Immunotherapeutic Advances for NSCLC

References

• Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna NH, Robinson AG, Temin S, et al. Therapy for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer with driver alterations: ASCO and OH (CCO) joint guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(9):1040–1091. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.03570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei SC, Levine JH, Cogdill AP, et al. Distinct cellular mechanisms underlie anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Cell. 2017;170(6):1120–1133.e17. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Z, Su W, Lu T, et al. First-line immune-checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: current landscape and future progress. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:578091. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.578091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sha D, Jin Z, Budczies J, Kluck K, Stenzinger A, Sinicrope FA. Tumor mutational burden as a predictive biomarker in solid tumors. Cancer Discov. 2020;10(12):1808–1825. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiala O, Šorejs O, Pešek M, Fínek J. Imunoterapie v léčbě karcinomu plic [Immunotherapy in the treatment of lung cancer]. Klin Onkol. 2017;30(Supplementum3):22–31.
   Google Scholar
• Galon J, Angell HK, Bedognetti D, et al. The continuum of cancer immunosurveillance: prognostic, predictive, and mechanistic signatures. Immunity. 2013;39(1):11–26. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palucka K, Banchereau J. Cancer immunotherapy via dendritic cells. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(4):265–277. doi:10.1038/nrc3258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(4):252–264. doi:10.1038/nrc3239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sznol M, Chen L. Antagonist antibodies to PD-1 and B7-H1 (PD-L1) in the treatment of advanced human cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(5):1021–1034. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JM, Chen DS. Immune escape to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade: seven steps to success (or failure). Ann Oncol. 2016;27(8):1492–1504. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdw217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackermann CJ, Reck M, Paz-Ares L, et al. First-line immune checkpoint blockade for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: travelling at the speed of light. Lung Cancer. 2019;134:245–253. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsa AT, Waldron JS, Panner A, et al. Loss of tumor suppressor PTEN function increases B7-H1 expression and immunoresistance in glioma. Nat Med. 2007;13(1):84–88. doi:10.1038/nm1517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzec M, Zhang Q, Goradia A, et al. Oncogenic kinase NPM/ALK induces through STAT3 expression of immunosuppressive protein CD274 (PD-L1, B7-H1). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(52):20852–20857. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810958105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atefi M, Avramis E, Lassen A, et al. Effects of MAPK and PI3K pathways on PD-L1 expression in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(13):3446–3457. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-2797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbay EA, Koyama S, Carretero J, et al. Activation of the PD-1 pathway contributes to immune escape in EGFR-driven lung tumors. Cancer Discov. 2013;3(12):1355–1363. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, Man S, Sun R, et al. Recent advances and challenges of immune checkpoint inhibitors in immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;85:106613. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence MS, Stojanov P, Polak P, et al. Mutational heterogeneity in cancer and the search for new cancer-associated genes. Nature. 2013;499(7457):214–218. doi:10.1038/nature12213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2443–2454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQ, et al. Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2455–2465. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uramoto H, Tanaka F. Recurrence after surgery in patients with NSCLC. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2014;3,4:242–249.
   Google Scholar
• Lim E, Harris G, Patel A, Adachi I, Edmonds L, Song F. Preoperative versus postoperative chemotherapy in patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer: systematic review and indirect comparison meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Thorac Oncol. 2009;4(11):1380–1388. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181b9ecca
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignon JP, Tribodet H, Scagliotti GV, et al. Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: pooled analysis by LACE Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(21):3552–3559. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.13.9030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forde PM, Chaft JE, Smith KN, et al. Neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade in resectable lung cancer [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2018 Nov 29;379(22):2185]. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(21):1976–1986. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1716078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao S, Li N, Gao S, et al. Neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitor (Sintilimab) in NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(5):816–826. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2020.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascone T, William WN Jr, Weissferdt A, et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab in operable non-small cell lung cancer: the phase 2 randomized NEOSTAR trial. Nat Med. 2021;27(3):504–514. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01224-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski DJ, Rusch VW, Chaft JE, et al. Neoadjuvant atezolizumab in resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): interim analysis and biomarker data from a multicenter study (LCMC3). J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(suppl 15):8503. doi:10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.8503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JM. Surgical and clinical outcomes with neoadjuvant atezolizumab in resectable stage IB-IIIB NSCLC: LCMC3 trial primary analysis. Presented at: 2020 World Conference on Lung Cancer Singapore; January 28–31; Virtual. Abstract 3195.
   Google Scholar
• Shu CA, Gainor JF, Awad MM, et al. Neoadjuvant atezolizumab and chemotherapy in patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(6):786–795. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30140-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provencio M, Nadal E, Insa A, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and nivolumab in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NADIM): an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(11):1413–1422. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30453-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonia SJ, Villegas A, Daniel D, et al. Durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(20):1919–1929. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1709937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonia SJ, Villegas A, Daniel D, et al. Overall survival with durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III NSCLC. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(24):2342–2350. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1809697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng L, Liang H, Burnette B, et al. Irradiation and anti-PDL1 treatment synergistically promote antitumor immunity in mice. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(2):687–695. doi:10.1172/JCI67313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reck M, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1823–1833. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1606774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reck M, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, et al. Five-year outcomes with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 tumor proportion score ≥ 50. J Clin Oncol. 2021:JCO2100174. doi:10.1200/JCO.21.00174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone DP, Reck M, Paz-Ares L, et al. First-line nivolumab in stage IV or recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(25):2415–2426.). doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1613493
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst RS, Giaccone G, de Marinis F, et al. Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of PD-L1-selected patients with NSCLC. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(14):1328–1339. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1917346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verschraegen CF, Jerusalem G, McClay EF, et al. Efficacy and safety of first-line avelumab in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: results from a phase Ib cohort of the JAVELIN Solid Tumor Study. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8(2):e001064. doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-001064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellmann MD, Rizvi NA, Goldman JW, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab as first-line treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 012): results of an open-label, Phase 1, Multicohort Study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(1):31–41. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30624-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ready N, Hellmann MD, Awad MM, et al. First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 568): outcomes by programmed death ligand 1 and tumor mutational burden as biomarkers. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(12):992–1000. doi:10.1200/JCO.18.01042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellmann MD, Paz-Ares L, Bernabe Caro R, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):2020–2031. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1910231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi NA, Cho BC, Reinmuth N, et al. Durvalumab with or without tremelimumab vs standard chemotherapy in first-line treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: the MYSTIC phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6(5):661–674. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.0237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi L, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Gadgeel S, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(22):2078–2092. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1801005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadgeel S, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Speranza G, et al. Updated analysis from KEYNOTE-189: pembrolizumab or placebo plus pemetrexed and platinum for previously untreated metastatic nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(14):1505–1517. doi:10.1200/JCO.19.03136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz-Ares L, Luft A, Vicente D, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for squamous non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(21):2040–2051. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1810865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz-Ares L, Vicente D, Tafreshi A, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC: protocol-specified final analysis of KEYNOTE-407. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(10):1657–1669. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2020.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socinski MA, Jotte RM, Cappuzzo F, et al. Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(24):2288–2301. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1716948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz-Ares L, Ciuleanu TE, Cobo M, et al. First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 9LA): an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial [published correction appears in Lancet Oncol. 2021 Mar;22(3):e92]. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(2):198–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston RJ, Comps-Agrar L, Hackney J, et al. The immunoreceptor TIGIT regulates antitumor and antiviral CD8(+) T cell effector function. Cancer Cell. 2014;26(6):923–937. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2014.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Abreu D, Johnson ML, Hussein MA, et al. Primary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, phase II study of the anti-TIGIT antibody tiragolumab (tira) plus atezolizumab (atezo) versus placebo plus atezo as first-line (1L) treatment in patients with PD-L1-selected NSCLC (CITYSCAPE). J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(suppl 15):9503. doi:10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.9503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(2):123–135. doi:10.1038/nrc3245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(17):1627–1639. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1507643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghaei H, Gettinger S, Vokes EE, et al. Five-year outcomes from the randomized, phase III trials checkmate 017 and 057: nivolumab versus docetaxel in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer [published correction appears in J Clin Oncol. 2021 Apr 1;39(10):1190]. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(7):723–733. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.01605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim DW, et al. Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1- positive, advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1540–1550. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01281-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst RS, Garon EB, Kim DW, et al. Long-term outcomes and retreatment among patients with previously treated, programmed death-ligand 1‒positive, advanced non‒small-cell lung cancer in the KEYNOTE-010 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(14):1580–1590. doi:10.1200/JCO.19.02446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehrenbacher L, Spira A, Ballinger M, et al. Atezolizumab versus docetaxel for patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (POPLAR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10030):1837–1846. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00587-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittmeyer A, Barlesi F, Waterkamp D, et al. Atezolizumab versus docetaxel in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (OAK): a phase 3, open-label, multicentre randomised controlled trial [published correction appears in Lancet. 2017 Apr 8;389(10077):e5]. Lancet. 2017;389(10066):255–265. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32517-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazieres J, Rittmeyer A, Gadgeel S, et al. Atezolizumab versus docetaxel in pretreated patients with NSCLC: final results from the randomized phase 2 POPLAR and phase 3 OAK clinical trials. J Thorac Oncol. 2021;16(1):140–150. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2020.09.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlesi F, Vansteenkiste J, Spigel D, et al. Avelumab versus docetaxel in patients with platinum-treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (JAVELIN Lung 200): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 study [published correction appears in Lancet Oncol. 2018 Nov;19(11):e581]. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(11):1468–1479. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30673-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armoiry X, Tsertsvadze A, Connock M, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of licensed treatments for previously treated non–small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0199575. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan PS, Aguiar P Jr, Haaland B, Lopes G. Comparative effectiveness of immune-checkpoint inhibitors for previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer—a systematic review and network meta-analysis of 3024 participants. Lung Cancer. 2018;115:84–88. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.11.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santarpia M, Giovannetti E, Rolfo C, et al. Recent developments in the use of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2016;10(7):781–798. doi:10.1080/17476348.2016.1182866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santarpia M, Aguilar A, Chaib I, et al. Non-small-cell lung cancer signaling pathways, metabolism, and PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(6):1475.). doi:10.3390/cancers12061475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlaender A, Nouspikel T, Christinat Y, et al. Tissue-plasma tmb comparison and plasma TMB monitoring in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Front Oncol. 2020;10:142. doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.00142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchemann B, Remon J, Naigeon M, et al. Current and future biomarkers for outcomes with immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2020;10(6):2937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brahmer J, Horn L, Hossein B, et al. Long-term survival outcomes with nivolumab (NIVO) in pts with previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): impact of early disease control and response. J Thorac Oncol. 2019;14(11):S1152–3. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2019.09.089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilar EJ, Ricciuti B, Gainor JF, et al. Outcomes to first-line pembrolizumab in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and very high PD-L1 expression. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(10):1653–1659. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch FR, McElhinny A, Stanforth D, et al. PDL1 immunohistochemistry assays for lung cancer: results from phase 1 of the blueprint PD-L1 IHC assay comparison project. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(2):208–222. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2016.11.2228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin J, Han G, Schalper KA, et al. Quantitative assessment of the heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(1):46–54. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.3638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito Y, Horiuchi S, Morooka H, et al. Inter-tumor heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2019;11(12):4982–4991. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong Z-Y, Wu S-P, Liao R-Q, et al. Potential biomarker for checkpoint blockade immunotherapy and treatment strategy. Tumour Biol. 2016;16(37):4251–4261. doi:10.1007/s13277-016-4812-9
   Google Scholar
• Mazieres J, Drilon A, Lusque A, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with advanced lung cancer and oncogenic driver alterations: results from the IMMUNOTARGET registry. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(8):1321–1328. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadgeel SM, Garassino MC, Esteban E, et al. KEYNOTE-189: updated OS and progression after the next line of therapy (PFS2) with pembrolizumab (pembro) plus chemo with pemetrexed and platinum vs placebo plus chemo for metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(15_suppl):9013. doi:10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.9013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoulidis F, Goldberg ME, Greenawalt DM, et al. STK11/LKB1 mutations and PD-1 inhibitor resistance in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov. 2018;8(7):822–835. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-0099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Gao J, Li Y, et al. Circulating PD- L1 in NSCLC patients and the correlation between the level of PD-L1 expression and the clinical characteristics. Thorac Cancer. 2015;6(4):534–538. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuma Y, Hosomi Y, Nakahara Y, et al. High plasma levels of soluble programmed cell death ligand 1 are prognostic for reduced survival in advanced lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2017;104:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.11.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le DT, Durham JN, Smith KN, et al. Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade. Science. 2017;357(6349):409–413. doi:10.1126/science.aan6733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrelli F, Ghidini M, Ghidini A, Tomasello G. Outcomes following immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment of patients with microsatellite instability-high cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6(7):1068–1071. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warth A, Körner S, Penzel R, et al. Microsatellite instability in pulmonary adenocarcinomas: a Comprehensive Study of 480 cases. Virchows Arch. 2016;468(3):313–319. doi:10.1007/s00428-015-1892-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarchoan M, Hopkins A, Jaffee EM. Tumor mutational burden and response rate to PD-1 inhibition. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(25):2500–2501. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1713444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi NA, Hellmann MD, Snyder A, et al. Cancer immunology. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Science. 2015;348(6230):124–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman AM, Sokol ES, Frampton GM, et al. Microsatellite-stable tumors with high mutational burden benefit from immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res. 2019;7(10):1570–1573. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-19-0149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandara DR, Paul SM, Kowanetz M, et al. Blood-based tumor mutational burden as a predictor of clinical benefit in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with atezolizumab. Nat Med. 2018;24(9):1441–1448. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0134-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi NA, Chul Cho B, Reinmuth N, et al. Durvalumab with or without tremelimumab vs platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: MYSTIC. Ann Oncol. 2018;29:mdy511.005–mdy511.005. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy511.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters S, Cho BC, Reinmuth N, et al. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) as a biomarker of survival in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC): blood and tissue TMB analysis from MYSTIC, a Phase III Study of first-line durvalumab ± tremelimumab vs chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 2019;79:CT074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian P, He B, Mu W, et al. Assessing PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer and predicting responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors using deep learning on computed tomography images. Theranostics. 2021;11(5):2098–2107. doi:10.7150/thno.48027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He B, Dong D, She Y, et al. Predicting response to immunotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer using tumor mutational burden radiomic biomarker. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8(2):e000550. doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-000550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridman WH, Pagès F, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J. The immune contexture in human tumours: impact on clinical outcome. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12:298–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng DQ, Yu YF, Ou QY, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for clinical therapeutic research in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7(12):13765–13781. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brambilla E, Le Teuff G, Marguet S, et al. Prognostic effect of tumor lymphocytic infiltration in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(11):1223–1230. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.63.0970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santarpia M, Karachaliou N. Tumor immune microenvironment characterization and response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Cancer Biol Med. 2015;12(2):74–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst RS, Soria J-C, Kowanetz M, et al. Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients. Nature. 2014;515(7528):563–567. doi:10.1038/nature14011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahba S, Niemeijer A-L, De Langen J, et al. Association of tumor and stroma PD-1, PD-L1, CD3, CD4 and CD8 expression with response to nivolumab treatment in NSCLC patients. Ann Oncol. 2017;28:107P. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx363.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gataa I, Mezquita L, Auclin E, et al. Pathological evaluation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and the benefit of nivolumab in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Ann Oncol. 2017;28:112P. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx363.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KH, Cho J, Ku BM, et al. The first-week proliferative response of peripheral blood PD-1+ CD8+ T cells predicts the response to anti-pd-1 therapy in solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(7):2144–2154. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-1449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamphorst AO, Pillai RN, Yang S, et al. Proliferation of PD-1+ CD8 T cells in peripheral blood after PD-1– targeted therapy in lung cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2017;114(19):4993–4998. doi:10.1073/pnas.1705327114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diem S, Schmid S, Krapf M, et al. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as prognostic markers in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with nivolumab. Lung Cancer. 2017;111:176–181. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.07.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgs BW, Morehouse CA, Streicher K, et al. Interferon gamma messenger RNA signature in tumor biopsies predicts outcomes in patients with non–small cell lung carcinoma or urothelial cancer treated with durvalumab. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(16):3857–3866. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers M, Lunceford J, Nebozhyn M, et al. IFN-γ-related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(8):2930–2940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Li Y, Yan X, et al. Pretreatment lactate dehydrogenase may predict outcome of advanced non small-cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a meta-analysis. Cancer Med. 2019;8(4):1467–1473. doi:10.1002/cam4.2024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iivanainen S, Ahvonen J, Knuuttila A, et al. Elevated CRP levels indicate poor progression-free and overall survival on cancer patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors. ESMO Open. 2019;4(4):e000531. doi:10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoji F, Takeoka H, Kozuma Y, et al. Pretreatment prognostic nutritional index as a novel biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Lung Cancer. 2019;136:45–51. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantini A, Julie C, Dumenil C, et al. Predictive role of plasmatic biomarkers in advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated by nivolumab. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1452581. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1452581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz A, Gui J, Zahedi F, et al. An interferon-driven oxysterol-based defense against tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. Cancer Cell. 2019;35(1):33–45.e36. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen TV, Hussmann D, Nielsen AL. PD-L1 and PD - L2 expression correlated genes in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Commun. 2019;39(1):30. doi:10.1186/s40880-019-0376-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titov A, Valiullina A, Zmievskaya E, et al. Advancing CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors: lessons learned from lymphoma treatment. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(1):125. doi:10.3390/cancers12010125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu J, Mei Q, Chen L, Zhou J. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): current status and future perspectives. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2021;70(3):619–631. doi:10.1007/s00262-020-02735-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosser R, Cherkassky L, Chintala N, Adusumilli PS. Combination immunotherapy with CAR T cells and checkpoint blockade for the treatment of solid tumors. Cancer Cell. 2019;36(5):471–482. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2019.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Y, Xue J, Deng T, et al. Safety and feasibility of CRISPR-edited T cells in patients with refractory non-small-cell lung cancer. Nat Med. 2020;26(5):732–740. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0840-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmamaw M, Zawdie B. Mechanism and applications of CRISPR/Cas-9-mediated genome editing. Biologics. 2021;15:353–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar