Notes
- See the Data and Methodology discussion for an explanation of why child-rearing rates may be subject to a degree of measurement error in the Census and possibly over-stated. Gates and Sell (Measuring Gay and Lesbian Couples in The Handbook of Measurement Issues in Family Research, eds. S Hofferth and L Casper, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., forthcoming) describe methods to adjust for this error. Even when making such adjustments, it is still likely that over a third of these couples are raising their own children.
- The census categories included Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Other Asian, Native Hawaiian, Guamanian or Chamorro, Samoan, and Other Pacific Islander, with blanks for specifying which “other” ethnicity.
- Gary J. Gates and Jason Ost, The Gay and Lesbian Atlas (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2004) offers a detailed explanation of counting same-sex couples.
- M.V. Lee Badgett and Marc A. Rogers, “Left Out of the Count: Missing Same-Sex Couples in Census 2000,” (Amherst, MA: Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies, 2003).
- Gates and Ost.
- M. V. Badgett, “The Wage Effects of Sexual-Orientation Discrimination,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48: 4 (1995): 726–739. Dan Black, Gary Gates, Seth Sanders, and Lowell Taylor, “Demographics of the Gay and Lesbian Population in the United States: Evidence from Available Systematic Data Sources,” Demography 37: 2 (2000): 139–154. Dan Black, Hoda Makar, Seth Sanders, and Lowell Taylor, “The Earnings Effects of Sexual Orientation,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 56: 3 (2003): 449–469. M. V. Badgett, “The Wage Effects of Sexual-Orientation Discrimination,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48: 4 (1995): 726–739. Sylvia Allegretto and Michelle Arthur, “An Empirical Analysis of Homosexual/Heterosexual Male Earnings Differentials: Unmarried and Unequal?” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 54: 3 (2001): 631–646.
- In this section, we control for age and only look at the population of couples with members between the ages of 25–55. We do this because these people are more likely to be raising their own children in this age range and doing so excludes a large number of older, different-sex couples who are no longer raising their own children. If these couples were included, the difference between the percentage of same-sex and different-sex couples raising their own children would be significantly smaller.
- Gary J. Gates and R. Bradley Sears, “Blacks in Same-Sex Couples in California: Data from Census 2000,” Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Project on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy (2005). Gary J. Gates and R. Bradley Sears, “Latino/as in Same-Sex Couples in California: Data from Census 2000,” Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Project on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy (2005).
- Gary J. Gates and R. Bradley Sears, “Asians and Pacific Islanders in Same-Sex Couples in California: Data from Census 2000,” Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Project on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy (2005).