Endurance exercise, plasma oxidation and cardiovascular risk

References

• Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS, Jr, Lee I-M. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men: the Harvard Alumni Health Study. Circulation 2000; 102(9): 975–80.
   Google Scholar
• Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Exercise type and intensity in rela-tion to coronary heart disease in men. JAMA 2002; 288(16): 1994–2000.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn TJ, Sprague HA, Van Huss WD, Olson HW. Caloric expenditure, life status, and disease in former male athletes and non-athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22(6): 742–50.
   Google Scholar
• Shaper AG, Wannamethee G, Weatherall R. Physical activ-ity and ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged British men. Br Heart J1991; 66(5): 384–94.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman SE, D’Agostino RB, Cobb JL, Kannel WB. Does exercise reduce mortality rates in the elderly? Experience from the Framingham Heart Study. Am Heart J1994; 128(5): 965–72.
   Google Scholar
• Hood S, Northcote RJ. Cardiac assessment of veteran endurance athletes: a 12 year follow-up study. Br J Sports Med 1999; 33(4): 239–43.
   Google Scholar
• Alessio HM. Exercise-induced oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25(2): 218–24.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg D. Lewis A. Conner memorial lecture: oxidative modification of LDL and atherogenesis. Circulation 1997; 95: 1062–71.
   Google Scholar
• Davies KJ, Quintanilha AT, Brooks GA, Packer L. Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 107(4): 1198–1205.
   Google Scholar
• Ashton T, Rowlands CC, Jones E, Young IS, Jackson SK, Davies B, Peters JR. Electron spin resonance spectroscopic detection of oxygen-centred radicals in human serum fol-lowing exhaustive exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Phys-iol 1998; 77(6): 498–502.
   Google Scholar
• Bergholm R, Makimattila S, Valkonen M, Liu M-L, Lahdenpera S, Taskinen M-R, Sovijarvi A, Malmberg P, Yki-Jarvinen H. Intense physical training decreases circu-lating antioxidants and endothelium-dependent vasodilata-tion in vivo. Atherosclerosis 1999; 145: 341–9.
   Google Scholar
• Liu ML, Bergholm R, Makimattila S, Lahdenpera S, Valkonen M, Hilden H, Yki-Jarvinen H, Taskinen MR. A marathon run increases the susceptibility of LDL to oxi-dation in vitro and modifies plasma antioxidants. Am J Phys-iol 1999; 276: E1083–E1091.
   Google Scholar
• Wetzstein CJ, Shern-Brewer RA, Santanam N, Green NR, White-Welkley JE, Parthasarathy S. Does acute exercise affect the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxida-tion? Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 24(4): 679–82.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Quesada JL, Homs-Serradesanferm R, Serrat-Serrat J, Serra-Grima JR, Gonzalez-Sastre F, Ordonez-Llanos J. Increase of LDL susceptibility to oxidation occur-ring after intense, long duration aerobic exercise. Athero-sclerosis 1995; 118: 297–305.
   Google Scholar
• Vasankari TJ, Kujala UM, Vasankari TM, Ahotupa M. Reduced oxidized LDL levels after a 10-month exercise pro-gram. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30(10): 1496–501.
   Google Scholar
• Vasankari TJ, Kujala UM, Vasankari TM, Vuorimaa T, Ahotupa M. Effects of acute prolonged exercise on serum and LDL oxidation and antioxidant defences. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 22(3): 509–13.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Quesada JL, Ortega H, Payes-Romero A, Serrat-Serrat J, Gonzalez-Sastre F, Lasuncion M, Ordonez-Llanos J. LDL from aerobically-trained subjects shows higher resistance to oxidative modification than LDL from sedentary subjects. Atherosclerosis 1997; 132: 207–13.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg GS, Agil A, O’Toole M, Rimm E, Douglas P, Rifai N. Effects of a single bout of ultraendurance exercise on lipid levels and susceptibility of lipids to peroxidation in triathletes. JAMA 1996; 276: 221–5.
   Google Scholar
• Shern-Brewer RA, Santanam N, Wetzstein CJ, White-Welkley JE, Parthasarathy S. Exercise and cardiovascular disease: a new perspective. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 1181–7.
   Google Scholar
• Case D, Baer JT, Subbiah MTR. The effect of prolonged exercise on lipid peroxidation in eumenorrheic female run-ners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31(10): 1390–3.
   Google Scholar
• Staprans I, Rapp JH, Pan XM, Kim KY, Feingold KR. Oxidized lipids in the diet are a source of oxidized lipid in chylomicrons of human serum. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14(12): 1900–5.
   Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy S, Quinn MT, Schwenke DC, Carew TE, Steinberg D. Oxidative modification of beta-very low den-sity lipoprotein. Potential role in monocyte recruitment and foam cell formation. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9(3): 398–404.
   Google Scholar
• Mohr D, Stocker R. Radical-mediated oxidation of isolated human very-low-density lipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14(7): 1186–92.
   Google Scholar
• La Ville AE, Sola R, Balanya J, Turner PR, Masana L. In vitro oxidised HDL is recognized by the scavenger receptor of macrophages: implications for its protective role in vivo. Atherosclerosis 1994; 105(2): 179–89.
   Google Scholar
• Kontush A, Kohlschutter A, Beisiegel U. Physical properties of oxidized lipoproteins. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1995; 37(4): 707–16.
   Google Scholar
• Kontush A, Beisiegel U. Measurement of oxidizability of blood plasma. Methods Enzymol 1999; 299: 35–49.
   Google Scholar
• Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Litin LB, Willett WC. Reproducibility and validity of an expanded self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire among male health professionals. Am J Epi-demiol 1992: 135(10): 1114–26.
   Google Scholar
• Astrand PO, Ryhming I. A nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rate during submaximal work. J Appl Physiol 1954; 7:218–21.
   Google Scholar
• Friedewald W, Levy R, Fredrickson D. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without the use of preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499–502.
   Google Scholar
• Sim AS, Salonikas C, Naidoo D, Wilcken DE. Improved method for plasma malondialdehyde measurement by high-performance liquid chromatography using methyl malondi-aldehyde as an internal standard. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 785(2): 337–44.
   Google Scholar
• Miller NJ, Rice-Evans C, Davies MJ, Gopinathan V, Milner A. A novel method for measuring antioxidant capac-ity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin Sci (Lond) 1993; 84(4): 407–12.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Lakka TA, Venalainen JM, Rauramaa R, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1994; 330(22): 1549–54.
   Google Scholar
• Green DJ, Walsh JH, Maiorana A, Best MJ, Taylor RR, O’Driscoll JG. Exercise-induced improvement in endothe-lial dysfunction is not mediated by changes in CV risk factors: pooled analysis of diverse patient populations. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285(6): H2679–2687.
   Google Scholar
• Kingwell BA. Nitric oxide-mediated metabolic regulation during exercise: effects of training in health and cardiovas-cular disease. FASEB J 2000; 14(12): 1685–96.
   Google Scholar
• Laufs U, Werner N, Link A, Endres M, Wassmann S, Jurgens K, Miche E, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Physical train-ing increases endothelial progenitor cells, inhibits neointima formation, and enhances angiogenesis. Circulation 2004: 109(2): 220–6.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Cen-ter for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Korkia PK, Tunstall-Pedoe DS, Maffulli N. An epidemio-logical investigation of training and injury patterns in British triathletes. Br J Sports Med 1994; 28(3): 191–6.
   Google Scholar
• Balakrishnan SD, Anuradha CV. Exercise, depletion of antioxidants and antioxidant manipulation. Cell Biochem Funct 1998; 16(4): 269–75.
   Google Scholar
• Niess AM, Dickhuth HH, Northoff H, Fehrenbach E. Free radicals and oxidative stress in exercise: immunological aspects. Exerc Immunol Rev 1999; 5: 22–56.
   Google Scholar
• Witztum JL. The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1994; 344(8925): 793–5.
   Google Scholar