Blood and cerebrospinal fluid markers in Parkinson's disease: current biomarker findings

References

• Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP, et al. Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology. 2007;68(5):384–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz C, Henchcliffe C. Parkinsonian syndromes. In: Hof P, Mobbs C, editors. Handbook of the Neuroscience of Aging. Academic Press; 2009:441–447.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, Lees AJ. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(3):181–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler CH, Beach TG, Hentz JG, et al. Low clinical diagnostic accuracy of early vs advanced Parkinson disease: clinicopathologic study. Neurology. 2014;83(5):406–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall VL, Reininger CB, Marquardt M, et al. Parkinson’s disease is overdiagnosed clinically at baseline in diagnostically uncertain cases: a 3-year European multicenter study with repeat [123I]FP-CIT SPECT. Mov Disord. 2009;24(4):500–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henchcliffe C, Dodel R, Beal MF. Biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Prog Neurobiol. 2011;95(4):601–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahn S, Elton R. The UPDRS development committee. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, Calne D, Goldstein M, editors. Recent Developments in Parkinson’s Disease. Florham Park, NJ, USA: MacMillan Healthcare Information; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Moon CS, Khogali A, et al. Biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease (recent update). Neurochem Int. 2013;63:201–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Krygowska-Wajs A, Szczudlik A, Romanska I, Vetulani J. Increase in salsolinol level in the cerebrospinal fluid of parkinsonian patients is related to dementia: advantage of a new high-performance liquid chromatography methodology. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42(6):514–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeWitt P, Schultz L, Auinger P, Lu M; the Parkinson Study Group. CSF xanthine, homovanillic acid, and their ratio as biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res. 2011;1408:88–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou G, Miura Y, Shoji H, Yamada S, Matsuishi T. Platelet monoamine oxidase B and plasma beta-phenylethylamine in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(2):229–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokuda T, Salem SA, Allsop D, et al. Decreased alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid of aged individuals and subjects with Parkinson’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;349(1):162–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Agnaf OM, Salem SA, Paleologou KE, et al. Detection of oligomeric forms of alpha-synuclein protein in human plasma as a potential biomarker for Parkinson’s disease. FASEB J. 2006;20(3):419–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinsley RB, Kotschet K, Modesto D, et al. Sensitive and specific detection of alpha-synuclein in human plasma. J Neurosci Res. 2010;88(12):2693–2700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulds PG, Mitchell JD, Parker A, et al. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein can be detected in blood plasma and is potentially a useful biomarker for Parkinson’s disease. FASEB J. 2011;25(12):4127–4137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohrfelt A, Grognet P, Andreasen N, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders – a marker of synapse loss? Neurosci Lett. 2009;450(3):332–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong Z, Shi M, Chung K, et al. DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein in human cerebrospinal fluid as biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2010; 133(3):713–726.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waragai M, Sekiyama K, Sekigawa A, Takamatsu Y, Fujita M, Hashimoto M. alpha-Synuclein and DJ-1 as potential biological fluid biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11(11):4257–4266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollenhauer B, Locascio JJ, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Sixel-Döring F, Trenkwalder C, Schlossmacher MG. alpha-Synuclein and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients presenting with parkinsonism: a cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(3):230–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennström M, Surova Y, Hall S, al. Low CSF levels of both alpha-synuclein and the alpha-synuclein cleaving enzyme neurosin in patients with synucleinopathy. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall S, Öhrfelt A, Constantinescu R, et al. Accuracy of a panel of 5 cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of patients with dementia and/or parkinsonian disorders. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(11):1445–1452.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kang JH, Irwin DJ, Chen-Plotkin AS, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau 181, and alpha-synuclein levels with clinical features of drug-naive patients with early Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70(10):1277–1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollenhauer B, Trautmann E, Taylor P, et al. Total CSF alpha-synuclein is lower in de novo Parkinson patients than in healthy subjects. Neurosci Lett. 2013;532:44–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart T, Liu C, Ginghina C, et al; Parkinson Study Group DATATOP Investigators. Cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson disease progression in the DATATOP cohort. Am J Pathol. 2014;184(4):966–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi M, Bradner J, Hancock AM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Parkinson disease diagnosis and progression. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(3):570–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee PH, Lee G, Park HJ, Bang OY, Joo IS, Huh K. The plasma alpha-synuclein levels in patients with Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. J Neural Transm. 2006;113(10):1435–1439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi M, Zabetian CP, Hancock AM, et al. Significance and confounders of peripheral DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2010;480(1):78–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li QX, Mok SS, Laughton KM, et al. Plasma alpha-synuclein is decreased in subjects with Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol. 2007; 204(2):583–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papachroni KK, Ninkina N, Papapanagiotou A, et al. Autoantibodies to alpha-synuclein in inherited Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem. 2007;101(3):749–756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besong-Agbo D, Wolf E, Jessen F, et al. Naturally occurring alpha-synuclein autoantibody levels are lower in patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2013;80(2):169–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanamandra K, Gruden MA, Casaite V, Meskys R, Forsgren L, Morozova-Roche LA. Alpha-synuclein reactive antibodies as diagnostic biomarkers in blood sera of Parkinson’s disease patients. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e18513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henchcliffe C, Beal MF. Mitochondrial biology and oxidative stress in Parkinson disease pathogenesis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2008;4(11):600–609.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hauser DN, Hastings TG. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease and monogenic parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis. 2013;51:35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas RH, Nasirian F, Nakano K, et al. Low platelet mitochondrial complex I and complex II/III activity in early untreated Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 1995;37(6):714–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotz ME, Gerstner A, Harth R, et al. Altered redox state of platelet coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm. 2000;107(1):41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohmiya M, Tanaka M, Tak NW, et al. Redox status of plasma coenzyme Q10 indicates elevated systemic oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2004;223(2):161–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isobe C, Abe T, Terayama Y. Levels of reduced and oxidized coenzymeQ-10 and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with living Parkinson’s disease demonstrate that mitochondrial oxidative damage and/or oxidative DNA damage contributes to the neurodegenerative process. Neurosci Lett. 2010;469(1):159–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younes-Mhenni S, Frih-Ayed M, Kerkeni A, Bost M, Chazot G. Peripheral blood markers of oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease. Eur Neurol. 2007;58(2):78–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogdanov M, Matson WR, Wang L, et al. Metabolomic profiling to develop blood biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2008;131(2):389–396.
   Google Scholar
• Gmitterova K, Heinemann U, Gawinecka J, et al. 8-OHdG in cerebrospinal fluid as a marker of oxidative stress in various neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegener Dis. 2009;6(5–6):263–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilic TV, Jovanovic M, Jovici AC, Tomovic M. Oxidative stress indicators are elevated in de novo Parkinson’s disease patients. Funct Neurol. 1999;14(3):141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seet RC, Lee CY, Lim EC, et al. Oxidative damage in Parkinson disease: measurement using accurate biomarkers. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;48(4):560–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriani S, Desjardins CA, Burdett TC, Xu Y, Xu K, Schwarzschild MA. Urate and its transgenic depletion modulate neuronal vulnerability in a cellular model of Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong L, Zhang QL, Zhang N, et al. Neuroprotection by urate on 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson’s disease: linking to Akt/GSK3beta signaling pathway. J Neurochem. 2012;123(5):876–885.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Burdett TC, Desjardins CA, et al. Disrupted and transgenic urate oxidase alter urate and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(1):300–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriani S, Chen X, Schwarzschild MA. Urate: a novel biomarker of Parkinson’s disease risk, diagnosis and prognosis. Biomark Med. 2010;4(5):701–712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascherio A, LeWitt PA, Xu K, et al. Urate as a predictor of the rate of clinical decline in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(12):1460–1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzschild MA, Schwid SR, Marek K, et al. Serum urate as a predictor of clinical and radiographic progression in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(6):716–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen KK, Wang L, Aasly JO, et al. Metabolomic profiling in LRRK2-related Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One. 2009;4(10):e7551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rentzos M, Nikolaou C, Andreadou E, et al. Circulating interleukin-15 and RANTES chemokine in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;116(6):374–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufek M, Hamanova M, Lokaj MJ, et al. Serum inflammatory biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15(4):318–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogi M, Harada M, Riederer P, Narabayashi H, Fujita K, Nagatsu T. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increases both in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid from parkinsonian patients. Neurosci Lett. 1994;165(1–2):208–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRae-Degueurce A, Klawans HL, Penn RD, et al. An antibody in the CSF of Parkinson’s disease patients disappears following adrenal medulla transplantation. Neurosci Lett. 1988;94(1–2):192–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Double KL, Rowe DB, Carew-Jones FM, et al. Anti-melanin antibodies are increased in sera in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol. 2009;217(2):297–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnum CJ, Tansey MG. Neuroinflammation and non-motor symptoms: the dark passenger of Parkinson’s disease? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2012;12(4):350–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha NP, Teixeira AL, Scalzo PL, et al. Plasma levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors are associated with cognitive performance in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2014;29(4):527–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist D, Hall S, Surova Y, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers in Parkinson’s disease – associations with depression, fatigue, and cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;33:183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maita C, Tsuji S, Yabe I, et al. Secretion of DJ-1 into the serum of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2008;431(1):86–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waragai M, Nakai M, Wei J, et al. Plasma levels of DJ-1 as a possible marker for progression of sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2007;425(1):18–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waragai M, Wei J, Fujita M, et al. Increased level of DJ-1 in the cerebrospinal fluids of sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;345(3):967–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin X, Cook TJ, Zabetian CP, et al. DJ-1 isoforms in whole blood as potential biomarkers of Parkinson disease. Sci Rep. 2012;2:954.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito Y, Hamakubo T, Yoshida Y, et al. Preparation and application of monoclonal antibodies against oxidized DJ-1. Significant elevation of oxidized DJ-1 in erythrocytes of early-stage Parkinson disease patients. Neurosci Lett. 2009;465(1):1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen C, Hansson O, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease – current concepts. Mol Neurodegener. 2013;8:20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maarouf CL, Beach TG, Adler CH, et al. Quantitative appraisal of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in neuropathologically diagnosed Parkinson’s disease cases lacking Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Biomark Insights. 2013;8:19–28.
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative. The Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). Prog Neurobiol. 2011;95(4):629–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoulson I. DATATOP: a decade of neuroprotective inquiry. Parkinson Study Group. Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism. Ann Neurol. 1998;44(3 Suppl 1):S160–S166.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Mattison HA, Liu C, et al. Longitudinal assessment of tau and amyloid beta in cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;126(5):671–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leverenz JB, Watson GS, Shofer J, Zabetian CP, Zhang J, Montine TJ. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cognitive performance in non-demented patients with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(1):61–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Hancock AM, Bradner J, et al. Complement 3 and factor h in human cerebrospinal fluid in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple-system atrophy. Am J Pathol. 2011;178(4):1509–1516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siderowf A, Xie SX, Hurtig H, et al. CSF amyloid {beta} 1-42 predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2010;75(12):1055–1061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson JK, Lindon JC. Systems biology: metabonomics. Nature. 2008;455(7216):1054–1056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Girolamo F, Lante I, Muraca M, Putignani L. The role of mass spectrometry in the “omics” era. Curr Org Chem. 2013;17(23):2891–2905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caudle WM, Bammler TK, Lin Y, Pan S, Zhang J. Using ‘omics’ to define pathogenesis and biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10(6):925–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunblatt E, Mandel S, Jacob-Hirsch J, et al. Gene expression profiling of parkinsonian substantia nigra pars compacta; alterations in ubiquitin-proteasome, heat shock protein, iron and oxidative stress regulated proteins, cell adhesion/cellular matrix and vesicle trafficking genes. J Neural Transm. 2004;111(12):1543–1573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran LB, Graeber MB. Towards a pathway definition of Parkinson’s disease: a complex disorder with links to cancer, diabetes and inflammation. Neurogenetics. 2008;9(1):1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland GT, Matigian NA, Chalk AM, et al. A cross-study transcriptional analysis of Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunblatt E, Zehetmayer S, Jacob CP, Müller T, Jost WH, Riederer P. Pilot study: peripheral biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm. 2010;117(12):1387–1393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherzer CR, Eklund AC, Morse LJ, et al. Molecular markers of early Parkinson’s disease based on gene expression in blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(3):955–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molochnikov L, Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, et al. A molecular signature in blood identifies early Parkinson’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2012;7:26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basso M, Giraudo S, Corpillo D, Bergamasco B, Lopiano L, Fasano M. Proteome analysis of human substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease. Proteomics. 2004;4(12):3943–3952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner CJ, Heyny-von Haussen R, Mall G, Wolf S. Proteome analysis of human substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease. Proteome Sci. 2008;6:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdi F, Quinn JF, Jankovic J, et al. Detection of biomarkers with a multiplex quantitative proteomic platform in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurodegenerative disorders. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006;9(3):293–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinescu R, Andreasson U, Li S, et al. Proteomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid in parkinsonian disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16(8):545–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69(3):89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin J, Hulette C, Wang Y, et al. Proteomic identification of a stress protein, mortalin/mthsp70/GRP75: relevance to Parkinson disease. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2006;5(7):1193–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan S, Rush J, Peskind ER, et al. Application of targeted quantitative proteomics analysis in human cerebrospinal fluid using a liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (LC MALDI TOF/TOF) platform. J Proteome Res. 2008;7(2):720–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YH, Wang J, Zheng XL, et al. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with magnetic beads for detecting serum protein biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease. Eur Neurol. 2011;65(2):105–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao X, Xiao WZ, Pu XP, Zhong LJ. Proteome analysis of the sera from Chinese Parkinson’s disease patients. Neurosci Lett. 2010;479(2):175–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mila S, Albo AG, Corpillo D, et al. Lymphocyte proteomics of Parkinson’s disease patients reveals cytoskeletal protein dysregulation and oxidative stress. Biomark Med. 2009;3(2):117–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mapstone M, Cheema AK, Fiandaca MS, et al. Plasma phospholipids identify antecedent memory imipairments in older adults. Nat Med. 2014;20(4):415–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeWitt P. Recent advances in CSF biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18 Suppl 1:S49–S51.
   Google Scholar
• Vallelunga A, Ragusa M, Di Mauro S, et al. Identification of circulating micro-RNAs for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8:156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botta-Orfila T, Morato X, Compta Y, et al. Identification of blood serum micro-RNAs associated with idiopathic and LRRK2 Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci Res. 2014;92(8):1071–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Parkinson Study Group. Inosine to increase serum and cerebrospinal fluid urate in Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2013;71(2):141–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang UJ, Alcalay R, Goldman JM, et al. The BioFIND study (Fox Investigation for New Discovery of Biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease): design and methodology. Neurology. 2014;10 Suppl:P4.043.
   Google Scholar