scholar
• von Arx, G. , Kueffer, C. , and Fonti, P. , 2013: Quantifying plasticity in vessel grouping—Added value from the image analysis tool ROXAS. IAWA journal , 34(4): 433–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WorldClim , 2016: WorldClim version 1.4, http://www.worldclim.org, accessed spring 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Young, A. B. , Watts, D. A. , Taylor, A. H. , and Post, E. , 2016: Species and site differences influence climate-shrub growth responses in West Greenland. Dendrochronologia , 37: 69–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamin, T. J. , and Grogan, P. , 2012: Birch shrub growth in the Low Arctic: the relative importance of experimental warming, enhanced nutrient availability, snow depth and caribou exclusion. Environmental Research Letters , 7(3): 034027, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034027.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, X. , 2015: Spatial variation of vessel grouping in the xylem of Betula platyphylla Roth. Journal of Plant Research , 129(1): doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10265-015-0768-x.
   Google Scholar