Staging of the Axilla in Breast Cancer and the Evolving Role of Axillary Ultrasound

References

• SiegelRL, MillerKD, FuchsHE, JemalA. Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(1):7–33. doi:10.3322/caac.2165433433946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MagnoniF, GalimbertiV, CorsoG, IntraM, SacchiniV, VeronesiP. Axillary surgery in breast cancer: an updated historical perspective. Semin Oncol. 2020;47(6):341–352. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.09.00133131896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HalstedWS. The results of radical operations for the cure of carcinoma of the breast. Ann Surg. 1907;46(1):1. doi:10.1097/00000658-190707000-00001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FreemanMD, GopmanJM, SalzbergCA. The evolution of mastectomy surgical technique: from mutilation to medicine. Gland Surg. 2018;7(3):308–315. doi:10.21037/gs.2017.09.0729998080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LucciA, McCallLM, BeitschPD, et al. Surgical complications associated with sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) plus axillary lymph node dissection compared with SLND alone in the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group trial Z0011. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(24):3657–3663. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.07.406217485711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FleissigA, FallowfieldLJ, LangridgeCI, et al. Post-operative arm morbidity and quality of life. Results of the ALMANAC randomised trial comparing sentinel node biopsy with standard axillary treatment in the management of patients with early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;95(3):279–293. doi:10.1007/s10549-005-9025-716163445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GiulianoAE, EdgeSB, HortobagyiGN. of the AJCC cancer staging manual: breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25(7):1783–1785. doi:10.1245/s10434-018-6486-629671136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Invasive breast cancer (Version 6.2020). Available from:https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdf. Accessed 1112, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• SørlieT, PerouCM, TibshiraniR, et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(19):10869–10874. doi:10.1073/pnas.19136709811553815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PerouCM, SørlieT, EisenMB, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2000;406(6797):747–752. doi:10.1038/3502109310963602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YachidaS, JonesS, BozicI, et al. Distant metastasis occurs late during the genetic evolution of pancreatic cancer. Nature. 2010;467(7319):1114–1117. doi:10.1038/nature0951520981102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EngelJ, EmenyRT, HölzelD. Positive lymph nodes do not metastasize. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2012;31(1–2):235–246. doi:10.1007/s10555-011-9343-722198520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UllahI, KarthikGM, AlkodsiA, et al. Evolutionary history of metastatic breast cancer reveals minimal seeding from axillary lymph nodes. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(4):1355–1370. doi:10.1172/JCI9614929480816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LambertAW, PattabiramanDR, WeinbergRA. Emerging biological principles of metastasis. Cell. 2017;168(4):670–691. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.03728187288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GiulianoAE, BallmanKV, McCallL, et al. Effect of axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection on 10-year overall survival among women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: the ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017;318(10):918–926. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.1147028898379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GalimbertiV, ColeBF, ZurridaS, et al. Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23-01): a Phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(4):297–305. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70035-423491275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GiulianoAE, McCallL, BeitschP, et al. Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases: the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2010;252(3):426–432; discussion 432–423. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181f08f32
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GiulianoAE, HuntKK, BallmanKV, et al. Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2011;305(6):569–575. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.9021304082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BursteinHJ, CuriglianoG, LoiblS, et al. Estimating the benefits of therapy for early-stage breast cancer: the St. Gallen International Consensus Guidelines for the primary therapy of early breast cancer 2019. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(10):1541–1557. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz23531373601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de FreitasR Jr, CostaMV, SchneiderSV, NicolauMA, MarussiE. Accuracy of ultrasound and clinical examination in the diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1991;17(3):240–244.2044777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LanngC, HoffmannJ, GalatiusH, EngelU. Assessment of clinical palpation of the axilla as a criterion for performing the sentinel node procedure in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33(3):281–284. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2006.09.03217084579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VaidyaJS, VyasJJ, ThakurMH, KhandelwalKC, MittraI. Role of ultrasonography to detect axillary node involvement in operable breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1996;22(2):140–143. doi:10.1016/S0748-7983(96)90593-48608829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DialaniV, JamesDF, SlanetzPJ. A practical approach to imaging the axilla. Insights Imaging. 2015;6(2):217–229. doi:10.1007/s13244-014-0367-825534139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TuckerNS, CyrAE, AdemuyiwaFO, et al. Axillary ultrasound accurately excludes clinically significant lymph node disease in patients with early stage breast cancer. Ann Surg. 2016;264(6):1098–1102. doi:10.1097/SLA.000000000000154926779976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VeronesiU, PaganelliG, VialeG, et al. Sentinel-lymph-node biopsy as a staging procedure in breast cancer: update of a randomised controlled study. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(12):983–990. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70947-017138219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KragDN, AndersonSJ, JulianTB, et al. Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(10):927–933. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70207-220863759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ManselRE, FallowfieldL, KissinM, et al. Randomized multicenter trial of sentinel node biopsy versus standard axillary treatment in operable breast cancer: the ALMANAC Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(9):599–609. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj15816670385
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AshikagaT, KragDN, LandSR, et al. Morbidity results from the NSABP B-32 trial comparing sentinel lymph node dissection versus axillary dissection. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102(2):111–118. doi:10.1002/jso.2153520648579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimT, GiulianoAE, LymanGH. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast carcinoma: a metaanalysis. Cancer. 2006;106(1):4–16. doi:10.1002/cncr.2156816329134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LymanGH, GiulianoAE, SomerfieldMR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(30):7703–7720. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.08.00116157938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoochJ, KingTA, EatonA, et al. The extent of extracapsular extension may influence the need for axillary lymph node dissection in patients with T1-T2 breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(9):2897–2903. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-3752-024777858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AminMB, EdgeSB. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. Springer; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• MustonenP, FarinP, KosunenO. Ultrasonographic detection of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1990;79(1):15–18.2192685
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TateJJ, LewisV, ArcherT, GuyerPG, RoyleGT, TaylorI. Ultrasound detection of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1989;15(2):139–141.2649395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BediDG, KrishnamurthyR, KrishnamurthyS, et al. Cortical morphologic features of axillary lymph nodes as a predictor of metastasis in breast cancer: in vitro sonographic study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191(3):646–652. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.246018716089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MainieroMB, CinelliCM, KoellikerSL, GravesTA, ChungMA. Axillary ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration in the preoperative evaluation of the breast cancer patient: an algorithm based on tumor size and lymph node appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195(5):1261–1267. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.441420966338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NetJM, MirpuriTM, PlazaMJ, et al. Resident and fellow education feature: US evaluation of axillary lymph nodes. Radiographics. 2014;34(7):1817–1818. doi:10.1148/rg.34714008125384281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimWH, KimHJ, LeeSM, et al. Preoperative axillary nodal staging with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging: predictive values of quantitative and semantic features. Br J Radiol. 2018;91(1092):20180507. doi:10.1259/bjr.2018050730059242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangH, SuiX, ZhouS, HuL, HuangX. Correlation of conventional ultrasound characteristics of breast tumors with axillary lymph node metastasis and Ki-67 expression in patients with breast cancer. J Ultrasound Med. 2019;38(7):1833–1840. doi:10.1002/jum.1487930480840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoussamiN, CiattoS, TurnerRM, CodyHS 3rd, MacaskillP. Preoperative ultrasound-guided needle biopsy of axillary nodes in invasive breast cancer: meta-analysis of its accuracy and utility in staging the axilla. Ann Surg. 2011;254(2):243–251. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31821f156421597359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VerheuvelNC, van den HovenI, OomsHW, VoogdAC, RoumenRM. The role of ultrasound-guided lymph node biopsy in axillary staging of invasive breast cancer in the post-ACOSOG Z0011 Trial Era. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4071-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaudleAS, KuererHM, Le-petrossHT, et al. Predicting the extent of nodal disease in early-stage breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(11):3440–3447. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-3813-424859939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HiekenTJ, TrullBC, BougheyJC, et al. Preoperative axillary imaging with percutaneous lymph node biopsy is valuable in the contemporary management of patients with breast cancer. Surgery. 2013;154(4):831–838; discussion 838–840. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2013.07.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohJE, HanG, KilukJV, LarongaC, KhakpourN, LeeMC. Indications for axillary ultrasound use in breast cancer patients. Clin Breast Cancer. 2012;12(6):433–437. doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2012.09.00923062709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BougheyJC, BallmanKV, HuntKK, et al. Axillary ultrasound after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its impact on sentinel lymph node surgery: results from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z1071 Trial (Alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(30):3386–3393. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.57.840125646192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HiekenTJ, BougheyJC, JonesKN, ShahSS, GlazebrookKN. Imaging response and residual metastatic axillary lymph node disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for primary breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(10):3199–3204. doi:10.1245/s10434-013-3118-z23846781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di MiccoR, ZuberV, FiaccoE, et al. Sentinel node biopsy after primary systemic therapy in node positive breast cancer patients: time trend, imaging staging power and nodal downstaging according to molecular subtype. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;45(6):969–975. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2019.01.21930744944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilkeLG, McCallLM, PostherKE, et al. Surgical complications associated with sentinel lymph node biopsy: results from a prospective international cooperative group trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13(4):491–500. doi:10.1245/ASO.2006.05.01316514477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LandSR, KopecJA, JulianTB, et al. Patient-reported outcomes in sentinel node-negative adjuvant breast cancer patients receiving sentinel-node biopsy or axillary dissection: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Phase III protocol B-32. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(25):3929–3936. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.28.249120679600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry-TillmanR, Glover-CollinsK, PrestonM, et al. The SAVE review: sonographic analysis versus excision for axillary staging in breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220(4):560–567. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.12.03325797740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoyAM, PoplackS, NickelK, et al. Cost-effectiveness analyses demonstrate that observation is superior to sentinel lymph node biopsy for postmenopausal women with HR+ breast cancer and negative axillary ultrasound. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2020:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RamseySD, BarlowWE, Gonzalez-AnguloAM, et al. Integrating comparative effectiveness design elements and endpoints into a Phase III, randomized clinical trial (SWOG S1007) evaluating oncotypeDX-guided management for women with breast cancer involving lymph nodes. Contemp Clin Trials. 2013;34(1):1–9. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2012.09.00323000081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StemmerSM, SteinerM, RizelS, et al. Clinical outcomes in ER+ HER2 -node-positive breast cancer patients who were treated according to the Recurrence Score results: evidence from a large prospectively designed registry. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2017;3:32. doi:10.1038/s41523-017-0033-728900632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SparanoJA, GrayRJ, MakowerDF, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy guided by a 21-gene expression assay in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(2):111–121. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa180471029860917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SparanoJA, GrayRJ, MakowerDF, et al. Prospective validation of a 21-gene expression assay in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(21):2005–2014. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa151076426412349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ViciniFA, HorwitzEM, LacernaMD, et al. The role of regional nodal irradiation in the management of patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39(5):1069–1076. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(97)00555-59392546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WhelanTJ, OlivottoIA, ParulekarWR, et al. Regional nodal irradiation in early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(4):307–316. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa141534026200977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HirataK, YoshimuraM, InoueM, et al. Regional recurrence in breast cancer patients with one to three positive axillary lymph nodes treated with breast-conserving surgery and whole breast irradiation. J Radiat Res. 2017;58(1):79–85. doi:10.1093/jrr/rrw07127422931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CyrAE, TuckerN, AdemuyiwaF, et al. Successful completion of the pilot phase of a randomized controlled trial comparing sentinel lymph node biopsy to no further axillary staging in patients with clinical T1-T2 N0 breast cancer and normal axillary ultrasound. J Am Coll Surg. 2016;223(2):399–407. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.04.04827212005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OmotoK, HozumiY, OmotoY, et al. Sentinel node detection in breast cancer using contrast-enhanced sonography with 25% albumin—Initial clinical experience. J Clin Ultrasound. 2006;34(7):317–326. doi:10.1002/jcu.2024116869006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SharmaN, CoxK. Axillary nodal staging with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Curr Breast Cancer Rep. 2017;9(4):259–263. doi:10.1007/s12609-017-0258-329201278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XieF, ZhangD, ChengL, et al. Intradermal microbubbles and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a feasible approach for sentinel lymph node identification in early-stage breast cancer. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:319. doi:10.1186/s12957-015-0736-x26585236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlbertiniJJ, LymanGH, CoxC, et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the patient with breast cancer. JAMA. 1996;276(22):1818–1822.8946902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CoxK, WeeksJ, MillsP, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer: implications for axillary metastases and conservation. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(1):58–64. doi:10.1245/s10434-015-4606-025990967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-UribeA, ErpeldingTN, KrumholzA, et al. Dual-modality photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging system for noninvasive sentinel lymph node detection in patients with breast cancer. Sci Rep. 2015;5:15748. doi:10.1038/srep1574826510774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BalasubramanianI, FlemingCA, CorriganMA, RedmondHP, KerinMJ, LoweryAJ. Meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy in diagnosing axillary lymph node metastasis. Br J Surg. 2018;105(10):1244–1253. doi:10.1002/bjs.1092029972239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhongJ, SunDS, WeiW, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2018;44(7):1371–1378. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.03.00529631800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RukanskienėD, VeikutisV, JonaitienėE, et al. Preoperative axillary ultrasound versus sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with early breast cancer. Medicina. 2020;56(3). doi:10.3390/medicina56030127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeurlooEE, TanisPJ, GilhuijsKGA, et al. Reduction in the number of sentinel lymph node procedures by preoperative ultrasonography of the axilla in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39(8):1068–1073. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(02)00748-712736105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del RiegoJ, Diaz-RuizMJ, TeixidóM, et al. The impact of axillary ultrasound with biopsy in overtreatment of early breast cancer. Eur J Radiol. 2018;98:158–164. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.11.01829279156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QiuS-Q, ZengH-C, ZhangF, et al. A nomogram to predict the probability of axillary lymph node metastasis in early breast cancer patients with positive axillary ultrasound. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):1–12.28442746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TranHT, PackD, MylanderC, et al. Ultrasound-based nomogram identifies breast cancer patients unlikely to harbor axillary metastasis: towards selective omission of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2020;27(8):2679–2686. doi:10.1245/s10434-019-08164-332026063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaeSJ, YoukJH, YoonCI, et al. A nomogram constructed using intraoperative ex vivo shear-wave elastography precisely predicts metastasis of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(2):789–797. doi:10.1007/s00330-019-06473-531696293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BougheyJC, SumanVJ, MittendorfEA, et al. Sentinel lymph node surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with node-positive breast cancer: the ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance) Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2013;310(14):1455–1461. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.27893224101169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KuehnT, BauerfeindI, FehmT, et al. Sentinel-lymph-node biopsy in patients with breast cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (SENTINA): a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(7):609–618. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70166-923683750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoileauJ-F, PoirierB, BasikM, et al. Sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in biopsy-proven node-positive breast cancer: the SN FNAC study. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(3):258–264. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.55.782725452445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaudleAS, YangWT, KrishnamurthyS, et al. Improved axillary evaluation following neoadjuvant therapy for patients with node-positive breast cancer using selective evaluation of clipped nodes: implementation of targeted axillary dissection. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(10):1072. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.64.009426811528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banys-PaluchowskiM, GruberIV, HartkopfA, et al. Axillary ultrasound for prediction of response to neoadjuvant therapy in the context of surgical strategies to axillary dissection in primary breast cancer: a systematic review of the current literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2020;301(2):341–353. doi:10.1007/s00404-019-05428-x31897672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LambinP, LeijenaarRTH, DeistTM, et al. Radiomics: the bridge between medical imaging and personalized medicine. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14(12):749–762. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.14128975929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YuF-H, WangJ-X, YeX-H, DengJ, HangJ, YangB. Ultrasound-based radiomics nomogram: a potential biomarker to predict axillary lymph node metastasis in early-stage invasive breast cancer. Eur J Radiol. 2019;119:108658. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.10865831521878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GaoY, LuoY, ZhaoC, et al. Nomogram based on radiomics analysis of primary breast cancer ultrasound images: prediction of axillary lymph node tumor burden in patients. Eur Radiol. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ZhengX, YaoZ, HuangY, et al. Deep learning radiomics can predict axillary lymph node status in early-stage breast cancer. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1236. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15027-z32144248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuoX, LiuZ, SunC, et al. Deep learning radiomics of ultrasonography: identifying the risk of axillary non-sentinel lymph node involvement in primary breast cancer. EBioMedicine. 2020;60:103018. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.10301832980697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CrignaAT, SamecM, KoklesovaL, et al. Cell-free nucleic acid patterns in disease prediction and monitoring-hype or hope?EPMA J. 2020;11(4):1–25.32140182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QianS, GolubnitschajaO, ZhanX. Chronic inflammation: key player and biomarker-set to predict and prevent cancer development and progression based on individualized patient profiles. EPMA J. 2019;10(4):365–381. doi:10.1007/s13167-019-00194-x31832112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SamecM, LiskovaA, KoklesovaL, et al. Flavonoids against the Warburg phenotype-concepts of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine to cut the Gordian knot of cancer cell metabolism. EPMA J. 2020;11(3):377–398. doi:10.1007/s13167-020-00217-y32843908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuoQ, DongZ, ZhangL, et al. Ultrasound features of breast cancer for predicting axillary lymph node metastasis. J Ultrasound Med. 2018;37(6):1353–1354. doi:10.1002/jum.14469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar