Treating the elderly patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: current and emerging options

References

• Balducci L, Extermann M. Management of cancer in the older person: a practical approach. Oncologist. 2000;5(3):224–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mozaheb Z, Aledavood A, Farzad F. Distributions of major sub-types of lymphoid malignancies among adults in Mashhad, Iran. Cancer Epidemiol. 2011;35(1):26–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhorst B, Goede V, Hallek M. Treatment of elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2009;50(2):171–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurmes P, Call T, Slager S, et al. Comorbid conditions and survival in unselected, newly diagnosed patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2008;49(1):49–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaheb Z, NazarAbadi MH, Afzal M. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and prognostic factors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(7):3009–3013.
   Google Scholar
• Auer RL, Gribben J, Cotter FE. Emerging therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2007;139(5):635–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsimberidou AM, Wen S, O’Brien S, et al. Assessment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma by absolute lymphocyte counts in 2,126 patients: 20 years of experience at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(29):4648–4656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierda WG, O’Brien S, Wang X, et al. Prognostic nomogram and index for overall survival in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2007;109(11):4679–4685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanafelt T. Treatment of older patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: key questions and current answers. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013;2013(1):158–167.
   Google Scholar
• Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Stilgenbauer S, et al. First-line therapy with fludarabine compared with chlorambucil does not result in a major benefit for elderly patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2009;114(16):3382–3391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhorst B, Dreyling M, Robak T, Montserrat E, Hallek M. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(6):vi50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dighiero G, Maloum K, Desablens B, et al. Chlorambucil in indolent chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(21):1506–1514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montillo M, Hamblin T, Hallek M, Montserrat E, Morra E. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: novel prognostic factors and their relevance for risk-adapted therapeutic strategies. Haematologica. 2005;90(3):391–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gribben JG. How I treat CLL up front. Blood. 2010;115(2):187–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute Working Group 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008;111(12):5446–5456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanafelt TD, Kay NE. Comprehensive management of the CLL patient: a holistic approach. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2007:324–331.
   Google Scholar
• Shanafelt TD, Drake MT, Maurer MJ, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2011;117(5):1492–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennel KA, Drake MT, Hurley DL. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: when to test and how to treat. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(8):752–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartz MH. Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination With DVD. 6th ed. Philidelphia, PA, USA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Shanafelt TD, Rabe KG, Kay NE, et al. Age at diagnosis and the utility of prognostic testing in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2010;116(20):4777–4787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catovsky D, Richards S, Matutes E, et al. Assessment of fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (the LRF CLL4 Trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370(9583):230–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marotta G, Bigazzi C, Lenoci M, Tozzi M, Bocchia M, Lauria F. Low-dose fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in elderly patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia refractory to conventional therapy. Haematologica. 2000;85(12):1268–1270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shvidel L, Shtalrid M, Bairey O, et al. Conventional dose fludarabine-based regimens are effective but have excessive toxicity in elderly patients with refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003;44(11):1947–1950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woyach JA, Ruppert AS, Rai K, et al. Impact of age on outcomes after initial therapy with chemotherapy and different chemoimmunotherapy regimens in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results of sequential cancer and leukemia group B studies. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(4):440–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillmen P, Skotnicki AB, Robak T, et al. Alemtuzumab compared with chlorambucil as first-line therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(35):5616–5623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay NE, Geyer SM, Call TG, et al. Combination chemoimmunotherapy with pentostatin, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab shows significant clinical activity with low accompanying toxicity in previously untreated B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2007;109(2):405–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strati P, Keating MJ, Wierda WG, et al. Lenalidomide induces long-lasting responses in elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2013;122(5):734–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillmen P, Gribben JG, Follows GA, et al. Rituximab plus chlorambucil in patients with CD20-positive B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): final response analysis of an open-label phase II study. Lancet. 2007;370(9583):230–239.
   Google Scholar
• HiGiulio S. FDA approves Gazyva for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncology Times. 2013. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm373209.htm. Accessed April 4, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Stockwell S. ONLINE FIRST: CLL11 trial called game changer for treating elderly patients. Oncology Times. 2014. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/oncology-times/blog/onlinefirst/pages/post.aspx?PostID=947. Accessed April 4, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer K, Cramer P, Busch R, et al. Bendamustine in combination with rituximab for previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multicenter phase II trial of the German Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(26):3209–3216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhorst B, Hallek M, Dreyling M. Clinical practice guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(5):v162–v164.
   Google Scholar
• Dreger P, Corradini P, Kimby E, et al. Indications for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the EBMT transplant consensus. Leukemia. 2007;21(1):12–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gribben JG. Stem cell transplantation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15(1):53–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien S, Furman RR, Coutre SE, et al. Ibrutinib as initial therapy for elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma: an open-label, multicentre, phase 1b/2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(1):48–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien SM, Lamanna N, Kipps TJ, et al. A phase II study of the selective phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) inhibitor idelalisib (GS-1101) in combination with rituximab (R) in treatment-naive patients (pts) ≥65 years with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). J Clin Oncol. 2013;31 Suppl: Abstr 7005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien S, Österborg A. Ofatumumab: a new CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2010;10(5):361–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar