Estimation and Analysis of Snow Water Equivalents Based on C-Band SAR Data and Field Measurements

References Cited

• Arslan, A. N. , Praks, J. , Koskinen, J. , and Hallikainen, M. T. , 1999: An empirical model for retrieving water equivalent of dry snow from C-band SAR data. In Proceedings, IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS ), Hamburg, Germany. Piscataway, New Jersey: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Volume 3, 1789–1791.
   Google Scholar
• Arslan, A. N. , Pulliainen, J. , and Hallikainen, M. T. , 2006: Observations of L- and C-band backscatter and a semi-empirical backscattering model approach from a forest-snow-ground system. Progress in Electromagnetics Research , 56: 263–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arslan, A. N. , Pulliainen, J. , Lemmetyinen, J. , Nagler, T. , Root, H. , and Kern, M. , 2011: Effects of snowpack parameters and layering processes at X- and Ku-band backscatter. In Proceedings, 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Vancouver, Canada. Piscataway, New Jersey: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 3637–3640.
   Google Scholar
• Bernier, M. , and Fortin, J. P. , 1998: The potential of times series of C-band SAR data to monitor dry and shallow snow cover. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 36: 226–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernier, M. , Fortin, J. P. , Gauthier, Y. , Gauthier, R. , Roy, R. , and Vincent, P. , 1999: Determination of snow water equivalent using RADARSAT SAR data in eastern Canada. Hydrological Processes , 13: 3041–3051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, A. T. C. , Foster, J. L. , and Hall, D. K. , 1987: Nimbus-7 derived global snow cover parameters. Annals of Glaciology , 9: 39–44.
   Google Scholar
• Che, T. , Li, X. , Jin, R. , Armstrong, R. , and Zhang, T. J. , 2008: Snow depth derived from passive microwave remote-sensing data in China. Annals of Glaciology , 49: 145–154.
   Google Scholar
• Che, T. , Dai, L. , Wang, J. , Zhao, K. , and Liu, Q. , 2012: Estimation of snow depth and snow water equivalent distribution using airborne microwave radiometry in the Binggou Watershed, the upper reaches of Heihe River Basin. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation , 17: 23–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, K. S. , Wu, T. D. , Tsay, M. K. , and Fung, A. K. , 2000: Note on the multiple scattering in an IEM model. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 38: 249–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, K. S. , Wu, T. D. , Tsang, L. , Li, Q. , Shi, J. , and Fung, A. K. , 2003: Emission of rough surfaces calculated by the integral equation method with comparison to three-dimensional moment method simulations. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 41: 90–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, L. Y. , Che, T. , Wang, J. , and Zhang, P. , 2012: Snow depth and snow water equivalent estimation from AMSR-E data based on a priori snow characteristics in Xinjiang, China. Remote Sensing of Environment , 127: 14–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson, M. C. , Ulaby, F. T. , Hallikainen, M. T. , and El-Rayes, M. A. , 1985: Microwave dielectric behavior of wet soil—part II: dielectric mixing models. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 23: 35–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drinkwater, M. R. , 1989: LIMEX'87 ice surface characteristics: implications for C-band SAR backscatter signatures. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 27: 501–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, J. L. , Sun, C. , Walker, J. P. , Kelly, R. , Chang, A. , Dong, J. , and Powell, H. , 2005: Quantifying the uncertainty in passive microwave snow water equivalent observations. Remote Sensing of Environment , 94: 187–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, A. K. , 1994: Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Applications. Boston: Artech House.
   Google Scholar
• Fung, A. K. , and Chen, K. S. , 2010: Microwave Scattering and Emission Models for Users. Boston: Artech House.
   Google Scholar
• Fung, A. K. , Li, Z. , and Chen, K. S. , 1992: Backscattering from a randomly rough dielectric surface. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 30: 356–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier, Y. , Bernier, M. , Fortin, J. P. , Gauthier, R. , Roy, R. , and Vincent, P. , 2001: Operational determination of snow water equivalent using Radars at data over a large hydroelectric complex in eastern Canada. In Proceedings, Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Intevrnational Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Publication 267: 343–348.
   Google Scholar
• Guneriussen, T. , 1997: Backscattering properties of a wet snow cover derived from DEM corrected ERS-1 SAR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 18: 375–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, V. K. , and Jangid, R. A. , 2011: Microwave response of rough surfaces with auto-correlation functions, RMS heights and correlation lengths using active remote sensing. Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics. 40: 137–146.
   Google Scholar
• Hallikainen, M. T. , Ulaby, F. T. , Dobson, M. C. , El-Rayes, M. A. , and Wu, L-K. , 1985: Microwave dielectric behavior of wet soil-part II: dielectric mixing models and experimental obervations. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 23: 25–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, Y-Q. , and Kong, J. A. , 1984: Strong fluctuation theory for electromagnetic wave scattering by a layer of random discrete scatterers. Journal of Applied Physics , 55: 1364–1369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendra, J. R. , Sarabandi, K. , and Ulaby, F. T. , 1998: Radar measurements of snow experiment and analysis. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 36: 864–879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, J. , Drinkwater, M. , and Ukita, J. , 2007: IGOS Ciyosphere Theme Report—For the Monitoring of our Environment from Space and from Earth. WMO/TD Publication 1405: 100.
   Google Scholar
• Li, H. , Wang, J. , Bai, Y. , Li, Z. , and Dou, Y. , 2009b: The snow hydrological process during a representative snow cover period in Binggou Watershed in the upper reaches of Heihe River. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology , 31: 293–300.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X. , Li, X. , Li, Z. , Ma, M. , Wang, J. , Xiao, Q. , Liu, Q. , Che, T. , Chen, E. , Yan, G. , Hu, Z. , Zhang, L. , Chu, R. , Su, P. , Liu, Q. , Liu, S. , Wang, J. , Niu, Z. , Chen, Y. , Jin, R. , Wang, W. , Ran, Y. , Xin, X. , and Ren, H. , 2009a: Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research. Journal of Geophysical Research , 114: D22. doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011590 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liou, Y. A. , and England, A. W. , 1996: Annual temperature and radiobrightness signatures for bare soils. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 34: 981–990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagler, T. , and Rott, H. , 2000: Retrieval of wet snow by means of multitemporal SAR data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 38: 754–765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagler, T. , and Rott, H. , 2004: Snow classification algorithm for ENVISAT ASAR. In Proceedings. 2004 ENVISAT & ERS Symposium. 6–10 September, Salzburg, Austria. Noordwijk, Netherlands: European Space Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Pivot, F. C. , 2012: C-band SAR image for snow cover monitoring at Treeline, Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Remote Sensing , 4: 2133– 2155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudkivi, A. J. , 1979: Hydrology: An Advanced Introduction to Hydrological Processes and Modeling. Pergamon, 479 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Rott, H. , Cline, D. , Duguay, C. , Essery, R. , Haas, C. , Macelloni, G. , Malnes, E. , Pulliainen, J. , Rebhan, H. , and Yueh, S. , 2008: CoReH2O—a Ku- and X-band SAR mission for detailed studies of snow and ice monitoring. In Proceedings, European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR). 7th, 2–5 June, Friedrichshafen, Germany: VDA.
   Google Scholar
• Shi, J. , and Dozier, J. , 2000: Estimation of snow water equivalence using SIR-C/X-SAR. Part II: inferring snow depth and particle size. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 38: 2475–2488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, S. , Che, T. , Wang, S. , and Wang, Z. , 2013: Snow cover area retrieval using C-band SAR in mountain areas. Remote Sensing Technology Application , 28: 444–452.
   Google Scholar
• Tsang, L. , and Kong, J. A. , 1981: Scattering of electromagnetic waves from random media with strong permittivity fluctuations. Radio Science , 16: 303–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang, L. , Kong, J. A. , and Shin, R. T. , 1985: Theory of Microwave Remote Sensing. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Tsang, L. , Kong, J. A. , and Ding, K-H. , 2004: Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves, Theories and Applications. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Ulaby, F. T. , and Stiles, W. H. , 1980: The active and passive microwave response to snow parameters: 2. Water equivalent of dry snow. Journal of Geophysical Research , 85(C2): 1045–1049.
   Google Scholar
• Ulaby, F. T. , Moore, R. K. , and Fung, A. K. , 1981: Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Vol. I: Microwave Remote Sensing Fundamentals and Radiometiy. Boston: Artech House.
   Google Scholar
• Ulaby, F. T. , Moore, R. K. , and Fung, A. K. , 1982: Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Vol. II: Radar Remote Sensing and Suiface Scattering and Emission Theory. Boston: Artech House.
   Google Scholar
• Ulaby, F. T. , Moore, R. K. , and Fung, A. K. , 1986: Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Vol. Ill: Volume Scattering and Emission Theoty, Advanced Systems and Applications. Boston: Artech House.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J. , Che, T. , Zhang, L. , Jin, R. , Wang, W. , Li, X. , Liang, J. , Hao, X. , Li, H. , Wu, Y. , and Hu, Z. , 2009: The cold regions hydrological remote sensing and ground-based synchronous observation experiment in the upper reaches of Heihe River. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology , 31: 189–197.
   Google Scholar
• West, R. D. , 2000: Potential applications of l-5GHz radar backscatter measurements of seasonal land snow cover. Ratio Science , 35: 967–981.
   Google Scholar