The cranium of Leptotragulus, a hornless protoceratid (Artiodactyla: Protoceratidae) from the Middle Eocene of North America

LITERATURE CITED

• Black , C. C. 1978 . Paleontology and geology of the Badwater Creel area, central Wyoming, Part 14: The artiodactyls . Annals of the Carnegie Museum , 47 : 223 – 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Colbert , E. H. 1941 . The osteology and relationships of Archaeomeryx, an ancestral ruminant . American Museum Novitates , 1135 : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Coombs , M. C. and Coombs , W. P. Jr. 1982 . Anatomy of the ear region of four Eocene artiodactyls: Gobiohyus,? Helohyus, Diacodexis Homacodon . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 2 : 219 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Dechaseaux , C. 1969 . Moulages endocraniens d'artiodactyles primitifs—essai sur l'histoire du néopallium . Annales de Paléontologie , 55 : 195 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Gazin , C. L. 1955 . A review of the upper Eocene Artiodactyla of North America . Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections , 128 : 1 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Gentry , A. W. and Hooker , J. J. 1988 . “ The phylogeny of the Artiodactyla; ” . In The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, 2 (Mammals) Edited by: Benton , M. J. 235 – 272 . Oxford : Clarendon Press and the Systematics Association .
   Google Scholar
• Golz , D. J. 1976 . Eocene Artiodactyla of southern California . Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Bulletin , 26 : 1 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Janis , C. M. 1990 . “ Correlation of reproduction and digestive strategies in the evolution of cranial appendages; ” . In Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers: Evolution, Morphology, Physiology, and Social Significance Edited by: Bubenik , G. A. and Bubenik , A. B. 114 – 133 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Janis , C. M. , Effinger , J. A. , Harrison , J. A. , Honey , J. G. , Kron , D. G. , Lander , B. , Manning , E. , Prothero , D. R. , Stevens , M. S. , Stucky , R. K. , Webb , S. D. and Wright , D. B. 1998 . “ Artiodactyla; ” . In Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Edited by: Janis , C. M. , Scott , K. M. and Jacobs , L. L. 337 – 357 . United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Joeckel , R. M. and Stavas , J. M. 1996 . Basicranial anatomy of Syndyoceras cooki (Artiodactyla, Protoceratidae) and the need for a reappraisal of tylopod relationships . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 16 : 320 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , O. C. 1891 . A horned artiodactyl (Protoceras celer) from the Miocene . American Journal of Science , 41 : 81 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Matthew , W. D. 1905 . Notice of two new genera of mammals from the Oligocene of South Dakota . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 21 : 21 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , C. A. 1999 . The cranium of Bunomeryx (Artiodactyla: Homacodontidae) from the middle Eocene Uinta deposits of Utah and its implications for tylopod systematics . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 19 ( 4 ) : 742 – 751 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn , H. F. 1929 . The titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska . United States Geological Survey Monograph , 55 : 1 – 953 . (2 volumes)
   Google Scholar
• Osborn , H. F. and Wortman , J. L. 1892 . Characters of Protoceras (Marsh) the new artiodactyl from the Lower Miocene . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 4 : 351 – 372 .
   Google Scholar
• Patton , T. H. and Taylor , B. E. 1971 . The Synthetoceratinae (Mammalia, Tylopoda, Protoceratidae) . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 145 ( 2 ) : 123 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Osborn , H. F. and Taylor , B. E. 1973 . The Protoceratinae (Mammalia, Tylopoda, Protoceratidae) and the systematics of the Protoceratidae . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 150 ( 4 ) : 351 – 413 .
   Google Scholar
• Prothero , D. R. 1996 . “ Magnetic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the middle Eocene Uinta formation, Uinta Basin, Utah; ” . In The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America Edited by: Prothero , D. R. and Emry , R. J. 3 – 24 . United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Prothero , D. R. 1998 . “ Protoceratidae; ” . In Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Edited by: Janis , C. M. , Scott , K. M. and Jacobs , L. L. 431 – 438 . United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Savage , D. E. and Russell , D. E. 1983 . Mammalian Paleofaunas of the World 433 Reading : Addison-Wesley Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W. B. 1895 . The osteology and relations of Protoceras . Journal of Morphology , 11 : 303 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W. B. 1898 . Preliminary note on the selenodont artiodactyls of the Uinta formation . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 37 : 73 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W. B. 1899 . The selenodont artiodactyls of the Uinta Eocene. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science . Philadelphia , 6 : 1 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W. B. 1940 . The mammalian fauna of the White River Oligocene, Part 4; Artiodactyla . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , 28 : 363 – 746 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W. B. and Osborn , H. F. 1887 . Preliminary report on the vertebrate fossils of the Uinta formation, collected by the Princeton Expedition of 1886 . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 24 : 255 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , G. G. 1945 . The principles of classification and a classification of mammals . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 85 : 1 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirton , R. A. 1932 . A new genus of Artiodactyla from the Clarendon lower Pliocene of Texas . University of California Publications in Geological Sciences , 21 : 147 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Stirton , R. A. 1944 . Comments on the relationships of the cervoid family Palaeomerycidae . American Journal of Science , 242 : 633 – 655 .
   Google Scholar
• Stirton , R. A. 1967 . Relationships of the protoceratid artiodactyls and a description of a new genus . University of California Publications in Geological Sciences , 72 : 30 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Stucky , R. K. 1998 . “ Eocene bunodont and bunoselenodont Artiodactyla (“dichobunids”); ” . In Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Edited by: Janis , C. M. , Scott , K. M. and Jacobs , L. L. 358 – 374 . United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , S. D. 1965 . The osteology of Camelops . Bulletin of the Los Angeles County Museum Science , 1 : 1 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , S. D. 1998 . “ Hornless ruminants; ” . In Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Edited by: Janis , C. M. , Scott , K. M. and Jacobs , L. L. 463 – 476 . Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , S. D. and Taylor , B. E. 1980 . The phylogeny of hornless ruminants and a description of the cranium of Archaeomeryx . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 167 : 117 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitmore , F. C. 1953 . Cranial morphology of some Oligocene Artiodactyla. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 243-H 117 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. A. 1974 . Early Tertiary vertebrate faunas, Vieja Group, Trans-Pecos Texas: Protoceratidae, Camelidae, Hypertragulidae . Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum , 18 : 1 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Wortman , J. L. 1898 . The extinct Camelidae of North America, and some associated forms . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 10 : 93 – 142 .
   Google Scholar