Effects of atypical pneumonia agents on progression of atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome

References

• Kaplan M, Yavuz SS, Cinar B, Koksal V, Kut MS, Yapici F, Gercekoglu H, Demirtas MM. Detection of Chlamydia pneu-moniae and Helicobacter pylori in atherosclerotic plaques of carotid artery by polymerase chain reaction. Int J Infect Dis 2006; 10: 116–23.
   Google Scholar
• Monaco C, Rossi E, Milazzo D, Citterio F, Ginnetti F, D’Onofrio G, Cianflone D, Crea F, Biasucci LM, Maseri A. Persistent systemic inflammation in unstable angina is largely unrelated to the atherothrombotic burden. J Am Coll Car-diol 2005; 45: 238–43.
   Google Scholar
• Saikku P, Leinonen M, Mattila K, Ekman MR, Nieminen MS, Makela PH, Huttunen JK, Valtonen V. Serological evi-dence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarc-tion. Lancet 1988; 2: 983–6.
   Google Scholar
• Thom DH, Grayston JT, Siscovick DS, Wang SP, Weiss NS, Daling JR. Association of prior infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. JAMA 1992; 268: 68–72.
   Google Scholar
• Mendall MA, Goggin PM, Molineaux N, Levy J, Toosy T, Strachan D, Camm AJ, Northfield TC. Relation of Heli-cobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease. Br Heart J1994; 71: 437-9.
   Google Scholar
• Strachan DP, Mendall MA, Carrington D, Butland BK, Yarnell JW, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC. Relation of Helicobacter pylori infection to 13 year mortality and inci-dent ischemic heart disease in the Caerphilly Prospective Heart Disease Study. Circulation 1998; 98: 1286–90.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou YF, Leon MB, Waclawiw MA, Popma JJ, Yu ZX, Finkel T, Epstein SE. Association between prior cytomegalovirus infection and the risk of restenosis after coro-nary atherectomy. N Eng J Med 1996; 335: 624–30.
   Google Scholar
• Mitusch R, Luedemann J, Wood WG, Berger K, Schminke U, Suter M, Kessler C, John U, Rupp J, Kentsch M, Maass M. Asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis is associated with circulating chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in younger nor-motensive subjects in a general population survey. Ante-rioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 386–91.
   Google Scholar
• Blasi F, Boman J, Esposito G, Melissano G, Chiesa R, Cosentini R, Tarsia P, Tshomba Y, Betti M, Alessi M, Morelli N, Alleqra L. Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA detection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is predictive of vas-cular infection. J Infect Dis 1999; 180: 2074–6.
   Google Scholar
• Wong YK, Dawkins KD, Ward ME. Circulating Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA as a predictor of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 1435–9.
   Google Scholar
• Dore MP, Sepulveda AR, Bacciu PP, Blasi F, Simula L, Marras L, Piccolo D, Cherchi GB, Graham DY, Realdi G. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae but not Helicobacter pylori DNA in atherosclerosis plaques. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48: 945–51.
   Google Scholar
• Rassu M, Cazzavillan S, Scagnelli M, Peron A, Bevilacqua PA, Facco M, Bertoloni G, Lauro FM, Zambello R, Bonoldi E. Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atheroscle-rotic arteries from various vascular regions. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158: 73–9.
   Google Scholar
• Chiu B, Viira E, Tucker W, Fong IW Chlamydia pneumoniae, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes Simplex Virus in atherosclero-sis of the carotid artery. Circulation 1997; 96: 2144–8.
   Google Scholar
• Tong CYW, Sillis M. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci in sputum sample by PCR. J Clin Pathol 1993; 46: 313–7.
   Google Scholar
• Song H, Tasaki H, Yashiro A, Yamashita K, Taniguchi H, Nakashima Y Acute-phase proteins and Chlamydia pneu-moniae infection which one is more important in acute coro-nary syndrome? Jpn Circ J2001; 65: 853–7.
   Google Scholar
• Curzen N, Fox K. Inflammation and outcome in unstable angina. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 554–5.
   Google Scholar
• Roivainen M, Viik-Kajander M, Palosuo T, Toivanen P, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Tenkanen L, Manninen V, Hovi T, Manttari M. Infections, inflammation and the risk coronary heart disease. Circulation 2000; 101: 252–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hoymans VY, Bosmans JM, Ursi D, Martinet W, Wuyts FL, Van Marck E, Altwegg M, Vrints CJ, Ieven MM. Immuno-histostaining assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic arteries indicate cross-rections with nonch-lamydial plaque constituents. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3219–24.
   Google Scholar
• Porqueddu M, Spirito R, Parolari A, Zanobini M, Pompilio G, Polvani G, Alamanni F, Stangalini D, Tremoli E, Biglioli P. Lack of association between serum immunore-activity and Chlamydia pneumoniae detection in the human aortic wall. Circulation 2002; 106: 2647–8.
   Google Scholar
• Dowell SF, Peeling RW, Boman J, Carlone GM, Fields BS, Guarner J, Hammerschalaq MR, Jackson LA, Kuo CC, Maass M, Messmer TO, Talkington DF, Tondella ML, Zaki SR; Chlamydia pneumoniae workshop participants. Stan-dardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada). Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 492–503.
   Google Scholar
• Romano S, Penco M, Fratini S, Di Pietro M, Sessa R, Del Piano M, Fedele F, Dagianti A. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is associated with coronary artery disease but not implicated in inducing plaque instability. Int J Cardiol 2004; 95: 95–9.
   Google Scholar
• Adiloglu AK, Can R, Nazli C, Ocal A, Ergene 0, Tinaz G, Kisioglu N. Ectasia and severe atherosclerosis; Relationships with Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and inflam-matory markers. Tex Heart Inst J2005; 32: 21-7.
   Google Scholar
• Hoymans V, Bosmans J, Ursi D, Dubois F, Van Marck E, Altwegg M, Ieven M, Vrints C. Systemic inflammation, Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in circulating leukocytes and coronary atherosclerosis. Acta Cardiol 2002; 57: 213–9.
   Google Scholar
• Rassu M, Ca77avillan S, Scagnelli M, Peron A, Bevilacqua PA, Facco M, Bertoloni G, Lauro FM, Zambello R, Bonoldi E. Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in athemsclerotic arteries from vascular regions. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158: 73–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gaydos CA, Summergill JT, Sahney NN, Ramirez JA, Quinn TC. Replication of Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro in human macrophages, endothelial cells, and aortic artery smooth muscle cells. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 1614–20.
   Google Scholar
• Ross R. Atherosclerosis. An inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115–26.
   Google Scholar
• Bloemenkamp DGM, Mali WPM, Tanis BC, Rosendaal FR, van den Bosch MA, Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Ossewaarde JM, Visseren FLJ, van Loon AM, van der Graaf Y. Chlamy-dia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori and Cytomegalovirus infections and the risk of peripheral arterial disease in young women. Atherosclerosis 2002; 163: 149–56.
   Google Scholar
• Zuni A, Hare DL, Horrigan M, Buxton BF. The resistance of the IMA to atherosclerosis might be associated with its higher eNOS, ACE and ET-A receptor immunoreactivity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 1308.
   Google Scholar
• Tector AJ, Schmahl TM, Janson B, Kallies JR, Johnson G. The internal mammary artery graft: its longevity after coronary bypass. JAMA 1981; 246: 2181–3.
   Google Scholar
• Luscher TF, Diederich D, Siebenmann R, Lehmann K, Stulz P, von Segesser L, Yang ZH, Turina M, Gradel E, Weber E, et al. Difference between endothelium-dependent relaxation in arterial and in venous coronary bypass grafts. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 462–7.
   Google Scholar