Treatment strategies for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: past, present, and future

References

• Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin. 201161(4):212–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abouyabis A, Shenoy P, Lechowicz M, Flowers C. Incidence and outcomes of the peripheral T-cell lymphoma subtypes in the United States. Leuk Lymphoma. 2008;49(11):2099–2107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenoy P, Maggioncalda A, Malik N, Flowers CR. Incidence patterns and outcomes for Hodgkin lymphoma patients in the United States. Adv Hematol. 2011;2011:725219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shenoy PJ, Malik N, Nooka A, et al. Racial differences in the presentation and outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the United States. Cancer. 2010;117(11):2530–2540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik N, Shenoy PJ, Bumpers K, Sinha R, Flowers CR. Racial differences in the presentation and outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the United States. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2009;114(22):898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedberg JW, Fisher RI. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2008;22(5):941–952, ix.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenoy PJ, Malik N, Sinha R, et al. Racial differences in the presentation and outcomes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and variants in the United States. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2011;11(6):498–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The International Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):987–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehn LH, Berry B, Chhanabhai M, et al. The revised International Prognostic Index (R-IPI) is a better predictor of outcome than the standard IPI for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP, Blood. 2007;109(5):1857–1861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt KE, Reichard KK. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132(1):118–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW, editors. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon: IARC Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe ES. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:523–531.
   Google Scholar
• Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE, et al. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature. 2000;403(6769):503–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu K, Weisenburger DD, Choi WW, et al. Addition of rituximab to standard chemotherapy improves the survival of both the germinal center B-cell-like and non-germinal center B-cell-like subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(28):4587–4594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenwald A, Wright G, Chan WC, et al. The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(25):1937–1947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hans CP, Weisenburger DD, Greiner TC, et al. Confirmation of the molecular classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by immu- nohistochemistry using a tissue microarray. Blood. 2004;103(1):275–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alacacioglu I, Ozcan MA, Ozkal S, et al. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Hematology. 2009;14(2):84–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad AA, Awed NM, Abdel-Hafeez ZM, Kamal GM, Elsallaly HM, Alloub AI. Prognostic value of immunohistochemical classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma into germinal center B-cell and non-germinal center B-cell subtypes. Saudi Med J. 2010;31(2):135–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo JJ, Beltran BE, Song MK, et al. The Hans algorithm is not prognostic in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP. Leuk Res. 2012 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print.]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi A, Fujita S, Ikeda J, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the young in Japan: a study by the Osaka Lymphoma Study Group. Am J Hematol. 2007;82(10):893–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiozawa E, Yamochi-Onizuka T, Takimoto M, Ota H. The GCB subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is less frequent in Asian countries. Leuk Res. 2007;31(11):1579–1583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer PN, Fu K, Greiner TC, et al. Immunohistochemical methods for predicting cell of origin and survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(2):200–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers CR, Sinha R, Vose JM. Improving outcomes for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60(6):393–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfreundschuh M, Trumper L, Osterborg A, et al. CHOP-like chemotherapy plus rituximab versus CHOP-like chemotherapy alone in young patients with good-prognosis diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma: a randomised controlled trial by the MabThera International Trial (MInT) Group. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:379–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller TP Dahlberg S, Cassady JR, et al. Chemotherapy alone compared with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for localized intermediate- and highgrade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(1):21–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller TP, LeBlanc M, Spier C, et al. CHOP alone compared to CHOP plus radiotherapy for early stage aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: Update of the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) randomized trial. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2001;98:724a–725a.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes F, Lepage E, Ganem G, et al. ACVBP versus CHOP plus radiotherapy for localized aggressive lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(12):1197–1205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andre M, Mounier N, Leleu X, et al. Second cancers and late toxicities after treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma with the ACVBP regimen: a GELA cohort study on 2837 patients. Blood. 2004;103(4):1222–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horning SJ, Weller E, Kim K, et al. Chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy in limited-stage diffuse aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study 1484. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(15):3032–3038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet C, Fillet G, Mounier N, et al. CHOP alone compared with CHOP plus radiotherapy for localized aggressive lymphoma in elderly patients: a study by the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(7):787–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persky DO, Unger JM, Spier CM, et al. Phase II study of rituximab plus three cycles of CHOP and involved-field radiotherapy for patients with limited-stage aggressive B-cell lymphoma: Southwest Oncology Group study 0014. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(14):2258–2263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persky DO, Miller TP. Localized large cell lymphoma: is there any need for radiation therapy? Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21(5):401–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers CR, Armitage JO. A decade of progress in lymphoma: advances and continuing challenges. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2010;10(6):414–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher RI, Gaynor ER, Dahlberg S, et al. Comparison of a standard regimen (CHOP) with three intensive chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(14):1002–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKelvey EM, Gottlieb JA, Wilson HE, et al. Hydroxyldaunomycin (Adriamycin) combination chemotherapy in malignant lymphoma. Cancer. 1976;38(4):1484–1493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klimo P, Connors JM. MACOP-B chemotherapy for the treatment of diffuse large-cell lymphoma. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102(5):596–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipp MA, Yeap BY, Harrington DP, et al. The m-BACOD combination chemotherapy regimen in large-cell lymphoma: analysis of the completed trial and comparison with the M-BACOD regimen. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8(1):84–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne MJ, Hubbard SM, Longo DL, et al. Excess prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients treated for lymphoma with combination chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104(3):338–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linch DC, Smith P, Hancock BW, et al. A randomized British National Lymphoma Investigation trial of CHOP vs a weekly multi-agent regimen (PACEBOM) in patients with histologically aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2000;11(Suppl 1):87–90.
   Google Scholar
• Lorusso V Palmieri G, Bianco AR, et al. CEOP-B/VIMB vs promace- CytaBOM in the treatment of intermediate or high grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: A randomised multicenter study of Southern Italy Cooperative Group. Int J Oncol. 2000;16(1):149–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh K, Ohtsu T, Wakita H, et al. Dose-escalation study of CHOP with or without prophylactic G-CSF in aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2000;11(10):1241–1247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartron G, Watier H, Golay J, Solal-Celigny P. From the bench to the bedside: ways to improve rituximab efficacy. Blood. 2004;104(9):2635–2642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cragg MS, Bayne MC, Illidge TM, Valerius T, Johnson PW, Glennie MJ. Apparent modulation of CD20 by rituximab: an alternative explanation. Blood. 2004;103(10):3989–3990; author reply 90–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers CR. Improving our use and understanding of antibodies in B-cell lymphomas. Oncology (Williston Park). 2010;24(2):176–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(4):235–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feugier P, Van Hoof A, Sebban C, et al. Long-term results of the R-CHOP study in the treatment of elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a study by the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(18):4117–4126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economopoulos T, Psyrri A, Dimopoulos MA, et al. CEOP-21 versus CEOP-14 chemotherapy with or without rituximab for the first-line treatment of patients with aggressive lymphomas: results of the HE22A99 trial of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancer J. 2007;13(5):327–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham D, Smith P, Mouncey P, et al. R-CHOP14 versus R-CHOP21: Result of a randomized phase III trial for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:Abstract #8000.
   Google Scholar
• Delarue R, Tilly H, Salles G, et al. R-CHOP14 Compared to R-CHOP21 in Elderly Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Results of the Interim Analysis of the LNH03–06B GELA Study. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2009;114(22):406.
   Google Scholar
• Tilly H, Lepage E, Coiffier B, et al. Intensive conventional chemotherapy (ACVBP regimen) compared with standard CHOP for poor- prognosis aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2003;102(13):4284–4289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Récher C, Coiffier B, Haioun C, et al; Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. Intensified chemotherapy with ACVBP plus rituximab versus standard CHOP plus rituximab for the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (LNH03–2B): an open-label randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9806):1858–1867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina TJ, Canioni D, Copie-Bergman C, et al. R-ACVBP Benefits to Younger Patients with Non-Germinal Centre Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma As Compared to R-CHOP in the GELA Trial LNH03–2B. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2011;118(21):2632.
   Google Scholar
• Greb A, Bohlius J, Schiefer D, Schwarzer G, Schulz H, Engert A. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in the first line treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;1:CD004024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass B, Ziepert M, Reiser M, et al. High-dose therapy followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation with and without rituximab for primary treatment of high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(11):2255–2261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiff PJ, Unger JM, Cook J, et al. Randomized phase III US/Canadian intergroup trial (SWOG S9704) comparing CHOP±R for eight cycles to CHOP±R for six cycles followed by autotransplant for patients with high-intermediate (H-Int) or high IPI grade diffuse aggressive non- Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (abstract 8001). J Clin Oncol. 2011;Suppl 29: abstr 8001.
   Google Scholar
• Lonial S, Arellano M, Hutcherson D, et al. Results of a clinical phase I dose-escalation study of cytarabinein combination with fixed-dose vinorelbine, paclitaxel, etoposideand cisplatin for the treatment of relapsed/refractory lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47(10):2155–2162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip T, Guglielmi C, Hagenbeek A, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation as compared with salvage chemotherapy in relapses of chemotherapy-sensitive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(23):1540–1545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellenga E, van Putten WL, van ‘t Veer MB, et al. Rituximab improves the treatment results of DHAP-VIM-DHAP and ASCT in relapsed/ progressive aggressive CD20+NHL: a prospective randomized HOVON trial. Blood. 2008;111(2):537–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenske TS, Hari PN, Carreras J, et al. Impact of pre-transplant rituximab on survival after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15(11):1455–1464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kewalramani T, Zelenetz AD, Nimer SD, et al. Rituximab and ICE as second-line therapy before autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed or primary refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2004;103(10):3684–3688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisselbrecht C, Glass B, Mounier N. R-ICE versus R-DHAP in relapsed patients with CD20 diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) followed by an autologous transplantation: CORAL study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27: abstract 8509.
   Google Scholar
• Mihelic R, Kaufman J, Lonial S, Flowers C. Maintenance therapy in lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2007;7(8):507–513.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha R, DeJoubner N, Flowers C. Novel agents for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2011;20(5):669–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiernik PH, Lossos IS, Tuscano JM, et al. Lenalidomide monotherapy in relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(30):4952–4957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witzig TE, Vose JM, Zinzani PL, et al. An international phase II trial of single-agent lenalidomide for relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(7):1622–1627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowakowski GS, LaPlant B, Habermann T, Inwards DJ, Johnston PL, Zent CS, et al. A Phase I/II Trial of Lenalidomide and RCHOP (R2CHOP) in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Large B -Cell (DLBCL) and Follicular Grade 3 Lymphoma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts. 2009;114(22):1669.
   Google Scholar
• Goy A, Bernstein S, McDonald A, Pickard M, Mark F, Bryant B. Immunohistochemical Analyses for potential Biomarkers of Bortezomib acitivity in Mantle Cell Lymphoma form the PINNACLE phase 2 trail. Blood. 2007;110(11):2573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furman RR, Martin P, Ruan J, et al. Phase 1 trial of bortezomib plus R-CHOP in previously untreated patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 116(23):5432–5439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribrag V Gisselbrecht C, Haioun C, et al. Efficacy and toxicity of 2 schedules of frontline rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone plus bortezomib in patients with B-cell lymphoma: a randomized phase 2 trial from the French Adult Lymphoma Study Group (GELA). Cancer. 2009;115(19):4540–4546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunleavy K, Pittaluga S, Czuczman MS, et al. Differential efficacy of bortezomib plus chemotherapy within molecular subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2009;113(24):6069–6076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan J, Martin P, Furman RR, et al. Bortezomib plus CHOP-rituximab for previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(6):690–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson MJ, Kahl BS, Vose JM, et al. Phase II study of enzastaurin, a protein kinase C beta inhibitor, in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(13):1741–1746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedberg JW, Sharman J, Sweetenham J, et al. Inhibition of Syk with fostamatinib disodium has significant clinical activity in non- Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2010;115(13):2578–2585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermann TM, Weller EA, Morrison VA, et al. Rituximab- CHOP versus CHOP alone or with maintenance rituximab in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3121–3127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar