Different effects of antihypertensive drugs on endothelial dysfunction

References

• Puddu P. Puddu GM, Zacd F, Muscari A. Endothelial dys-function in hypertension. Acta Cardiol 2000; 55: 221-32.
   Google Scholar
• Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Salvetti A. Endothelial dysfunction in hypertension. Fact or fancy? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998; 32 suppl 3: S41-S47.
   Google Scholar
• Park JB, Charbonneau F, Schiffrin EL. Correlation of endothelial function in large and small arteries in human essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 415-20.
   Google Scholar
• Vapaatalo H, Mervaala E, Nurminen M-L. Role of endothe-lium and nitric oxide in experimental hypertension. Physiol Res 2000; 49: 1-10.
   Google Scholar
• Boulanger CM. Secondary endothelial dysfunction. Hyper-tension and heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1999; 31: 39-49.
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre M, Bohr DF, Dominiczak AF. Endothelial func-tion in hypertension. The role of superoxide anion. Hyper-tension 1999; 34: 539-45.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke JP, Dzau VJ. Nitric oxide synthase. Role in the genesis of vascular disease. Ann Rev Med 1997; 38: 489-509.
   Google Scholar
• Luscher TF, Barton M. Biology of the endothelium. Clin Cardiol 1997; 20 suppl II: 3-10.
   Google Scholar
• Chang PC. Endothelial function and antihypertensive treat-ment. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 41: 19-20.
   Google Scholar
• Taddei S, Ghiadoni L, Virdis A, Versari D, Salvetti A. Mech-anisms of endothelial dysfunction: clinical significance and preventive non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies. Curr Pharm Des 2003; 9: 2385-402.
   Google Scholar
• Shimokawa H. Primary endothelial dysfunction: athero-sclerosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1999; 31: 23-37.
   Google Scholar
• Ross R. Atherosclerosis. An inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-26.
   Google Scholar
• Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Sudano I, Salvetti A. Effects of antihypertensive drugs on endothelial dysfunction. Clin-ical implications. Drugs 2002; 62: 265-84.
   Google Scholar
• Ghiadoni L, Magagna A, Versari D, Kardasz I, Huang Y, Taddei S, Salvetti A. Different effect of antihypertensive drugs on conduit artery endothelial function. Hypertension 2003; 41: 1281-6.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffrin E, Pu Q, Park JB. Effect of amlodipine compared to atenolol on small arteries of previously untreated essen-tial hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: 105-10.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL, Park JB, Pu Q. Effect of crossing over hyper-tensive patients from a beta-blocker to an angiotensin recep-tor antagonist on resistance artery structure and on endothe-lial function. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 71-8.
   Google Scholar
• Muhlen BY, Millgard J, Lind L. Effects of digoxin, furosemide, enalaprilat and metoprolol on endothelial func-tion in young normotensive subjects. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2001; 28: 381-5.
   Google Scholar
• Taddei S, Virdis A, Buralli S. Effect of calcium antagonist or beta blockade treatment on nitric oxide-dependent vasodi-lation and oxidative stress in essential hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 1-8.
   Google Scholar
• von zur Muhlen B, Kahan T, Hagg A, Millgard J, Lind L. Treatment with irbesartan or atenolol improves endothelial function in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 1813-8.
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi N, Mori Y, Nakano S, Tsubokou Y, Shirataki H, Matsuoka H. Celiprolol stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and improves myocardial remodeling in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. J Hyper-tens 2001; 19: 795-801.
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe H, Nakagawa K. Carvedilol improves endothe-lial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 1999; 100: 1-104.
   Google Scholar
• Brehm BR, Bertsch D, von Fallois J, Wolf SC. Beta-blockers of the third generation inhibit endothelin-1 libera-tion, mRNA production and proliferation of human coro-nary smooth muscle and endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 36 suppl 1: 401-3.
   Google Scholar
• Cosentino F, Bonetti S, Rehorik R, Eto M, Werner-Felmayer G, Volpe M, Luscher TF. Nitric-oxide-mediated relaxations in salt-induced hypertension. effect of chronic beta 1-selective receptor blockade. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 421-8.
   Google Scholar
• Luscher TF, Spieker LE, Noll G, Cosentino F. Vascular effects of newer cardiovascular drugs. Focus on nebivolol and ACE-inhibitors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 38 suppl 3: 3-11.
   Google Scholar
• Waeber B. Nebivolol. A beta blocker with vasodilator prop-erties. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 2000; 89: 631-3.
   Google Scholar
• Altwegg LA, d'Uscio LV, Barandier C, Cosentino F, Yang Z, Luscher TF. Nebivolol induces NO-mediated relaxations of rat small mesenteric but not of large elastic arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 36: 316-20.
   Google Scholar
• Broeders MA, Doevendans PA, Bekkers BC, Bronsaer R, van Gorsel E, Heemskerk JW, Egbrink MG, van Breda E, Reneman RS, van Der Zee R. Nebivolol. A third-genera-tion beta-blocker that augments vascular nitric oxide release. Endothelial beta(2)-adrenergic receptor-mediated nitric oxide production. Circulation 2000; 102: 677-84.
   Google Scholar
• Gao YS, Nagao T, Bond RA, Janssens WJ, Vanhoutte PM. Nebivolol induces endothelium-dependent relaxations of canine coronary arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 17: 964-9.
   Google Scholar
• Kakoki M, Hirata Y, Hayakawa H. Effects of vasodilatory beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on endothelium-derived nitric oxide release in rat kidney. Hypertension 1999; 33: 467-71.
   Google Scholar
• Andre DE, Arnet U, Yang Z, Luscher TF. Nebivolol inhibits human aortic smooth muscle cell growth. Effects on cell cycle regulatory proteins. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 35: 845-8.
   Google Scholar
• Brehm BR, Wolf SC, Bertsch D, Klaussner M, Wesselborg S, Schuler S, Schulze-Osthoff K. Effects of nebivolol on pro-liferation and apoptosis of human coronary artery smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2001; 49: 430-9.
   Google Scholar
• Ignarro U, Sisodia M, Trinh K, Bedrood S, Wu G, Wei LH, Buga GM. Nebivolol inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by mechanisms involving nitric oxide but not cyclic GMP. Nitric Oxide 2002; 7: 83-90.
   Google Scholar
• Ignarro LJ, Byrns RE, Trinh K, Sisodia M, Buga GM. Nebivolol: a selective f31-adrenergic receptor antagonist that relaxes vascular smooth muscle by nitric oxide and cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms. Nitric Oxide 2002; 7: 75-82.
   Google Scholar
• Tzemos N, Lim PO, MacDonald TM. Nebivolol reverses endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. A ran-domized, double-blind, crossover study. Circulation 2001; 104: 511-4.
   Google Scholar
• Kalinowski L, Dobrucki LW, Szczepanska-Konkel M, Jankowski M, Martyniec L, Angielski S, Malinski T. Third-generation beta-blockers stimulate nitric oxide release from endothelial cells through ATP efflux: a novel mechanism for antihypertensive action. Circulation 2003; 107: 2747-52.
   Google Scholar
• Vanhoutte PM. Vascular endothelium and Ca2+antagonists. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988; 12 suppl 6: 21-8.
   Google Scholar
• Tschudi MR, Criscione L, Novosel D. Antihypertensive therapy augments endothelium-dependent relaxations in coronary arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circu-lation 1994; 89: 2212-8.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffrin LE, Deng LY. Structure and function of resistance arteries of hypertensive patients treated with a 13-blocker or a calcium channel antagonist. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 1247-55.
   Google Scholar
• Frielingsdorf J, Seiler C, Kauffman P. Normalization of abnormal coronary vasomotion by calcium antagonists in patients with hypertension. Circulation 1996; 93: 1380-7.
   Google Scholar
• Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Monteduro C. Effect of treatment on flow-dependent vasodilation of the brachial artery in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1999; 33 (Pt 2): 575-80.
   Google Scholar
• Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Maio R. Calcium antagonist isradipine improves abnormal endothelium-dependent vasodilation in never treated hypertensive patients. Cardio-vasc Res 1999; 41: 299-306.
   Google Scholar
• Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Magagna A, Pasini AF, Garbin U, Cominacini L, Salvetti A. Effect of calcium antag-onist or beta blockade treatment on nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation and oxidative stress in essential hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 1379-86.
   Google Scholar
• Mori T, Takase H, Toide K, Hirano T, Kambe T, Nakayama N, Schwartz A. Pranidipine, a 1,4-dihydropyri-dine calcium channel blocker that enhances nitric oxide-induced vascular relaxation. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 2001; 19: 1-8.
   Google Scholar
• Takase H, Moreau P, Kung CF. Antihypertensive therapy prevents endothelial dysfunction in chronic nitric oxide defi-ciency. Effect of verapamil and trandolapril. Hypertension 1996; 27: 25-31.
   Google Scholar
• Frielingsdorf J, Seiler C, Kaufmann P. Vassalli G, Suter T, Hess OM. Normalization of abnormal coronary vasomo-tion by calcium antagonists in patients with hypertension. Circulation 1996; 93: 1380-7.
   Google Scholar
• Mak TI, Boehme P, Weglicki WB. Antioxidant effects of calcium channel blockers against free radical injury in endothelial cells. Circ Res 1992; 70: 1099-103.
   Google Scholar
• Lupo E, Locher R, Weisse B, Vetter W. In vitro antioxidant activity of calcium antagonists against LDL oxidation com-pared with a-tocopherol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 203: 1803-8.
   Google Scholar
• Uehata A, Takase B, Niskioka T, Kitamura K, Akima T, Kurita A, Isojima K. Effect of quinapril versus nitrendipine on endothelial dysfunction in patients with systemic hyper-tension. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 1414-6.
   Google Scholar
• Higashi Y, Sasaki S, Nakagawa K. A comparison of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium antago-nists, beta-blockers and diuretic agents on reactive hyper-emia in patients with essential hypertension. A multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 284-91.
   Google Scholar
• Panza J, Quyyumi AA, Callahan TS. Effect of antihyper-tensive treatment on endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 1145-51.
   Google Scholar
• Luscher TF. The endothelium and cardiovascular disease. A complex relation. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1081-3.
   Google Scholar
• Hirooka Y, Imaizumi T, Masaki H. Captopril improves impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hyperten-sive patients. Hypertension 1992; 20: 175-80.
   Google Scholar
• Lockette W, Otsuka Y, Carretero 0. The loss of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in hypertension. Hypertension 1986; 8 suppl II: 61-6.
   Google Scholar
• Dohi Y, Criscione L, Luscher TF. Renovascular hypertension impairs formation of endothelium-derived relaxing factors and sensitivity to endothelin-1 in resistance arteries. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 104: 349-54.
   Google Scholar
• Motro M, Shemesh J. Calcium channel blocker nifedipine slows down progression of coronary calcification in hyper-tensive patients compared with diuretics. Hypertension 2001; 37: 1410-3.
   Google Scholar
• Creager MA, Roddy MA. Effect of captopril and enalapril on endothelial function in hypertensive patients. Hyperten-sion 1994; 24: 499-505.
   Google Scholar
• Kiowski W, Linder L, Neusch R. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on endothelial function and vascular design in hypertension. Circulation 1992; 86 suppl I: 559.
   Google Scholar
• Kiowski W, Linder L, Nuesch R. Effect of cilazapril on vascular structure and function in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1996; 27 (part 1): 371-6.
   Google Scholar
• Uehata A, Takase B, Nishioka T, Kitamura K, Akima T, Kurita A, Isojima K. Effect of quinapril versus nitrendipine on endothelial dysfunction in patients with systemic hyper-tension. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 1414-6.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman EH, Gerhardt MD, Uehata A, Selwyn AP, Ganz P, Yeung AC, Creager MA. Flow-induced vasodi-lation of the human brachial artery is impaired in patients < 40 years of age with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 1210-4.
   Google Scholar
• Dzau V, Bernstein K, Celermajer D, Cohen J, Dahlof B, Deanfield J, Diez J, Drexler H, Ferrari R, van Gilst W, Hansson L, Hornig B, Husain A, Johnston C, Lazar H, Lonn E, Luscher T, Mancini J, Mimran A, Pepine C, Rabelink T, Remme W, Ruilope L, Ruzicka M, Schunkert H, Swedberg K, Unger T, Vaughan D, Weber M. The relevance of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme. Manifestations in mechanistic and endpoint data. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88 suppl: 1L-20L.
   Google Scholar
• Rajapopalan S, Kurz S, Munzel T. Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular superoxide pro-duction via membrane NADH/NADPH oxidase activation. Contribution to alterations of vasomotor tone. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 1916-23.
   Google Scholar
• Weir MR, Dzau VJ. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. A specific target for hypertension management. Am J Hypertens 1999; 12: 205S-213S.
   Google Scholar
• Kawano H, Do YS, Kawano Y. Angiotensin II has multiple profibrotic effects in human cardiac fibroblasts. Circulation 2000; 101: 1130-7.
   Google Scholar
• Rocchini AP, Moorehead C, DeRemer S. Hyperinsulinemia and the aldosterone and pressor responses to angiotensin II. Hypertension 1990; 15: 861-66.
   Google Scholar
• Gainer JV, Morrow JD, Loveland A, King DJ, Brown NJ. Effect of bradykinin-receptor blockade on the response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1285-92.
   Google Scholar
• Hornig B, Kohler C, Drexler H. Role of bradykinin in medi-ating vascular effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in humans. Circulation 1997; 95: 1115-8.
   Google Scholar
• Brown NJ, Agirbasli MA, Williams GH, Litchfield WR, Vaughan DE. Effect of activation and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system on plasma PAT-I. Hypertension 1998; 32: 965-71.
   Google Scholar
• Raij L. Workshop. Hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors. Role of the angiotensin II-nitric oxide interaction. Hypertension 2001; 37 (part 2): 767-773.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL. Correction of remodeling and function of small arteries in human hypertension by cilazapril, an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996; 27 suppl S: S13-S18.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL, Deng L-Y Comparison of effects of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition and beta-blockade for 2 years on function of small arteries from hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1995; 25 (4Pt 2): 699-703.
   Google Scholar
• Rizzoni D, Muiesan ML, Porteri E. Effects of long-term antihypertensive treatment with lisinopril on resistance arter-ies in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 197-204.
   Google Scholar
• Taddei S, Virdis A, Mattei P. Effect of lisinopril on endothe-lial function. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 371-6.
   Google Scholar
• Butler R, Morris AD, Sruthers AD. Lisinopril improves endothelial function in chronic cigarette smokers. Clin Sci 2001; 101: 53-8.
   Google Scholar
• Jain S, Rajeshwari J, Khullar M, Kumari S. Enalapril acts through release of nitric oxide in patients with essential hypertension. Ren Fail 2001; 23: 651-7.
   Google Scholar
• Higashi Y, Sasaki S, Nakagawa K, Matsuura H, Kajiyama G, Oshima T. Effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor imidapril on reactive hyperemia in patients with essential hypertension. Relationship between treatment periods and resistance artery endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 863-70.
   Google Scholar
• Enseleit F, Hurlimann D, Luscher TF. Vascular protective effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and their relation to clinical events. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 37 suppl 1: S21-S30.
   Google Scholar
• Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR, Biggersteff SL, Gifford N, Schrier RW. The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 645-652.
   Google Scholar
• Lever AF, Beevers DG, Hole DJ. Mortality amongst patients of the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic was high in the 1970s and 80s but has fallen since, why? Clin Exp Hypertens 1999; 21: 533-62.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman E, Messerli FH, Neutel JM. Angiotensin II recep-tor blockers. Equal or preferred substitutes for ACE inhibitors? Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 1905-11.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson TJ, Elstein E, Haber H, Charbonneau F. Com-parative study of ACE inhibition, angiotensin II antago-nism, and calcium channel blockade on flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with coronary disease (BANFF study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 60-6.
   Google Scholar
• Hornig B, Landmesser U, Kohler C, Ahlersmann D, Spiek-ermann S, Christoph A, Tatge H, Drexler H. Comparative effect of ACE inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonism on bioavailability of nitric oxide in patients with coronary artery disease. Role of superoxide dismutase. Circulation 2001; 103: 799-805.
   Google Scholar
• Prasad A, Tupas-Habib T, Schenke WH, Mincemoyer R, Panza JA, Waclawin MA, Ellahham S, Quyyumi AA. Acute and chronic angiotensin-1 receptor antagonism reverses endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2000; 101: 2349-54.
   Google Scholar
• Prasad A, Halcox JPJ, Waclawin MA, Quyyumi AA. Angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonism reverses abnormal coronary vasomotion in atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 1089-95.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL, Park JB, Intengan HD, Touyz RM. Correc-tion of arterial structure and endothelial dysfunction in human essential hypertension by the angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan. Circulation 2000; 101: 1653-9.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL. Vascular changes in hypertension in response to drug treatment. Effects of angiotensin receptor blockers. Can J Cardiol 2002; 18 suppl A: 15A-18A.
   Google Scholar
• Rajagopalan S, Brook R, Mehta RH, Supiano M, Pitt B. Effect of losartan in aging-related endothelial impairment. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 562-6.
   Google Scholar
• Tan KC, Chow WS, Ai VH, Lam KS. Effects of angiotensin II receptor antagonist on endothelial vaso-motor function and urinary albumin excretion in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2002; 18(1): 71-6.
   Google Scholar
• Arai H, Hon S, Aramori I. Cloning and expression of cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor. Nature 1990; 348: 730-2.
   Google Scholar
• Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, Takuwa Y. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non-isopeptide-selective subtype of the endothe-lin receptor. Nature 1990; 348: 732-5.
   Google Scholar
• Lerman A, Edwards BS, Hallett JW, Heublein DM, Sand-berg SM, Burnett JC Jr. Circulating and tissue endothelin immunoreactivity in advanced atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 997-1001.
   Google Scholar
• Winkles JA, Alberts GF, Brog E. Endothelin-1 and endothe-lin receptor mRNA expression in normal and atheroscle-rotic human arteries. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 325: 997-1001.
   Google Scholar
• Cardillo C, Campia U, Kilcoyne CM, Bryant MB, Panza JA. Improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation after blockade of endothelin receptors in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 2002; 105: 452-6.
   Google Scholar
• MacCarthy PA, Prendergast BD, Pegge NC. Endogenous endothelin contributes to the maintenance of coronary vaso-motor tone in humans. Eur Heart J1999; 20 abstr:suppl: 654.
   Google Scholar
• Ikeda U, Yamamoto K, Maeda Y Endothelin-1 inhibits nitric oxide synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Hyper-tension 1997; 29: 65-9.
   Google Scholar
• Wenzel RR, Ruthemann J, Bruck H, Schafers RF, Michel MC, Philipp T. Endothelin-A receptor antagonist inhibits angiotensin II and noradrenaline in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 52: 151-157.
   Google Scholar
• Iglarz M, Benessiano J, Philip I, Vuillaumier-Barrot S, Lasocki S, Hvass U, Durand G, Desmonts JM, Levy BI, Henrion D. Preproendothelin-1 gene polymorphism is related to a change in vascular reactivity in the human mammary artery in vitro. Hypertension 2002; 39: 209-13.
   Google Scholar
• Verhaar MC, Weyer RM, Kastelein JJ, van Dam T, Koomans HA, Rabelink TJ. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, the active form of folic acid, restores endothelial function in familial hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1997; 97: 237-41.
   Google Scholar
• Verhaar MC, Weyer RM, Kastelein JJ. Effects of oral folic acid supplementation on endothelial function in familial hypercholesterolemia. A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 1999; 100: 335-8.
   Google Scholar
• Ting HH, Timimi FK, Haley EA, Roddy M-A, Ganz P, Creager MA. Vitamin C improves endothelium-depen-dent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans with hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1997; 95: 2617-22.
   Google Scholar
• Levine GN, Frei B, Koulouris SN, Gerhard MD, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA. Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1996; 93: 1107-13.
   Google Scholar
• Gokce N, Keaney JF Jr, Frei B. Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1999; 99: 3234-40.
   Google Scholar
• Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Magagna A, Salvetti A. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation by restoring nitric oxide activity in essential hypertension. Circulation 1998; 97: 2222-9.
   Google Scholar
• Ting HH, Timimi FK, Boles KS, Creager SJ, Ganz P. Creager MA. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent dia-betes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 22-8.
   Google Scholar
• Heitzer T, Just H, Munzel M. Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. Circulation 1996; 94: 6-9.
   Google Scholar
• Solzbach U, Hornig B, Jeserich M. Vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries in hypertensive patients. Circulation 1997; 96: 1513-9.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M. Treatment of hyperten-sion with ascorbic acid. Lancet 1999; 354: 2048-9.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, Hunter LM, Biegel-sen ES, Huang A, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA. Effect of ascor-bic acid treatment on conduit vessel endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 280: H528-H534.
   Google Scholar
• Gori T, Burstein JM, Ahmed S, Miner SE, Al-Hesayen A, Kelly S, Parker JD. Folic acid prevents nitroglycerin-induced nitric oxide synthase dysfunction and nitrate tolerance. A human in vivo study. Circulation 2001; 104: 1119-23.
   Google Scholar
• Doshi SN, McDowell IF, Moat SJ, Payne N, Durrant HJ, Lewis MJ, Goodfellow J. Folic acid improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease via mechanisms largely independent of homocysteine lowering. Circulation 2002; 105: 22-26.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuda Y, Teragawa H, Matsuda K, Yamagata T, Matsuura H, Chayama K. Tetrahydrobiopterin restores endothelial function of coronary arteries in patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Heart 2002; 87: 264-9.
   Google Scholar
• Higashi Y, Sasaki S, Nakagawa K, Fukuda Y, Matsuura H, Oshima T, Chayama K. Tetrahydrobiopterin enhances forearm vascular response to acetylcholine in both nor-motensive and hypertensive individuals. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: 326-32.
   Google Scholar
• Katusic ZS. Vascular endothelial dysfunction. Does tetrahy-drobiopterin play a role? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 281: H981-H986.
   Google Scholar
• The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease. The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-9.
   Google Scholar
• The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1301-7.
   Google Scholar
• Treasure CB, Klein JL, Weintraub WS. Beneficial effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy on the coronary endothe-lium in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 481-7.
   Google Scholar
• Stroes ES, Koomans HA, de Bruin TW, Rabelink TJ. Vascular function in the forearm of hypercholesterolaemic patients off and on lipid-lowering medication. Lancet 1995; 346: 467-471.
   Google Scholar
• John S, Schlaich M, Langenfeld M. Increased bioavail-ability of nitric oxide after lipid-lowering therapy in hyper-cholesterolemic patients. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Circulation 1998; 98: 211-6.
   Google Scholar
• Dupuis J, Tardif JC, Cernacek P, Theroux P. Cholesterol reduction rapidly improves endothelial function after acute coronary syndromes. The RECIFE (reduction of choles-terol in ischemia and function of the endothelium) trial. Circulation 1999; 99: 3227-33.
   Google Scholar
• Wassmann S, Laufs U, Baumer AT, Muller K, Ahlbory K, Linz W, Itter G, Rosen R, Bohm M, Nickenig G. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve endothelial dysfunction in normocholesterolemic hypertension via reduced pro-duction of reactive oxygen species. Hypertension 2001; 37: 1450-7.
   Google Scholar
• Huynh NT, Tayek JA. Oral arginine reduces systemic blood pressure in type 2 diabetes. Its potential role in nitric oxide generation. J Am Coll Nutr 2002; 21: 422-7.
   Google Scholar
• Koh KK, Ahn JY, Han SH, Kim DS, Jin DK, Kim HS, Shin MS, Ahn TH, Choi IS, Shin EK. Pleiotropic effects of angiotensin II receptor blocker in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 905-10.
   Google Scholar
• Klingbeil AU, John S, Schneider MP, Jacobi J, Handrock R, Schmieder RE. Effect of AT1 receptor blockade on endothe-lial function in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 123-8.
   Google Scholar
• Mancini GB. Emerging role of angiotensin II type 1 recep-tor blockers for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation. Can J Cardiol 2002; 18: 1309-16.
   Google Scholar
• Deng YB, Yang HY, Li CL, Chang Q. Angiotensin recep-tor antagonist losartan improves endothelial function of epicardial coronary arteries in patients with essential hyper-tension. Clin Cardiol 2002; 25: 422-8.
   Google Scholar
• Barton M, Haudenschild CC, d'Uscio LV, Shaw S, Munter K, Luscher TF. Endothelin ETA receptor blockade restores NO-mediated endothelial function and inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 14367-72.
   Google Scholar
• Ferro CJ, Haynes WG, Hand MF, Webb DJ. Forearm vaso-constriction to endothelin-1 is impaired, but constriction to sarafotoxin 6c and vasodilatation to BQ-123 unaltered, in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Sci 2002; 103 Suppl 48: 53S-58S.
   Google Scholar
• Martin P, Ninio D, Krum H. Effect of endothelin block-ade on basal and stimulated forearm blood flow in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 2002; 39: 821-4.
   Google Scholar
• Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL. Role of endothelin in human hypertension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 81: 533-41.
   Google Scholar
• Rich S, McLaughlin VV. Endothelin receptor blockers in cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2003; 108: 2184-90.
   Google Scholar