426
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Treatment-resistant atopic dermatitis: challenges and solutions

, , &
Pages 181-192 | Published online: 21 Mar 2019

References

  • KangKPolsterAMNedorostSTAtopic Dermatitis Dermatology2New YorkMosby2003199
  • KuoIHYoshidaTDe BenedettoABeckLAThe cutaneous innate immune response in patients with atopic dermatitisJ Allergy Clin Immunol2013131226627823374259
  • BoguniewiczMLeungDYMAtopic dermatitis: a disease of altered skin barrier and immune dysregulationImmunol Rev2011242123324621682749
  • IrvineADMcleanWHILeungDYMFilaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseasesN Engl J Med2011365141315132721991953
  • WollenbergABarbarotSBieberTGlobal Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN) and the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS)Consensus-based European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: Part IJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol201832565768229676534
  • PugliarelloSCozziAGisondiPGirolomoniGPhenotypes of atopic dermatitisJDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft201191122021054785
  • RudikoffDLebwohlMAtopic dermatitisThe Lancet1998351911717151721
  • EichenfieldLFTomTWChamlinSLGuidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitisJ Am Acad Dermatol201470233835124290431
  • WeidingerSBeckLABieberTKabashimaKIrvineADAtopic dermatitisNat Rev Dis Primers201841:129930242
  • KuboANagaoKAmagaiMEpidermal barrier dysfunction and cutaneous sensitization in atopic diseasesJ Clin Invest2012122244044722293182
  • OuchiTKuboAYokouchiMLangerhans cell antigen capture through tight junctions confers preemptive immunity in experimental staphylococcal scalded skin syndromeJ Exp Med2011208132607261322143886
  • HonKLTsangYCLeeVWEfficacy of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths to reduce Staphylococcus aureus colonization in childhood onset moderate-to-severe eczema: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trialJ Dermatol Treat2016272156162
  • HuangJTRademakerAPallerASDilute bleach baths for Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis to decrease disease severityArch Dermatol2011147224624721339459
  • ChopraRVakhariaPPSacotteRSilverbergJIEfficacy of bleach baths in reducing severity of atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysisAnn Allergy Asthma Immunol2017119543544029150071
  • EichenfieldLFTomWLBergerTGGuidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitisJ Am Acad Dermatol201471111613224813302
  • ElmariahSBLernerEATopical therapies for pruritusSemin Cutan Med Surg201130211812621767774
  • GiamYCHebertAADizonMVA review on the role of moisturizers for atopic dermatitisAsia Pac Allergy20166212012827141486
  • EichenfieldLFTomWLBergerTGGuidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: Section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapiesJ Am Acad Dermatol201471111613224813302
  • KapurSWatsonWCarrSAtopic dermatitisAllergy Asthma Clin immunol201814Suppl 2525230275844
  • ColoeJZirwasMJAllergens in corticosteroid vehiclesDermatitis: Contact, Atopic, occupational, Drug20081913842
  • RathiSKD’SouzaPRational and ethical use of topical corticosteroids based on safety and efficacyIndian J Dermatol201257425125922837556
  • GutfreundKBieniasWSzewczykAKaszubaATopical calcineurin inhibitors in dermatology. Part I: properties, method and effectiveness of drug usePostepy Dermatol Alergol201330316516924278069
  • NghiemPPearsonGLangleyRGTacrolimus and pimecrolimus: from clever prokaryotes to inhibiting calcineurin and treating atopic dermatitisJ Am Acad Dermatol200246222824111807435
  • KimMJungMHongSPTopical calcineurin inhibitors compromise stratum corneum integrity, epidermal permeability and antimicrobial barrier functionExp Dermatol201019650151019703225
  • Valdman-GrinshpounYBen-AmitaiDZvulunovABarrier-restoring therapies in atopic dermatitis: current approaches and future perspectivesDermatol Res Pract2012201292313422956938
  • El-BatawyMMBosseilaMAMashalyHMHafezVSTopical calcineurin inhibitors in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysisJ Dermatol Sci2009542768719303745
  • Ruer-MulardMAbererWGunstoneATwice-daily versus once-daily applications of pimecrolimus cream 1% for the prevention of disease relapse in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitisPediatr Dermatol200926555155819840309
  • LebwohlMGowerTA safety assessment of topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of atopic dermatitisMedGenMed20068488
  • Al-KhenaizanSPractical tip: Precooling topical calcineurin inhibitors tube; reduces burning sensationDermatol Online J201016416
  • PapierAStrowdLCAtopic dermatitis: a review of topical nonsteroid therapyDrugs in Context2018721252129632548
  • PallerASTomWLLebwohlMGEfficacy and safety of crisaborole ointment, a novel, nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children and adultsJ Am Acad Dermatol2016753494503.e627417017
  • SivaranjaniNRaoSVRajeevGRole of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in atopic dermatitisJ Clin Diagn Res20137122683268524551611
  • EichenfieldLFCallRSForshaDWLong-term safety of crisaborole ointment 2% in children and adults with mild to moderate atopic dermatitisJ Am Acad Dermatol2017774641649.e528823881
  • Berth-JonesJDamstraRJGolschSTwice Weekly fluticasone propionate added to emollient maintenance treatment to reduce risk of relapse in atopic dermatitis: randomised, double blind, parallel group studyBMJ20033267403136712816824
  • WollenbergABieberTProactive therapy of atopic dermatitis – an emerging conceptAllergy200964227627819076538
  • DehesaLAbucharANuno-GonzalezAVitielloMKerdelFAThe use of cyclosporine in dermatologyJ Drugs Dermatol201211897998722859244
  • SimpsonELBieberTGuttman-YasskyETwo phase 3 trials of Dupilumab versus placebo in atopic dermatitisN Engl J Med2016375242335234827690741
  • BeckLAThaçiDHamiltonJDDupilumab treatment in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitisN Engl J Med2014371213013925006719
  • BlauveltAde Bruin-WellerMGooderhamMLong-term management of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis with dupilumab and concomitant topical corticosteroids (liberty AD CHRONOS): a 1-year, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trialLancet2017389100862287230328478972
  • YuSHDruckerAMLebwohlMSilverbergJIA systematic review of the safety and efficacy of systemic corticosteroids in atopic dermatitisJ Am Acad Dermatol2018784733740.e71129032119
  • DruckerAMEyerichKde Bruin-WellerMSUse of systemic corticosteroids for atopic dermatitis: international eczema Council consensus statementBritish J Dermatol20181783768775
  • SidburyRDavisDMCohenDEGuidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 3. Management and treatment with phototherapy and systemic agentsJ Am Acad Dermatol201471232734924813298
  • SaagKGKoehnkeRCaldwellJRLow dose long-term corticosteroid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: An analysis of serious adverse eventsAm J Med19949621151238109596
  • KirkupMEBirchallNMWeinbergEGHelmKKennedyCTAcute and maintenance treatment of atopic dermatitis in children - two comparative studies with fluticasone propionate (0.05%) creamJ Dermatol Treat2003143141148
  • RoekevischESpulsPIKuesterDLimpensJSchmittJEfficacy and safety of systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a systematic reviewJ Allergy Clin Immunol2014133242943824269258
  • PatriziARaoneBRavaioliGMManagement of atopic dermatitis: safety and efficacy of phototherapyClin Cosmet Invest Dermatol20158511520
  • El SamahyMHAttiaEASaadAAMahmoudEYCirculating CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) T-regulatory cells in patients with atopic dermatitis after narrowband-ultraviolet B phototherapyInt J Dermatol20155410e42442926219909
  • DograSMahajanRPhototherapy for atopic dermatitisIndian J Dermatol Venereol20158111015
  • GarritsenFMBrouwerMWLimpensJPhoto (chemo)therapy in the management of atopic dermatitis: an updated systematic review with implications for practice and researchBr J Dermatol2014170350151324116934
  • GambichlerTOthlinghausNTomiNSMedium-dose ultraviolet (UV) A1 vs. narrowband UVB phototherapy in atopic eczema: a randomized crossover studyBr J Dermatol2009160365265819120333
  • MajoieIMOldhoffJMvan WeeldenHNarrowband ultraviolet B and medium-dose ultraviolet A1 are equally effective in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitisJ Am Acad Dermatol2009601778419103360
  • SchramMERoekevischELeeflangMMBosJDSchmittJSpulsPIA randomized trial of methotrexate versus azathioprine for severe atopic eczemaJ Allergy Clin Immunol2011128235335921514637
  • El-KhalawanyMAHassanHShaabanDGhonaimNEassaBMethotrexate versus cyclosporine in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis in children: a multicenter experience from EgyptEur J Pediatr2013172335135623229188
  • Grundmann-KollmannMPoddaMOchsendorfFBoehnckeWHKaufmannRZollnerTMMycophenolate mofetil is effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitisArch Dermatol2001137787087311453805
  • ThijsJLVan Der GeestBAMVan Der SchaftJPredicting therapy response to mycophenolic acid using UGT1A9 genotyping: towards personalized medicine in atopic dermatitisJ Dermatol Treat2017283242245
  • HaeckIMKnolMJTen BergeOvan VelsenSGde Bruin-WellerMSBruijnzeel-KoomenCAEnteric-coated mycophenolate sodium versus cyclosporin A as long-term treatment in adult patients with severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trialJ Am Acad Dermatol20116461074108421458107
  • HellerMShinHTOrlowSJSchafferJVMycophenolate mofetil for severe childhood atopic dermatitis: experience in 14 patientsBr J Dermatol2007157112713217489974
  • WaxweilerWTAgansRMorrellDSSystemic treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis with azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetilPediatr Dermatol201128668969421967657
  • SlaterNAMorrellDSSystemic therapy of childhood atopic dermatitisClin Dermatol201533328929925889129
  • Berth-JonesJTakwaleATanEAzathioprine in severe adult atopic dermatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trialBr J Dermatol2002147232433012174106
  • MeggittSJGrayJCReynoldsNJAzathioprine dosed by thiopurine methyltransferase activity for moderate-to-severe atopic eczema: a double-blind, randomised controlled trialLancet2006367951383984616530578
  • BodoSSvrcekMSourrouilleIAzathioprine induction of tumors with microsatellite instability: risk evaluation using a mouse modelOncotarget2015628249692497726327213
  • KotlyarDSOstermanMTDiamondRHA systematic review of factors that contribute to hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel diseaseClin Gastroenterol Hepatol2011913641.e3120888436
  • KotlyarDSLewisJDBeaugerieLRisk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: a meta-analysisClin Gastroenterol Hepatol2015135847858.e424879926
  • WolvertonSEComprehensive dermatologic drug therapy2013 Available from: http://www.clinicalkey.com/dura/browse/bookChapter/3-s2.0-C20091567366Accessed November 4th, 2018
  • HodgeJAKawabataTTKrishnaswamiSThe mechanism of action of tofacitinib - an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritisClin Exp Rheumatol201634231832826966791
  • BissonnetteRPappKAPoulinYTopical tofacitinib for atopic dermatitis: a phase IIa randomized trialBrit J Dermatol2016175590291127423107
  • AbbVieA study to evaluate ABT-494 in adult subjects with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis Available from: https://news.abbvie.com/news/abbvies-upadacitinib-abt-494-meets-primary-endpoint-in-phase-2b-study-in-atopic-dermatitis.htmAccessed November 30, 2018
  • NygaardUVestergaardCDeleuranMEmerging treatment options in atopic dermatitis: systemic therapiesDermatology2017233534435729320765
  • Study to evaluate PF-04965842 in subjects with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02780167?sect=X4301256#studydesignAccessed November 3, 2018
  • Guttman-YasskyESilverbergJINemotoOBaricitinib in adult patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a phase 2 parallel, double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled multiple-dose studyJ Am Acad Dermatol Epub201821
  • YamaokaKBenefit and risk of tofacitinib in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a focus on herpes zosterDrug Safety201639982384027193610
  • ParkAYSpergelJMPathophysiology of Nocturnal Scratching in Childhood Atopic Dermatitis: The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Substance PPediatrics2008122Supplement 4S197S197
  • ToyodaMNakamuraMMakinoTHinoTKagouraMMorohashiMNerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitisBr J Dermatol20021471717912100187
  • Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.Vanda Pharmaceuticals Announces Tradipitant Phase II Proof of Concept Study Results for Chronic Pruritus in Atopic DermatitisPR News Wire2015 Available from: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/vanda-pharmaceuticals-announces-tra-dipitant-phase-ii-proof-of-concept-study-results-for-chronic-pruritus-in-atopic-dermatitis-300045700.htmlAccessed November 2nd, 2018
  • SaleemMDOussedikED’AmberVFeldmanSRInterleukin-31 pathway and its role in atopic dermatitis: a systematic reviewJ Dermatolog Treat201728759159928145790
  • RuzickaTHanifinJMFurueMAnti-interleukin-31 receptor a antibody for atopic dermatitisN Eng J Med20173769826835
  • HamannCRThyssenJPMonoclonal antibodies against interleukin 13 and interleukin 31RA in development for atopic dermatitisJ Am Acad Dermatol2018783S1S37S4229248521
  • SimpsonELFlohrCEichenfieldLFEfficacy and safety of lebrikizumab (an anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody) in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled by topical corticosteroids: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase II trial (TREBLE)J Am Acad Dermatol2018785863871.e1129353026
  • FabbrociniGNapolitanoMMegnaMBalatoNPatrunoCTreatment of atopic dermatitis with biologic drugsDermatol Ther2018
  • WollenbergAHowellMDGuttman-YasskyETreatment of atopic dermatitis with tralokinumab, an anti-IL-13 mAbThe Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology2019143113514129906525
  • Guttman-YasskyEBrunnerPMNeumannAUEfficacy and safety of fezakinumab (an IL-22 monoclonal antibody) in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled by conventional treatments: a randomized, double-blind, phase 2a trialJ Am Acad Dermatol2018785872881.e87629353025
  • BrunnerPMPavelABKhattriSBaseline IL-22 expression in patients with atopic dermatitis stratifies tissue responses to fezakinumabJ Allergy Clin Immunol2019143114215430121291
  • SanyalRDPavelABGlickmanJAtopic dermatitis in African American patients is TH2/TH22-skewed with TH1/TH17 attenuationAnn Allergy Asthma Immunol201912219911030223113
  • CzarnowickiTEsakiHGonzalezJEarly pediatric atopic dermatitis shows only a cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA)(+) TH2/TH1 cell imbalance, whereas adults acquire CLA(+) TH22/TC22 cell subsetsJ Allergy Clin immunol20151364941951.e94326242300
  • PanYXuLQiaoJFangHA systematic review of ustekinumab in the treatment of atopic dermatitisJ Dermatol Treat2018296539541
  • BrunnerPMIsraelAZhangNEarly-onset pediatric atopic dermatitis is characterized by TH2/TH17/TH22-centered inflammation and lipid alterationsJ Allergy Clin Immunol201814162094210629731129
  • NodaSSuárez-FariñasMUngarBThe Asian atopic dermatitis phenotype combines features of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis with increased TH17 polarizationJ Allergy Clin Immunol201513651254126426428954