References
- American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders5th edWashington, DCAmerican Psychiatric Press2013
- World Health OrganizationThe ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic GuidelinesGenevaWorld Health Organization1992
- DrescherJCohen-KettenisPTReedGMGender incongruence of childhood in the ICD-11: controversies, proposal, and rationaleLancet Psychiatry20163329730426946394
- ArcelusJBoumanWPVan Den NoortgateWClaesLWitcombGFernandez-ArandaFSystematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies in transsexualismEur Psychiatry201530680781526021270
- ZuckerKJEpidemiology of gender dysphoria and transgender identitySex Health201714540441128838353
- KuyperLWijsenCGender identities and gender dysphoria in the NetherlandsArch Sex Behav201443237738523857516
- CrissmanHPBergerMBGrahamLFDaltonVKTransgender demographics: a household probability sample of US adults, 2014Am J Public Health2017107221321527997239
- WoodHSasakiSBradleySJPatterns of referral to a gender identity service for children and adolescents (1976–2011): age, sex ratio, and sexual orientationJ Sex Marital Ther20133911623152965
- AitkenMSteensmaTDBlanchardREvidence for an altered sex ratio in clinic-referred adolescents with gender dysphoriaJ Sex Med201512375676325612159
- ConnollyMDZervosMJBaroneCJJohnsonCCJosephCLThe mental health of transgender youth: advances in understandingJ Adolesc Health201659548949527544457
- SumiaMLindbergNTyolajarviMKaltiala-HeinoRCurrent and recalled childhood gender identity in community youth in comparison to referred adolescents seeking sex reassignmentJ Adolesc201756343928135582
- KrogerJIdentity Development: Adolescence Through Adulthood2nd edThousand Oaks, CASage Publications2007
- KrogerJMartinussenMMarciaJEIdentity status change during adolescence and young adulthood: a meta-analysisJ Adolesc201033568369820004962
- MartinCLRubleDNPatterns of gender developmentAnnu Rev Psychol20106135338119575615
- GraySAOCarterASLevittHA critical review of assumptions about gender variant children in psychological researchJ Gay Lesbian Ment Health2012161430
- WhartonAThe Sociology of Gender–An Introduction to Theory and Research2nd edChichesterWiley-Blackwell2012
- AlankoKSanttilaPHarlaarNCommon genetic effects of gender atypical behavior in childhood and sexual orientation in adulthood: a study of Finnish twinsArch Sex Behav2010391819219172387
- McCarthyMMAugerAPBaleTLThe epigenetics of sex differences in the brainJ Neurosci20092941128151282319828794
- Meyer-BahlburgHFIntroduction: gender dysphoria and gender change in persons with intersexualityArch Sex Behav200534437137316010460
- KnickmeyerRWangJZhuHImpact of sex and gonadal steroids on neonatal brain structureCereb Cortex2014242721273123689636
- MarroccoJMcEvenBSSex in the brain: hormones and sex differencesDialogues Clin Neurosci201618437333828179809
- RatnuVEmamiMRBredyTVGenetic and epigenetic factors underlying sex differences in the regulation of gene expression in the brainJ Neurosci Res20179530131027870402
- Fausto-SterlingACrewsDSungJGarcia-CollCSeiferRMulti-modal sex-related differences in infant and in infant-directed maternal behaviors during months three through twelve of developmentDev Psychol201551101351136626372294
- DrescherJControversies in gender diagnosesLGBT Health201311101426789504
- SteensmaTDMcGuireJKKreukelsBPBeekmanAJCohen-KettenisPTFactors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: a quantitative follow-up studyJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry201352658259023702447
- SteensmaTDBiemondRde BoerFCohen-KettenisPTDesisting and persisting gender dysphoria after childhood: a qualitative followup studyClin Child Psychol Psychiatry201116449951621216800
- SteensmaTDCohen-KettenisPTMore than two developmental pathways in children with gender dysphoria?J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry201554214714825617255
- RistoriJSteensmaTDGender dysphoria in childhoodInt Rev Psychiatry2016281132026754056
- SinghDA Follow-up Study of Boys with Gender Identity Disorder [Academic dissertation]University of Toronto2012 Available from: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/34926/1/Singh_Devita_201211_PhD_Thesis.pdfAccessed January 11, 2018
- HembreeWCCohen-KettenisPTGoorenLEndocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an endocrine society clinical practice guidelineJ Clin Endocrinol Metab2017102113869390328945902
- ColemanEBocktingWBotzerMStandards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7Int J Transgend2011134165232
- de VriesALCohen-KettenisPTClinical management of gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: the Dutch approachJ Homosex201259330132022455322
- KorteALehmkuhlUGoeckerDBeierKMKrudeHGruters-KieslichAGender identity disorders in childhood and adolescence: currently debated concepts and treatment strategiesDtsch Arztebl Int20081054883484119578420
- VinerRBrainCCarmichaelPDi CeglieDSex on the brain: dilemmas in the endocrine management of children and adolescents with gender identity disorderArch Dis Child2005902A78
- CostaRCarmichaelPColizziMTo treat or not to treat: puberty suppression in childhood-onset gender dysphoriaNat Rev Urol201613845646227431339
- VrouenraetsLJFredriksAMHannemaSECohen-KettenisPTde VriesMCEarly Medical treatment of children and adolescents with gender dysphoria: an empirical ethical studyJ Adolesc Health201557436737326119518
- ShumerDESpackNPPaediatrics: transgender medicine–long-term outcomes from ‘the Dutch model’Nat Rev Urol2015121121325403246
- SpackNPEdwards-LeeperLFeldmanHAChildren and adolescents with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric medical centerPediatrics2012129341842522351896
- Kaltiala-HeinoRSumiaMTyolajarviMLindbergNTwo years of gender identity service for minors: overrepresentation of natal girls with severe problems in adolescent developmentChild Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health20159925873995
- ZuckerKJBradleySJOwen-AndersenASinghDPuberty-blocking hormonal therapyfor adolescents with gender identity disorder: a descriptive clinical studyJ Gay Lesbian Ment Health2011155882
- de VriesALDoreleijersTASteensmaTDCohen-KettenisPTPsychiatric comorbidity in gender dysphoric adolescentsJ Child Psychol Psychiatry201152111195120221671938
- ChenMFuquaJEugsterEACharacteristics of referrals for gender dysphoria over a 13-year periodJ Adolesc Health201658336937126903434
- MeyenburgBGender dysphoria in adolescents: difficulties in treatmentPrax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr201463651052225296511
- KhatchadourianKAmedSMetzgerDLClinical management of youth with gender dysphoria in VancouverJ Pediatr2014164490691124315505
- OlsonJSchragerSMBelzerMSimonsLKClarkLFBaseline physiologic and psychosocial characteristics of transgender youth seeking care for gender dysphoriaJ Adolesc Health201557437438026208863
- HoltVSkagerbergEDunsfordMYoung people with features of gender dysphoria: demographics and associated difficultiesClin Child Psychol Psychiatry201621110811825431051
- SteensmaTDZuckerKJKreukelsBPBehavioral and emotional problems on the Teacher’s Report Form: a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis of gender dysphoric children and adolescentsJ Abnorm Child Psychol201442463564724114528
- de VriesALSteensmaTDCohen-KettenisPTVanderLaanDPZuckerKJPoor peer relations predict parent- and self-reported behavioral and emotional problems of adolescents with gender dysphoria: a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysisEur Child Adolesc Psychiatry201625657958826373289
- RodríguezMFMoraPGSánchezEMGidseenGCaracterísticas de los menores de edad con disforia de género que acuden a la unidad de tratamiento de identidad de géneroRev Esp Salud Publica2017911e1e9
- ZuckerKJBradleySJOwen-AndersonADemographics, behavior problems, and psychosexual characteristics of adolescents with gender identity disorder or transvestic fetishismJ Sex Marital Ther20123815118922390530
- ClarkTCLucassenMFBullenPThe health and well-being of transgender high school students: results from the New Zealand adolescent health survey (Youth’12)J Adolesc Health2014551939924438852
- DiemerEWGrantJDMunn-ChernoffMAPattersonDADuncanAEGender identity, sexual orientation, and eating-related pathology in a national sample of college studentsJ Adolesc Health201557214414925937471
- Van Der MiesenAIHurleyHDe VriesALGender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: a narrative reviewInt Rev Psychiatry2016281708026753812
- LaiMLombardoMVBaron-CohenSAutismLancet2014383992089691024074734
- StrangJFKenworthyLDominskaAIncreased gender variance in autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorderArch Sex Behav20144381525153324619651
- van der MiesenAIRdeVriesALCSteensmaTDHartmanCAAutistic symptoms in children and adolescents with gender dysphoriaJ Autism Dev Disord Epub20171130
- HavighurstRJDevelopmental Tasks and EducationChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press1948
- Scheiffge-KrenkeIGelhaarTDoes successful attainment of developmental tasks lead to happiness and success in later developmental tasks? A test of Havighurst’s (1948) thesesJ Adolesc200831335217553558
- HarveyRGStone FishLQueer youth in family therapyFam Process201554339641726283240
- GraySASweeneyKKRandazzoRLevittHM“Am I doing the right thing?” Pathways to parenting a gender variant childFam Process201655112313825639568
- MayerKHGarofaloRMakadonHJPromoting the successful development of sexual and gender minority youthsAm J Public Health2014104697698124825194
- GonzalezKARostoskySSOdomRDRiggleEDThe positive aspects of being the parent of an LGBTQ childFam Process201352232533723763690
- TraversRBauerGPyneJImpacts of strong parental support for trans youth: a report prepared for children’s aid society of Toronto and delisle youth services2012 Available from: http://transpulseproject.caAccessed October 4, 2017
- WilsonECIversonEGarofaloRBelzerMParental support and condom use among transgender female youthJ Assoc Nurses AIDS Care201223430631722079675
- LeVArayasirikulSChenYHJinHWilsonECTypes of social support and parental acceptance among transfemale youth and their impact on mental health, sexual debut, history of sex work and condomless anal intercourseJ Int AIDS Soc20161922078127431467
- SimonsLSchragerSMClarkLFBelzerMOlsonJParental support and mental health among transgender adolescentsJ Adolesc Health201353679179324012067
- SumiaMLindbergNTyöläjärviMKaltiala-HeinoREarly pubertal timing is common among adolescent girl-to-boy sex reassignment applicantsEur J Contracept Reprod Health Care201621648348527696903
- Hall-LandeJAEisenbergMEChristensonSLNeumark-SztainerDSocial isolation, psychological health, and protective factors in adolescenceAdolescence20074216626528617849936
- LaursenBHartlACUnderstanding loneliness during adolescence: developmental changes that increase the risk of perceived social isolationJ Adolesc20133661261126823866959
- KornienkoOSantosCEMartinCLGrangerKLPeer influence on gender identity development in adolescenceDev Psychol201652101578159227584667
- ShevlinMMurphySMallettJStringerMMurphyJAdolescent loneliness and psychiatric morbidity in Northern IrelandBr J Clin Psychol201352223023424215150
- HarrisRAQualterPRobinsonSJLoneliness trajectories from middle childhood to pre-adolescence: impact on perceived health and sleep disturbanceJ Adolesc20133661295130423403089
- Kaltiala-HeinoRFrojdSCorrelation between bullying and clinical depression in adolescent patientsAdolesc Health Med Ther20112374424600274
- ShiffmanMVanderLaanDPWoodHLumleyMMLollisSPZuckerKJBehavioral and emotional problems as a function of peer relationships in adolescents with gender dysphoria: a comparison with clinical and nonclinical controlsPsychol Sex Orient Gender Divers2016312736
- McGuireJKAndersonCRToomeyRBRussellSTSchool climate for transgender youth: a mixed method investigation of student experiences and school responsesJ Youth Adolesc201039101175118820428933
- BosHSandfortTGender nonconformity, sexual orientation, and Dutch adolescents’ relationship with peersArch Sex Behav20154451269127925548066
- ToomeyRBRyanCDiazRMCardNARussellSTGender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: school victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustmentDev Psychol20104661580158920822214
- BaamsLBeekTHilleHZevenbergenFCBosHMGender nonconformity, perceived stigmatization, and psychological well-being in Dutch sexual minority youth and young adults: a mediation analysisArch Sex Behav201342576577323358856
- ReisnerSLVettersRLeclercMMental health of transgender youth in care at an adolescent urban community health center: a matched retrospective cohort studyJ Adolesc Health201556327427925577670
- LawrenceAASexual orientation versus age of onset as bases for typologies (subtypes) for gender identity disorder in adolescents and adultsArch Sex Behav201039251454520140487
- RomeoKEKelleyMAIncorporating human sexuality content into a positive youth development framework: implications for community preventionChild Youth Serv Rev200931910011009
- MadkourASFarhatTHalpernCTGodeauEGabhainnSNEarly adolescent sexual initiation as a problem behavior: a comparative study of five nationsJ Adolesc Health201047438939820864009
- SaviojaHHelminenMFrojdSMarttunenMKaltiala-HeinoRDelinquency and sexual experiences across adolescence: does depression play a role?Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care201722429830428902522
- KorchmarosJDYbarraMLMitchellKJAdolescent online romantic relationship initiation: differences by sexual and gender identificationJ Adolesc201540546425625753
- SaviojaHHelminenMFröjdSMarttunenMKaltiala-HeinoRSexual experience and self-reported depression across adolescent yearsHealth Psychol Behav Med201531337347
- BungenerSLSteensmaTDCohen-KettenisPTde VriesALCSexual and romantic experiences of transgender youth before gender-affirmative treatmentPediatrics20171393e2016228328242863
- RobinsonJPEspelageDLPeer victimization and sexual risk differences between lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning and nontransgender heterosexual youths in grades 7–12Am J Public Health2013103101810181923947999
- VealeJWatsonRJAdjeiJSaewycEPrevalence of pregnancy involvement among Canadian transgender youth and its relation to mental health, sexual health, and gender identityInt J Transgend2016173–410711329321720
- MitchellKJYbarraMLKorchmarosJDSexual harassment among adolescents of different sexual orientations and gender identitiesChild Abuse Negl201438228029524148274
- DankMLachmanPZweigJMYahnerJDating violence experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youthJ Youth Adolesc201443584685723861097
- MeyerIHPrejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidencePsychol Bull2003129567469712956539
- PoteatTScheimAXavierJReisnerSBaralSGlobal epidemiology of HIV infection and related syndemics affecting transgender peopleJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2016723S210S21927429185
- GowenLKWinges-YanezNLesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning youths’ perspectives of inclusive school-based sexuality educationJ Sex Res201451778880024003908
- KosciwJGPalmerNAKullRMReflecting resiliency: openness about sexual orientation and/or gender identity and its relationship to well-being and educational outcomes for LGBT studentsAm J Community Psychol2015551–216717824691967
- PoteatVPScheerJRMereishEHFactors affecting academic achievement among sexual minority and gender-variant youthAdv Child Dev Behav20144726130025344999
- TheunissenMJde ManIVerdonkPBosmaHFeronFAre Barbie and Ken too cool for school? A case-control study on the relation between gender and dropoutEur J Public Health20152515762
- CarvalhoLChildhood circumstances and the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic statusDemography201249391393822753083
- JacobMCoxSRExamining transgender health through the international classification of functioning, disability, and health’s (ICF) contextual factorsQual Life Res201726123177318528721501
- ZuckerKJBradleySJOwen-AndersonAKibblewhiteSJCantorJMIs gender identity disorder in adolescents coming out of the closet?J Sex Marital Ther200834428729018576228
- MarchianoLOutbreak: on transgender teens and psychic epidemicsPsychol Perspect201760345366
- DhejneCLichtensteinPBomanMJohanssonALVLångströmNLandénM2011Long-term follow-up of transsexual persons undergoing sex reassignment surgery: cohort study in SwedenPLoS One62e1688521364939
- de VriesALSteensmaTDoreleijersTCohen-KettenisPPuberty suppression in adolescents with gender identity disorder: a prospective follow-up studyJ Sex Med201182276228320646177
- HidalgoMAEhrensaftDTishelmanACThe gender affirmative model: what we know and what we aim to learnHum Dev2013565285290
- SteensmaTDCohen-KettenisPTGender transitioning before puberty?Arch Sex Behav20114064965021373942
- ZuckerKJPersistence and desistence in children and adolescents with gender variance: a comparative-developmental perspectiveJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry20165510S80