1,188
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Ischemic Stroke demographics, Clinical Features and Scales and Their Correlations: an Exploratory Study From Jordan

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: FSO809 | Received 14 Mar 2022, Accepted 22 Jul 2022, Published online: 05 Aug 2022

References

  • WarlowCP. Epidemiology of stroke. Lancet (London, UK)352(Suppl. 3), Siii–S4 (1998).
  • FeiginVL , NicholsE , AlamTet al.Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol.18(5), 459–480 (2019).
  • OwolabiMO , SarfoF , AkinyemiRet al.Dominant modifiable risk factors for stroke in Ghana and Nigeria (SIREN): a case–control study. Lancet Glob. Health.6(4), e436–e446 (2018).
  • CuiQ , NaikooNA. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. Afr. Health Sci.19(2), 2121–2129 (2019).
  • GanY , WuJ , ZhangSet al.Prevalence and risk factors associated with stroke in middle-aged and older Chinese: a community-based cross-sectional study. Sci Rep.7(1), 9501 (2017).
  • Barker-ColloS , BennettDA , KrishnamurthiRVet al.Sex differences in stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Neuroepidemiology.45(3), 203–214 (2015).
  • BoehmeAK , EsenwaC , ElkindMS. Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. Circ. Res.120(3), 472–495 (2017).
  • SachdevPS , LoJW , CrawfordJDet al.STROKOG (Stroke and Cognition Consortium): an international consortium to examine the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocognitive disorders in relation to cerebrovascular disease. Alzheimers Dement. (Amst).7, 11–23 (2017).
  • RawashdehSI , Al-MistarehiAH , YassinA , Rabab'ahW , SkaffH , IbdahR. A concurrent ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and aortic thrombi in a young patient with hyperhomocysteinemia: a case report. Int. Med. Case Rep. J.13, 581–590 (2020).
  • ShahRS , ColeJW. Smoking and stroke: the more you smoke the more you stroke. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther.8(7), 917–932 (2010).
  • ZhangFL , GuoZN , WuYHet al.Prevalence of stroke and associated risk factors: a population based cross sectional study from northeast China. BMJ Open7(9), e015758 (2017).
  • HakimAM. Depression, strokes and dementia: new biological insights into an unfortunate pathway. Cardiovasc. Psychiatry Neurol.2011, 649629 (2011).
  • JohnsonW , OnumaO , OwolabiM , SachdevS. Stroke: a global response is needed. Bull WHO94(9), 634–634a (2016).
  • BenjaminEJ , MuntnerP , AlonsoAet al.Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation139(10), e56–e528 (2019).
  • ChauhanG , DebetteS. Genetic risk factors for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Curr. Cardiol. Rep.18(12), 124 (2016).
  • El-HajjM , SalamehP , RachidiS , HosseiniH. The epidemiology of stroke in the Middle East. Eur. Stroke J.1(3), 180–198 (2016).
  • TranJ , MirzaeiM , AndersonL , LeederSR. The epidemiology of stroke in the Middle East and North Africa. J. Neurol. Sci.295(1-2), 38–40 (2010).
  • RobertAA , ZamzamiMM. Stroke in Saudi Arabia: a review of the recent literature. Pan. Afr. Med. J.17, 14 (2014).
  • AlhazzaniAA , MahfouzAA , AbolyazidAYet al.Study of stroke incidence in the Aseer region, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health15(2), 215 (2018).
  • FischerU , ArnoldM , NedeltchevKet al.NIHSS score and arteriographic findings in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke36(10), 2121–2125 (2005).
  • GhandehariK. Challenging comparison of stroke scales. J. Res. Med. Sci.18(10), 906–910 (2013).
  • QuinnTJ , DawsonJ , WaltersMR , LeesKR. Variability in modified Rankin scoring across a large cohort of international observers. Stroke39(11), 2975–2979 (2008).
  • SaverJL , FilipB , HamiltonSet al.Improving the reliability of stroke disability grading in clinical trials and clinical practice: the Rankin Focused Assessment (RFA). Stroke41(5), 992–995 (2010).
  • LydenPD , LuM , LevineSR , BrottTG , BroderickJ. A modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale for use in stroke clinical trials: preliminary reliability and validity. Stroke32(6), 1310–1317 (2001).
  • LydenP , LuM , JacksonCet al.Underlying structure of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: results of a factor analysis. NINDS tPA Stroke Trial Investigators. Stroke30(11), 2347–2354 (1999).
  • LydenP , ClaessonL , HavstadS , AshwoodT , LuM. Factor analysis of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale in patients with large strokes. Arch. Neurol.61(11), 1677–1680 (2004).
  • AdamsHPJr , DavisPH , LeiraECet al.Baseline NIH Stroke Scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke: a report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). Neurology53(1), 126–131 (1999).
  • DemchukAM , TanneD , HillMDet al.Predictors of good outcome after intravenous tPA for acute ischemic stroke. Neurology57(3), 474–480 (2001).
  • MahoneyFI , BarthelDW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md. State Med. J.14, 61–65 (1965).
  • CollinC , WadeDT , DaviesS , HorneV. The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study. Int. Disabil. Stud.10(2), 61–63 (1988).
  • GrangerCV , HamiltonBB , GreshamGE , KramerAA. The stroke rehabilitation outcome study: Part II. Relative merits of the total Barthel Index score and a four-item subscore in predicting patient outcomes. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.70(2), 100–103 (1989).
  • BroderickJP , AdeoyeO , ElmJ. Evolution of the modified Rankin Scale and its use in future stroke trials. Stroke48(7), 2007–2012 (2017).
  • QuinnTJ , DawsonJ , WaltersMR , LeesKR. Reliability of the modified Rankin Scale: a systematic review. Stroke40(10), 3393–3395 (2009).
  • Von ElmE , AltmanDG , EggerM , PocockSJ , GøtzschePC , VandenbrouckeJP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann. Intern. Med.147(8), 573–577 (2007).
  • FeiginVL , ForouzanfarMH , KrishnamurthiRet al.Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990–2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet (London, UK)383(9913), 245–254 (2014).
  • SolimanRH , OrabyMI , FathyM , EssamAM. Risk factors of acute ischemic stroke in patients presented to Beni-Suef University Hospital: prevalence and relation to stroke severity at presentation. Egypt J. Neurol. Psychiatr. Neurosurg.54(1), 8 (2018).
  • GrauAJ , WeimarC , BuggleFet al.Risk factors, outcome, and treatment in subtypes of ischemic stroke: the German stroke data bank. Stroke32(11), 2559–2566 (2001).
  • AltafiD , KhotbesaraMH , KhotbesaraMH , BagheriA. A comparative study of NIHSS between ischemic stroke patients with and without risk factors. Tech. J. Eng. App. Sci.3(17), 1954–1957 (2013).
  • DeleuD , InshasiJ , AkhtarNet al.Risk factors, management and outcome of subtypes of ischemic stroke: a stroke registry from the Arabian Gulf. J. Neurol. Sci.300(1-2), 142–147 (2011).
  • ElTallawy HN , FarghalyWM , BadryRet al.Epidemiology and clinical presentation of stroke in Upper Egypt (desert area). Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat.11, 2177–2183 (2015).
  • YousufuddinM , YoungN. Aging and ischemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY).11(9), 2542–2544 (2019).
  • RötherJ , AlbertsMJ , TouzéEet al.Risk factor profile and management of cerebrovascular patients in the REACH Registry. Cerebrovasc. Dis.25(4), 366–374 (2008).
  • SaccoRL , DienerHC , YusufSet al.Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. New Engl. J. Med.359(12), 1238–1251 (2008).
  • ElAliA , DoeppnerTR , ZechariahA , HermannDM. Increased blood–brain barrier permeability and brain edema after focal cerebral ischemia induced by hyperlipidemia: role of lipid peroxidation and calpain-1/2, matrix metalloproteinase-2/9, and RhoA overactivation. Stroke42(11), 3238–3244 (2011).
  • LeppäläJM , VirtamoJ , FogelholmR , AlbanesD , HeinonenOP. Different risk factors for different stroke subtypes: association of blood pressure, cholesterol, and antioxidants. Stroke30(12), 2535–2540 (1999).
  • AyataC , ShinHK , DileközEet al.Hyperlipidemia disrupts cerebrovascular reflexes and worsens ischemic perfusion defect. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.33(6), 954–962 (2013).
  • CarandangR , SeshadriS , BeiserAet al.Trends in incidence, lifetime risk, severity, and 30-day mortality of stroke over the past 50 years. JAMA296(24), 2939–2946 (2006).
  • Jimenez-CondeJ , BiffiA , RahmanRet al.Hyperlipidemia and reduced white matter hyperintensity volume in patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke41(3), 437–442 (2010).
  • ShigematsuK , WatanabeY , NakanoH. Influences of hyperlipidemia history on stroke outcome; a retrospective cohort study based on the Kyoto Stroke Registry. BMC Neurol.15, 44 (2015).
  • ArsavaEM , RahmanR , RosandJet al.Severity of leukoaraiosis correlates with clinical outcome after ischemic stroke. Neurology72(16), 1403–1410 (2009).
  • CohenJI , CazettesF , ConvitA. Abnormal cholesterol is associated with prefrontal white matter abnormalities among obese adults: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroradiol. J.24(6), 854–861 (2011).
  • RestrepoL , BangOY , OvbiageleBet al.Impact of hyperlipidemia and statins on ischemic stroke outcomes after intra-arterial fibrinolysis and percutaneous mechanical embolectomy. Cerebrovasc. Dis.28(4), 384–390 (2009).
  • XingY , AnZ , YuN , ZhaoW , NingX , WangJ. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol and the outcome of acute ischemic stroke: results of a large hospital-based study. Eur. Neurol.76(5-6), 195–201 (2016).
  • AmarencoP , LavalléeP , TouboulPJ. Stroke prevention, blood cholesterol, and statins. Lancet Neurol.3(5), 271–278 (2004).
  • BediA , FlakerGC. How do HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors prevent stroke?Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs2(1), 7–14 (2002).
  • EndresM. Statins and stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.25(9), 1093–1110 (2005).
  • AmarencoP , BogousslavskyJ , CallahanA3rdet al.High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. New Engl. J. Med.355(6), 549–559 (2006).
  • Rodríguez-GarcíaJL , BotiaE , deLa Sierra A , VillanuevaMA , González-SpínolaJ. Significance of elevated blood pressure and its management on the short-term outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Am. J. Hypertens.18(3), 379–384 (2005).
  • PathakA , KumarP , PanditAKet al.Is prevalence of hypertension increasing in first-ever stroke patients? A hospital-based cross-sectional study. Ann Neurosci.25(4), 219–222 (2018).
  • QureshiAI , EzzeddineMA , NasarAet al.Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in 563,704 adult patients with stroke presenting to the ED in the United States. Am. J. Emerg. Med.25(1), 32–38 (2007).
  • JingL , TianY , RenGet al.Epidemiological features of hypertension among ischemic survivors in northeast China: insights from a population-based study, 2017–2019. BMC Pub. Health21(1), 1648 (2021).
  • EssaAYE , HelmyTA , BatchSSAE. Study of incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute cerebrovascular stroke patients admitted to Alexandria Main University Hospital. J. Am. Sci.7(11), 316–329 (2011).
  • SaposnikG , GladstoneD , RaptisR , ZhouL , HartRG. Atrial fibrillation in ischemic stroke: predicting response to thrombolysis and clinical outcomes. Stroke44(1), 99–104 (2013).
  • KimK. Relation of stroke risk factors to severity and disability after ischemic stroke. Korean J. Stroke14(3), 136–141 (2012).
  • CasoV , PaciaroniM , AgnelliGet al.Gender differences in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Women's Health6(1), 51–57 (2010).
  • ErikssonM , GladerEL , NorrvingB , TeréntA , StegmayrB. Sex differences in stroke care and outcome in the Swedish national quality register for stroke care. Stroke40(3), 909–914 (2009).
  • AppelrosP , StegmayrB , TeréntA. Sex differences in stroke epidemiology: a systematic review. Stroke40(4), 1082–1090 (2009).
  • DiCarlo A , LamassaM , BaldereschiMet al.Sex differences in the clinical presentation, resource use, and 3-month outcome of acute stroke in Europe: data from a multicenter multinational hospital-based registry. Stroke34(5), 1114–1119 (2003).
  • ElkindMSV , PrabhakaranS , PittmanJ , KoroshetzW , JacobyM , JohnstonKC. Sex as a predictor of outcomes in patients treated with thrombolysis for acute stroke. Neurology68(11), 842–848 (2007).
  • SmithMA , LisabethLD , BrownDL , MorgensternLB. Gender comparisons of diagnostic evaluation for ischemic stroke patients. Neurology65(6), 855–858 (2005).
  • FoerchC , MisselwitzB , HumpichM , SteinmetzH , Neumann-HaefelinT , SitzerM. Sex disparity in the access of elderly patients to acute stroke care. Stroke38(7), 2123–2126 (2007).
  • MusaKI , KeeganTJ. The change of Barthel Index scores from the time of discharge until 3-month post-discharge among acute stroke patients in Malaysia: a random intercept model. PLOS ONE13(12), e0208594 (2018).
  • PhanTG , ClissoldBB , MaH , LyJV , SrikanthV. Predicting disability after ischemic stroke based on comorbidity index and stroke severity – From the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive – acute collaboration. Front. Neurol.8, 192 (2017).
  • FischerU , ArnoldM , NedeltchevKet al.Impact of comorbidity on ischemic stroke outcome. Acta Neurol. Scand.113(2), 108–113 (2006).
  • KhassawnehB , IbnianA , YassinAet al.The outcome of patients with acute stroke requiring intensive care unit admission. Eur. Respir. J.54(Suppl. 63), PA2283 (2019).
  • WoutersA , NystenC , ThijsV , LemmensR. Prediction of outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke based on initial severity and improvement in the first 24 h. Front. Neurol.9, 308 (2018).
  • SablotD , BelahsenF , VuillierFet al.Predicting acute ischaemic stroke outcome using clinical and temporal thresholds. ISRN Neurol.2011, 354642 (2011).
  • GoldsteinLB , SamsaGP. Reliability of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Extension to non-neurologists in the context of a clinical trial. Stroke28(2), 307–310 (1997).
  • AkbariS , LydenPD , KamaliM , FahimiMA. Correlations among impairment, daily activities and thinking operations after stroke. NeuroRehabilitation33(1), 153–160 (2013).
  • AkbariS , AshayeriH , FahimiMA , KamaliM , LydenPD. The correlation of independency in activities of daily living performance with cognitive status and the intensity of neurological impairment in right-handed stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation29(3), 311–316 (2011).
  • KwakkelG , VeerbeekJM , van WegenEE , NijlandR , Harmeling-vander Wel BC , DippelDW. Predictive value of the NIHSS for ADL outcome after ischemic hemispheric stroke: does timing of early assessment matter?J. Neurol. Sci.294(1-2), 57–61 (2010).
  • SaverJL , AltmanH. Relationship between neurologic deficit severity and final functional outcome shifts and strengthens during first hours after onset. Stroke43(6), 1537–1541 (2012).
  • KongKH , LeeJ. Temporal recovery of activities of daily living in the first year after ischemic stroke: a prospective study of patients admitted to a rehabilitation unit. NeuroRehabilitation35(2), 221–226 (2014).
  • Al-MistarehiA-H , ElsayedMA , IbrahimRMet al.Clinical outcomes of primary subarachnoid hemorrhage: an exploratory cohort study from Sudan. Neurohospitalist12(2), 249–263 (2022).
  • NaghaviFS , KoffmanEE , LinB , DuJ. Post-stroke neuronal circuits and mental illnesses. Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol.11(1), 1–11 (2019).
  • RawashdehSI , IbdahR , KheirallahKAet al.Prevalence estimates, severity, and risk factors of depressive symptoms among coronary artery disease patients after ten days of percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health17, 103–113 (2021).
  • KhassawnehAH , AlzoubiA , KhasawnehAGet al.The relationship between depression and metabolic control parameters in Type 2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional and feasibility interventional study. Int. J. Clin. Pract.75(4), e13777 (2021).
  • BelooseskyY , StreiflerJY , BurstinA , GrinblatJ. The importance of brain infarct size and location in predicting outcome after stroke. Age Ageing24(6), 515–518 (1995).
  • YassinA , GhzawiA , Al-MistarehiAHet al.Mortality rate and biomarker expression within COVID-19 patients who develop acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Sci OA.7(7), Fso713 (2021).
  • El-SalemK , Al-MistarehiAH , KhalilH , Al-SharmanA , YassinA. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels correlate with cognitive function scales scores in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord.47, 102621 (2021).
  • El-SalemK , KhalilH , Al-SharmanAet al.Serum vitamin d inversely correlates with depression scores in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord.48, 102732 (2021).
  • WallaceM , ShelkeyM. Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living(ADL). Urologic Nursing27(1), 93–94 (2007).
  • SarkerSJ , RuddAG , DouiriA , WolfeCD. Comparison of 2 extended activities of daily living scales with the Barthel Index and predictors of their outcomes: cohort study within the South London Stroke Register (SLSR). Stroke43(5), 1362–1369 (2012).
  • TsangRC , ChauRM , CheukTHet al.The measurement properties of modified Rivermead mobility index and modified functional ambulation classification as outcome measures for Chinese stroke patients. Physiother. Theory Pract.30(5), 353–359 (2014).
  • LindmarkB. Evaluation of functional capacity after stroke with special emphasis on motor function and activities of daily living. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med. Suppl.21, 1–40 (1988).