Developments in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: targeting the anaplastic lymphoma kinase

References

• Agostinelli C, Piccaluga PP, Went P, et al. Peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: the stuff of genes, dreams and therapies. J Clin Pathol. 2008;61(11):1160–1167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein H, Foss HD, Dürkop H, et al. CD30 anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a review of its histopathologic, genetic, and clinical features. Blood. 2000;96(12):3681–3695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris SW, Xue L, Ma Z, Kinney MC. Alk+ CD30+ lymphomas: a distinct molecular genetic subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2001;113(2):275–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falini B, Bigerna B, Fizzotti M, et al. ALK expression defines a distinct group of T/null lymphomas (“ALK lymphomas”) with a wide morphological spectrum. Am J Pathol. 1998;153(3):875–886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Govi S, Pileri SA, Savage KJ. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2012;83(2):293–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage KJ, Harris NL, Vose JM, et al; International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. ALK-anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is clinically and immunophenotypically different from both ALK+ ALCL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: report from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Blood. 2008;111(12):5496–5504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak V, Hamm J, Chhanabhai M, et al. Survival of patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma after first relapse or progression: spectrum of disease and rare long-term survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(16):1970–1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiota M, Fujimoto J, Semba T, Satoh H, Yamamoto T, Mori S. Hyperphosphorylation of a novel 80 kDa protein-tyrosine kinase similar to Ltk in a human Ki-1 lymphoma cell line, AMS3. Oncogene. 1994;9(6):1567–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris SW, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, et al. Fusion of a kinase gene, ALK, to a nucleolar protein gene, NPM, in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Science. 1994;263(5151):1281–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai RY, Ouyang T, Miething C, Morris SW, Peschel C, Duyster J. Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase associated with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt antiapoptotic signaling pathway. Blood. 2000;96(13):4319–4327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieborowska-Skorska M, Slupianek A, Xue L, et al. Role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 in nucleophosmin/anaplastic lymphoma kinase-mediated malignant transformation of lymphoid cells. Cancer Res. 2001;61(17):6517–6523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slupianek A, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Hoser G, et al. Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway in nucleophosmin/anaplastic lymphoma kinase-mediated lymphomagenesis. Cancer Res. 2001;61(5):2194–2199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamo A, Chiarle R, Piva R, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) activates Stat3 and protects hematopoietic cells from cell death. Oncogene. 2002;21(7):1038–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Raghunath PN, Xue L, et al. Multilevel dysregulation of STAT3 activation in anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive T/null-cell lymphoma. J Immunol. 2002;168(1):466–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passoni L, Gambacorti-Passerini C. ALK a novel lymphoma-associated tumor antigen for vaccination strategies. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003;44(10):1675–1681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarle R, Voena C, Ambrogio C, Piva R, Inghirami G. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase in the pathogenesis of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8(1):11–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu FY, Zhao Y, Anderson WF, Johnston PB. Downregulation of NPM-ALK by siRNA causes anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell growth inhibition and augments the anti cancer effects of chemotherapy in vitro. Cancer Invest. 2007;25(4):240–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe EJ, Lim MS. Potential therapies for anaplastic lymphoma kinase-driven tumors in children: progress to date. Paediatr Drugs. 2013;15(3):163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minoo P, Wang HY. ALK-immunoreactive neoplasms. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015(5):397–410.
   Google Scholar
• Foyil KV, Bartlett NL. Brentuximab vedotin and crizotinib in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Cancer J. 2012;18(5):450–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartari CJ, Scapozza L, Gambacorti-Passerini C. The ALK gene, an attractive target for inhibitor development. Curr Top Med Chem. 20111(11):1406–1419.
   Google Scholar
• Lee JA, Bubendorf L, Stahel R, Peters S. Testing for anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement to target crizotinib therapy: oncology, pathology and health economic perspectives. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2013;13(5):625–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambacorti-Passerini C, Messa C, Pogliani EM. Crizotinib in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(8):775–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasia A, Guerra, Bernard L, et al. Crizotinib obtains durable responses in advanced chemoresistant ALK+ lymphoma patients. Oral session presented at: 17th Congress of the European Hematology Association Haematologica. 2012;97(suppl 1):1153.
   Google Scholar
• Gambacorti Passerini C, Farina F, Stasia A, et al. Crizotinib in advanced, chemoresistant anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive lymphoma patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(2):djt378.
   Google Scholar
• Mologni L. Inhibitors of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2012;21(7):985–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccon M, Mologni L, Bisson W, Scapozza L, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Crizotinib-resistant NPM-ALK mutants confer differential sensitivity to unrelated Alk inhibitors. Mol Cancer Res. 2013;11(2):122–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg B, Palmer RH. Mechanistic insight into ALK receptor tyrosine kinase in human cancer biology. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013;13(10):685–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuckmann JM, Hölzel M, Sos ML, et al. ALK mutations conferring differential resistance to structurally diverse ALK inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(23):7394–7401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang D, Kim DW, Kotsakis A, et al. Multiplexed deep sequencing analysis of ALK kinase domain identifies resistance mutations in relapsed patients following crizotinib treatment. Genomics. 2013; 102(3):157–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voena C, Chiarle R. The battle against ALK resistance: successes and setbacks. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2012;21(12):1751–1754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirks WG, Fähnrich S, Lis Y, Becker E, MacLeod RA, Drexler HG. Expression and functional analysis of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene in tumor cell lines. Int J Cancer. 2002;100(1):49–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers C, Aigner A, Stoica GE, McDonnell K, Wellstein A. Pleiotrophin signaling through anaplastic lymphoma kinase is rate-limiting for glioblastoma growth. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(16):14153–14158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li R, Morris SW. Development of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) small-molecule inhibitors for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev. 2008;28(3):372–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu KV, Jong KA, Kim GY, et al. Differential induction of glioblastoma migration and growth by two forms of pleiotrophin. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(29):26953–26964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamant L, Pulford K, Bischof D, et al. Expression of the ALK tyrosine kinase gene in neuroblastoma. Am J Pathol. 2000;156(5):1711–1721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoubek A, Simonitsch I, Panzer-Grümayer ER, et al. Ewing tumor after treatment of Ki-1+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Therapy-associated secondary neoplasm or unrelated coincidence? Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1995;83(1):5–11.
   Google Scholar
• Rassidakis GZ, Lai R, Herling M, Cromwell C, Schmitt-Graeff A, Medeiros LJ. Retinoblastoma protein is frequently absent or phosphorylated in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Am J Pathol. 2004;164(6):2259–2267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delsol G, Lamant L, Mariamé B, et al. A new subtype of large B-cell lymphoma expressing the ALK kinase and lacking the 2; 5 translocation. Blood. 1997;89(5):1483–1490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czubayko F, Schulte AM, Berchem GJ, Wellstein A. Melanoma angiogenesis and metastasis modulated by ribozyme targeting of the secreted growth factor pleiotrophin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(25):14753–14758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb TR, Slavish J, George RE, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase: role in cancer pathogenesis and small-molecule inhibitor development for therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009;9(3):331–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladanyi M. The NPM/ALK gene fusion in the pathogenesis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cancer Surv. 1997;30:59–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armstrong F, Duplantier MM, Trempat P, et al. Differential effects of X-ALK fusion proteins on proliferation, transformation, and invasion properties of NIH3T3 cells. Oncogene. 2004;23(36):6071–6082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulford K, Lamant L, Espinos E, et al. The emerging normal and disease-related roles of anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61(23):2939–2953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardini E, Magnaghi P, Orsini P, Galvani A, Menichincheri M. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase: role in specific tumours, and development of small molecule inhibitors for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett. 2010;299(2):81–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimoto J, Shiota M, Iwahara T, et al. Characterization of the transforming activity of p80, a hyperphosphorylated protein in a Ki-1 lymphoma cell line with chromosomal translocation t(2;5). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(9):4181–4186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischof D, Pulford K, Mason DY, Morris SW. Role of the nucleophosmin (NPM) portion of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma-associated NPM-anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion protein in oncogenesis. Mol Cell Biol. 1997;17(4):2312–2325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason DY, Pulford KA, Bischof D, et al. Nucleolar localization of the nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase is not required for malignant transformation. Cancer Res. 1998;58(5):1057–1062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarle R, Gong JZ, Guasparri I, et al. NPM-ALK transgenic mice spontaneously develop T-cell lymphomas and plasma cell tumors. Blood. 2003;101(5):1919–1927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuefer MU, Look AT, Pulford K, et al. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of NPM-ALK causes lymphoid malignancy in mice. Blood. 1997;90(8):2901–2910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan W, Albom MS, Lu L, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase activity is essential for the proliferation and survival of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma cells. Blood. 2006;107(4):1617–1623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin HM, Lai R. Pathobiology of ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2007;110(7):2259–2267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan EA, Nascimento AF. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma: an underrecognized aggressive lymphoma. Adv Hematol. 2012;2012:529572.
   Google Scholar
• Bai RY, Dieter P, Peschel C, Morris SW, Duyster J. Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase of large-cell anaplastic lymphoma is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that utilizes phospholipase C-gamma to mediate its mitogenicity. Mol Cell Biol. 1998;18(12):6951–6961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzec M, Kasprzycka M, Ptasznik A, et al. Inhibition of ALK enzymatic activity in T-cell lymphoma cells induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation and STAT3 phosphorylation independently of Jak3. Lab Invest. 2005;85(12):1544–1554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galkin AV, Melnick JS, Kim S, et al. Identification of NVP-TAE684, a potent, selective, and efficacious inhibitor of NPM-ALK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(1):270–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polgar D, Leisser C, Maier S, et al. Truncated ALK derived from chromosomal translocation t(2;5)(p23;q35) binds to the SH3 domain of p85-PI3K. Mutat Res. 2005;570(1):9–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornber K, Colomba A, Ceccato L, Delsol G, Payrastre B, Gaits-Iacovoni F. Reactive oxygen species and lipoxygenases regulate the oncogenicity of NPM-ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Oncogene. 2009;28(29):2690–2696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Vidal A, Mazars A, Gautier EF, Prévost G, Payrastre B, Manenti S. Upregulation of the CDC25A phosphatase down-stream of the NPM/ALK oncogene participates to anaplastic large cell lymphoma enhanced proliferation. Cell Cycle. 2009;8(9):1373–1379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coluccia AM, Perego S, Cleris L, et al. Bcl-XL down-regulation suppresses the tumorigenic potential of NPM/ALK in vitro and in vivo. Blood. 2004;103(7):2787–2794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ergin M, Denning MF, Izban KF, et al. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in anaplastic large cell lymphoma with NPM-ALK (p80) fusion protein. Exp Hematol. 2001;29(9):1082–1090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed JC, Jurgensmeier JM, Matsuyama S. Bcl-2 family proteins and mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998;1366(1–2):127–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange K, Uckert W, Blankenstein T, et al. Overexpression of NPM-ALK induces different types of malignant lymphomas in IL-9 transgenic mice. Oncogene. 2003;22(4):517–527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Roosbroeck K, Cools J, Dierickx D, et al. ALK-positive large B-cell lymphomas with cryptic SEC31A-ALK and NPM1-ALK fusions. Haematologica. 2010;95(3):509–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murugan AK, Xing M. Anaplastic thyroid cancers harbor novel oncogenic mutations of the ALK gene. Cancer Res. 2011;71(13):4403–4411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Takita J, Choi YL, et al. Oncogenic mutations of ALK kinase in neuroblastoma. Nature. 2008;455(7215):971–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passoni L, Longo L, Collini P, et al. Mutation-independent anaplastic lymphoma kinase overexpression in poor prognosis neuroblastoma patients. Cancer Res. 2009;69(18):7338–7346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George RE, Sanda T, Hanna M, et al. Activating mutations in ALK provide a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. Nature. 2008;455(7215):975–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janoueix-Lerosey I, Lequin D, Brugières L, et al. Somatic and germline activating mutations of the ALK kinase receptor in neuroblastoma. Nature. 2008;455(7215):967–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossé YP, Laudenslager M, Longo L, et al. Identification of ALK as a major familial neuroblastoma predisposition gene. Nature. 2008;455(7215):930–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salido M, Pijuan L, Martínez-Avilés L, et al. Increased ALK gene copy number and amplification are frequent in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6(1):21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carén H, Abel F, Kogner P, Martinsson T. High incidence of DNA mutations and gene amplifications of the ALK gene in advanced sporadic neuroblastoma tumours. Biochem J. 2008;416(2):153–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Gaal JC, Flucke UE, Roeffen MH, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase aberrations in rhabdomyosarcoma: clinical and prognostic implications. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(3):308–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Yoo SB, Choe JY, et al. Detection of ALK gene rearrangement in non-small cell lung cancer: a comparison of fluorescence in situ hybridization and chromogenic in situ hybridization with correlation of ALK protein expression. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6(8):1359–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selinger CI, Rogers TM, Russell PA, et al. Testing for ALK rearrangement in lung adenocarcinoma: a multicenter comparison of immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Mod Pathol. 2013;26(12):1545–1553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallander ML, Geiersbach KB, Tripp SR, Layfield LJ. Comparison of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence in situ hybridization methodologies for detection of echinoderm microtubule-associated proteinlike 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion-positive non-small cell lung carcinoma: implications for optimal clinical testing. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2012;136(7):796–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan L, Lian F, Guo L, Yang X, Ying J, Lin D. Combination of conventional immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR to detect ALK rearrangement. Diagn Pathol. 2014;9:3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YC, Chang IC, Wang CL, et al. Comparison of IHC, FISH and RT-PCR methods for detection of ALK rearrangements in 312 non-small cell lung cancer patients in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piva R, Chiarle R, Manazza AD, et al. Ablation of oncogenic ALK is a viable therapeutic approach for anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. Blood. 2006;107(2):689–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coluccia AM, Gunby RH, Tartari CJ, Scapozza L, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Passoni L. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase and its signalling molecules as novel targets in lymphoma therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2005;9(3):515–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen JG, Zou HY, Arango ME, et al. Cytoreductive antitumor activity of PF-2341066, a novel inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase and c-Met, in experimental models of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2007;6(12 Pt 1):3314–3322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, et al. Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature. 2007;448(7153):561–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunby RH, Tartari CJ, Porchia F, Donella-Deana A, Scapozza L, Gambacorti-Passerini C. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to screen for inhibitors of the oncogenic anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Haematologica. 2005;90(7):988–990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turturro F, Arnold MD, Frist AY, Pulford K. Model of inhibition of the NPM-ALK kinase activity by herbimycin A. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8(1):240–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgakis GV, Li Y, Rassidakis GZ, Medeiros LJ, Younes A. The HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG synergizes with doxorubicin and U0126 in anaplastic large cell lymphoma irrespective of ALK expression. Exp Hematol. 2006;34(12):1670–1679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sang J, Acquaviva J, Friedland JC, et al. Targeted inhibition of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 overcomes ALK inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Discov. 2013;3(4):430–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerchietti L, Damm-Welk C, Vater I, et al. Inhibition of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) activity provides a therapeutic approach for CLTC-ALK-positive human diffuse large B cell lymphomas. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e18436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou HY, Li Q, Lee JH, et al. An orally available small-molecule inhibitor of c-Met, PF-2341066, exhibits cytoreductive antitumor efficacy through antiproliferative and antiangiogenic mechanisms. Cancer Res. 2007;67(9):4408–4417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak EL, Camidge DR, Clark J, et al. Clinical activity observed in a phase I dose escalation trial of an oral c-MET and ALK inhibitor, PF-02341066. Presented at: 2009 ASCO annual meeting. J Clin Oncol. 2009;15(Suppl):3509.
   Google Scholar
• Camidge DR, Bang YJ, Kwak EL, et al. Activity and safety of crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: updated results from a phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(10):1011–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambacorti-Passerini C, Horibe K, Braiteh F, et al. Safety and clinical activity of crizotinib in patients with ALK-rearranged hematologic malignancies. Poster presented at: 55th ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition; December 9, 2013; New Orleans, LA. Blood. 2013,122(21)4342.
   Google Scholar
• Mossé YP, Lim MS, Voss SD, et al. Safety and activity of crizotinib for paediatric patients with refractory solid tumours or anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a Children’s Oncology Group phase 1 consortium study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(6):472–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doebele RC, Pilling AB, Aisner DL, et al. Mechanisms of resistance to crizotinib in patients with ALK gene rearranged non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(5):1472–1482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katayama R, Shaw AT, Khan TM, et al. Mechanisms of acquired crizotinib resistance in ALK-rearranged lung Cancers. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(120):120ra17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossé YP, Wood A, Maris JM. Inhibition of ALK signaling for cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(18):5609–5614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi YL, Soda M, Yamashita Y, et al; ALK Lung Cancer Study Group. EML4-ALK mutations in lung cancer that confer resistance to ALK inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(18):1734–1739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg B, Palmer RH. Crizotinib – latest champion in the cancer wars? N Engl J Med. 2010;363(18):1760–1762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camidge DR, Doebele RC. Treating ALK-positive lung cancer – early successes and future challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2012;9(5):268–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad MM, Katayama R, McTigue M, et al. Acquired resistance to crizotinib from a mutation in CD74-ROS1. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(25):2395–2401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab R, Petak I, Kollar M, et al. Major partial response to crizotinib, a dual MET/ALK inhibitor, in a squamous cell lung (SCC) carcinoma patient with de novo c-MET amplification in the absence of ALK rearrangement. Lung Cancer. 2014;83(1):109–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi N, Lucena-Araujo AR, Nakayama S, et al. Dual ALK and EGFR inhibition targets a mechanism of acquired resistance to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib in ALK rearranged lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2014;83(1):37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarle R, Martinengo C, Mastini C, et al. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase is an effective oncoantigen for lymphoma vaccination. Nat Med. 2008;14(6):676–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastini C, Martinengo C, Inghirami G, Chiarle R. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase: an oncogene for tumor vaccination. J Mol Med (Berl). 2009;87(7):669–677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruczynski A, Delsol G, Laurent C, Brousset P, Lamant L. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2012;16(11):1127–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulford K, Falini B, Banham AH, et al. Immune response to the ALK oncogenic tyrosine kinase in patients with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2000;96(4):1605–1607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter EL, Mossé YP. Targeting ALK in neuroblastoma – preclinical and clinical advancements. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2012;9(7):391–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N, MP-Y, Sungjon K, Culazzo Pferdekamper A, et al. Activity of a potent and selective phase I ALK inhibitor LDK378 in naïve and crizotinib-resistant preclinical tumor models. Presented at: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference:San Francisco, CA. Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics. 2001;10(suppl 11):B232.
   Google Scholar
• Mehra R. First-in-human phase I study of the ALK inhibitor LDK378 in advanced solid tumors. Presented at: 2012 ASCO Annual Meeting; Chicago, IL. JCO. 201230(suppl):3007.
   Google Scholar
• Seto T, Kiura K, Nishio M, et al. CH5424802 (RO5424802) for patients with ALK-rearranged advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (AF-001JP study):a single-arm, open-label, phase 1–2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(7):590–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gettinger SWG, Salgia R, et al. A first-in-human dose-finding study of the ALK/EGFR inhibitor AP26113 in patients with advanced malignancies. Poster presented at: 37th Annual ESMO Conference; 2012; Vienna.
   Google Scholar
• Gambacorti-Passerini C. Part I: Milestones in personalised medicine – imatinib. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(6):600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulford K, Lamant L, Morris SW, et al. Detection of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK proteins in normal and neoplastic cells with the monoclonal antibody ALK1. Blood. 1997;89(4):1394–1404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jäger R, Hahne J, Jacob A, et al. Mice transgenic for NPM-ALK develop non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Anticancer Res. 2005;25(5):3191–3196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadin ME, Morris SW. The t(2;5) in human lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma. 1998;29(3–4):249–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Z, Cools J, Marynen P, et al. Inv(2)(p23q35) in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma induces constitutive anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase activation by fusion to ATIC, an enzyme involved in purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Blood. 2000;95(6):2144–2149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinei M, Lanfrancone L, Campo E, et al. A new variant anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-fusion protein (ATIC-ALK) in a case of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cancer Res. 2000;60(4):793–798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools J, Wlodarska I, Somers R, et al. Identification of novel fusion partners of ALK, the anaplastic lymphoma kinase, in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002;34(4):354–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamant L, Gascoyne RD, Duplantier MM, et al. Non-muscle myosin heavy chain (MYH9):a new partner fused to ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2003;37(4):427–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debelenko LV, Arthur DC, Pack SD, Helman LJ, Schrump DS, Tsokos M. Identification of CARS-ALK fusion in primary and metastatic lesions of an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Lab Invest. 2003;83(9):1255–1265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touriol C, Greenland C, Lamant L, et al. Further demonstration of the diversity of chromosomal changes involving 2p23 in ALK-positive lymphoma: 2 cases expressing ALK kinase fused to CLTCL (clathrin chain polypeptide-like). Blood. 2000;95(10):3204–3207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gascoyne RD, Lamant L, Martin-Subero JI, et al. ALK-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is associated with Clathrin-ALK rearrangements: report of 6 cases. Blood. 2003;102(7):2568–2573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tort F, Campo E, Pohlman B, Hsi E. Heterogeneity of genomic breakpoints in MSN-ALK translocations in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Hum Pathol. 2004;35(8):1038–1041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tort F, Pinyol M, Pulford K, et al. Molecular characterization of a new ALK translocation involving moesin (MSN-ALK) in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Lab Invest. 2001;81(3):419–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández L, Pinyol M, Hernández S, et al. TRK-fused gene (TFG) is a new partner of ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma producing two structurally different TFG-ALK translocations. Blood. 1999;94(9):3265–3268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenwald A, Ott G, Pulford K, et al. t(1;2)(q21;p23) and t(2;3)(p23;q21):two novel variant translocations of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood. 1999;94(1):362–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamant L, Dastugue N, Pulford K, Delsol G, Mariamé B. A new fusion gene TPM3-ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma created by a (1;2)(q25;p23) translocation. Blood. 1999;93(9):3088–3095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meech SJ, McGavran L, Odom LF, et al. Unusual childhood extramedullary hematologic malignancy with natural killer cell properties that contains tropomyosin 4 – anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene fusion. Blood. 2001;98(4):1209–1216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Z, Hill DA, Collins MH, et al. Fusion of ALK to the Ran-binding protein 2 (RANBP2) gene in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2003;37(1):98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panagopoulos I, Nilsson T, Domanski HA, et al. Fusion of the SEC31L1 and ALK genes in an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(5):1181–1186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soda M, Takada S, Takeuchi K, et al. A mouse model for EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(50):19893–19897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martelli MP, Sozzi G, Hernandez L, et al. EML4-ALK rearrangement in non-small cell lung cancer and non-tumor lung tissues. Am J Pathol. 2009;174(2):661–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi K, Choi YL, Togashi Y, et al. KIF5B-ALK, a novel fusion oncokinase identified by an immunohistochemistry-based diagnostic system for ALK-positive lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(9):3143–3149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi K, Soda M, Togashi Y, et al. Identification of a novel fusion, SQSTM1-ALK, in ALK-positive large B-cell lymphoma. Haematologica. 2011;96(3):464–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camidge DR. First-in-human dose-finding study of the ALK/EGFR inhibitor AP26113 in patients with advanced malignancies: Updated results. Presented at: 2013 ASCO Annual Meeting; Chicago, IL. JCO. 201331(suppl):2524.
   Google Scholar
• Patnaik A. Pharmacokinetics and safety of an oral ALK inhibitor, ASP3026, observed in a phase I dose escalation trial. Presented at: 2013 ASCO Annual Meeting; Chicago, IL. JCO. 201331(suppl):2602.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw AT. Clinical activity of the ALK inhibitor LDK378 in advanced, ALK-positive NSCLC. Presented at: 2013 ASCO Annual Meeting; Chicago, IL. JCO. 201331(suppl):8010.
   Google Scholar
• Marsilje TH, Pei W, Chen B, et al. Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and in vivo efficacy of the novel potent and selective anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor 5-chloro-N2-(2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl)-N4-(2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (LDK378) currently in phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials. J Med Chem. 2013;56(14):5675–5690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng M, Quail MR, Gingrich DE, et al. CEP-28122, a highly potent and selective orally active inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase with antitumor activity in experimental models of human cancers. Mol Cancer Ther. 2012;11(3):670–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossi RT, Saccardo MB, Ardini E, et al. Crystal structures of anaplastic lymphoma kinase in complex with ATP competitive inhibitors. Biochemistry. 2010;49(32):6813–6825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande E, Bolós MV, Arriola E. Targeting oncogenic ALK: a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Mol Cancer Ther. 2011;10(4):569–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott U, Iafrate AJ, Gray NS, et al. Genomic alterations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase may sensitize tumors to anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors. Cancer Res. 2008;68(9):3389–3395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto H, Tsukaguchi T, Hiroshima S, et al. CH5424802, a selective ALK inhibitor capable of blocking the resistant gatekeeper mutant. Cancer Cell. 2011;19(5):679–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latif M, Saeed A, Kim SH. Journey of the ALK-inhibitor CH5424802 to phase II clinical trial. Arch Pharm Res. 2013;36(9):1051–1054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa K. A phase I/II study with a highly selective ALK inhibitor CH5424802 in ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients: Updated safety and efficacy results from AF-001JP. Presented at: 2013 ASCO Annual Meeting; Chicago, IL. JCO. 201331(suppl):8033.
   Google Scholar
• Lovly CM, Heuckmann JM, de Stanchina E, et al. Insights into ALK-driven cancers revealed through development of novel ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Res. 2011;71(14):4920–4931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabbatini P, Korenchuk S, Rowand JL, et al. GSK1838705A inhibits the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase and shows antitumor activity in experimental models of human cancers. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009;8(10):2811–2820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingrich DE, Lisko JG, Curry MA, et al. Discovery of an orally efficacious inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase. J Med Chem. 2012 24;55(10):4580–4593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis RT, Bode CM, Choquette DM, et al. The discovery and optimization of a novel class of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors with potential utility for the treatment of cancer. J Med Chem. 2012;55(14):6523–6540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales La Madrid A, Campbell N, Smith S, Cohn SL, Salgia R. Targeting ALK: a promising strategy for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and neuroblastoma. Target Oncol. 2012;7(3):199–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar