The Challenges in Investigating the Pathogenesis of Sensitive Skin by Noninvasive Measurements: A Systematic Review

References

• Kim YR, Cheon HI, Misery L, Taieb C, Lee YW. Sensitive skin in Korean population: an epidemiological approach. Skin Res Technol. 2018;24(2):229–234. doi:10.1111/srt.12418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcone D, Richters R, Uzunbajakava NE, van Erp P, van de Kerkhof P. Risk factors associated with sensitive skin and potential role of lifestyle habits: a cross-sectional study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2017;42(6):656–658. doi:10.1111/ced.13133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misery L, Ständer S, Szepietowski JC, et al. Definition of Sensitive Skin: an Expert Position Paper from the Special Interest Group on Sensitive Skin of the International Forum for the Study of Itch. Acta Derm-Venereol. 2017;97(1):4–6. doi:10.2340/00015555-2397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misery L, Boussetta S, Nocera T, Perez-Cullell N, Taieb C. Sensitive skin in Europe. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2009;23(4):376–381. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03037.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misery L, Loser K, Stander S. Sensitive skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2016;30(Suppl 1):2–8. doi:10.1111/jdv.13532
   Google Scholar
• Guinot C, Malvy D, Mauger E, et al. Self-reported skin sensitivity in a general adult population in France: data of the SU.VI.MAX cohort. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2006;20(4):380–390. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01455.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenaut E, Misery L, Taieb C. Sensitive Skin in the Indian Population: an Epidemiological Approach. Front Med-Lausanne. 2019;6:29. doi:10.3389/fmed.2019.00029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu F, Yan S, Wu M, et al. Self-declared sensitive skin in China: a community-based study in three top metropolises. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2013;27(3):370–375. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04648.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farage MA. Does sensitive skin differ between men and women? Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2010;29(3):153–163. doi:10.3109/15569521003774990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalas-Taberner J, Gonzalez-Guerra E, Guerra-Tapia A. Sensitive skin: a complex syndrome. Actas Dermo-Sifilogr. 2011;102(8):563–571. Spanish. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2011.04.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richters R, Falcone D, Uzunbajakava N, Verkruysse W, van Erp P, van de Kerkhof P. What is sensitive skin? A systematic literature review of objective measurements. Skin Pharmacol Phys. 2015;28(2):75–83. doi:10.1159/000363149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arun CI, Aparna P. Sensitive skin: an overview. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2013;79(1):548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons-Guiraud A. Sensitive skin: a complex and multifactorial syndrome. J Cosmet Dermatol-Us. 2004;3(3):6598.
   Google Scholar
• Do LHD, Azizi N, Maibach H. Sensitive Skin Syndrome: an Update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2020;21(3):401–409. doi:10.1007/s40257-019-00499-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berardesca E, Farage M, Maibach H. Sensitive skin: an overview. Int J Cosmetic Sci. 2013;35(1):2–8. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00754.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota T, Matsumoto M, Sakamaki T, et al. Classification of Sensitive Skin and Development of a Treatment System Appropriate for Each Group. IFSCC Mag. 2003;6(4):303–307.
   Google Scholar
• Pinto P, Rosado C, Parreirao C, Rodrigues LM. Is there any barrier impairment in sensitive skin?: a quantitative analysis of sensitive skin by mathematical modeling of transepidermal water loss desorption curves. Skin Res Technol. 2011;17(2):181–185. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2010.00478.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372.
   Google Scholar
• von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg. 2014;12(12):1495–1499. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imhof RE, De Jesus ME, Xiao P, Ciortea LI, Berg EP. Closed-chamber transepidermal water loss measurement: microclimate, calibration and performance. Int J Cosmetic Sci. 2009;31(2):97–118. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00476.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warren R, Bauer A, Greif C, et al. Transepidermal water loss dynamics of human vulvar and thigh skin. Skin Pharmacol Phys. 2005;18(3):139–143. doi:10.1159/000084911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidenari S, Francomano M, Mantovani L. Baseline biophysical parameters in subjects with sensitive skin. Contact Dermatitis. 1998;38(6):311–315. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05764.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Y, Liang H, Li Z, Tang M, Song L. Skin microbiome in sensitive skin: the decrease of Staphylococcus epidermidis seems to be related to female lactic acid sting test sensitive skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2020;97(3):225–228. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Wang X, Gao Y, et al. CPT, the main test method of skin neuronal sensitivity. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2015;34(3):208–211. doi:10.3109/15569527.2014.950379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding DM, Tu Y, Man MQ, et al. Association between lactic acid sting test scores, self‐assessed sensitive skin scores and biophysical properties in Chinese females. Int J Cosmetic Sci. 2019;41(4):398–404. doi:10.1111/ics.12550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu LL, Wang XM, Zou Y, et al. Correlation between the capsaicin test and objective skin measurements in evaluating sensitive skin in Chinese females. J Dermatol Sci. 2012;68(2):108–109. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao Z, Huang S, Leng F, et al. Analysis of the Bacterial Flora of Sensitive Facial Skin Among Women in Guangzhou. Clin Cosmet Inv Derm. 2021;14:655–664. doi:10.2147/CCID.S307668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Ma X, Song Y, Zhao J, Yan S. Questionnaire and Lactic Acid Sting Test Play Different Role on the Assessment of Sensitive Skin: a Cross-sectional Study. Clin Cosmet Inv Derm. 2021;14:1215–1225. doi:10.2147/CCID.S325166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An S, Lee E, Kim S, et al. Comparison and correlation between stinging responses to lactic acid and bioengineering parameters. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;57(3):158–162. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01182.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgieva F. THE SKIN BARRIER IN SENSITIVE SKIN SYNDROME. J IMAB. 2021;27(4):4120–4124. doi:10.5272/jimab.2021274.4120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan L, Jia Y, Cui L, Li X, He C. Analysis of sensitive skin barrier function: basic indicators and sebum composition. Int J Cosmetic Sci. 2018;40(2):117–126. doi:10.1111/ics.12442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richters RJ, Falcone D, Uzunbajakava NE, et al. Sensitive Skin: assessment of the Skin Barrier Using Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy. Skin Pharmacol Phys. 2017;30(1):1–12. doi:10.1159/000452152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj N, Voegeli R, Rawlings AV, et al. A fundamental investigation into aspects of the physiology and biochemistry of the stratum corneum in subjects with sensitive skin. Int J Cosmetic Sci. 2016;39(1):2–10. doi:10.1111/ics.12334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcone D, Uzunbajakava N, Richters R, van de Kerkhof P, van Erp P. Histamine Iontophoresis as in vivo Model to Study Human Skin Inflammation with Minimal Barrier Impairment: pilot Study Results of Application of the Model to a Sensitive Skin Panel. Skin Pharmacol Phys. 2017;30(5):246–259. doi:10.1159/000477416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho HJ, Chung BY, Lee HB, Kim HO, Park CW, Lee CH. Quantitative study of stratum corneum ceramides contents in patients with sensitive skin. J Dermatol. 2012;39(3):295–300. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01406.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SJ, Lim SU, Won YH, et al. The perception threshold measurement can be a useful tool for evaluation of sensitive skin. Int J Cosmetic Sci. 2008;30(5):333–337. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00434.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahn HJ, Kim HJ, Ham H, et al. Visualizing the in-vivo application of zinc in sensitive skin using reflectance confocal microscopy. Sci Rep-Uk. 2021;11(1):7738. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87346-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai Y, Wang YJ, Zheng HJ, Tan F, Yuan C. CorrelationBetweenFacialSkinMicrobiota and SkinBarriersinaChineseFemalePopulationwithSensitiveSkin. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:219–226. doi:10.2147/IDR.S287844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diogo L, Papoila AL. Is it possible to characterize objectively sensitive skin? Skin Res Technol. 2010;16(1):30–37. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00404.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer G, Belilovsky CD, Brédif S, Baudouin C, Misery L, Bellemère G. Clinical and Instrumental Exploration of Sensitive Skin in a Pediatric Population. Cosmetics-Basel. 2021;8(2):43. doi:10.3390/cosmetics8020043
   Google Scholar
• Ye C, Chen J, Yang S, et al. Skin sensitivity evaluation: what could impact the assessment results? J Cosmet Dermatol-Us. 2020;19(5):1231–1238. doi:10.1111/jocd.13128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agner T, Serup J. Individual and instrumental variations in irritant patch-test reactions--clinical evaluation and quantification by bioengineering methods. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1990;15(1):29–33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1990.tb02014.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierard GE, Arrese JE, Rodriguez C, Daskaleros PA. Effects of softened and unsoftened fabrics on sensitive skin. Contact Dermatitis. 1994;30(5):286–291. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1994.tb00600.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barel AO, Clarys P. In vitro calibration of the capacitance method (Corneometer CM 825) and conductance method (Skicon-200) for the evaluation of the hydration state of the skin. Skin Res Technol. 1997;3(2):107–113. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.1997.tb00171.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roussaki-Schulze AV, Zafiriou E, Nikoulis D, Klimi E, Rallis E, Zintzaras E. Objective biophysical findings in patients with sensitive skin. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2005;31:Suppl:17–24.
   Google Scholar
• Takekuma K, Ando F, Niino N, Shimokata H. Age and gender differences in skin sensory threshold assessed by current perception in community-dwelling Japanese. J Epidemiol. 2000;10(1 Suppl):S33–8. doi:10.2188/jea.10.1sup_33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manav V, Karaali MG, Erdem O, Koku AA. Association between biophysical properties and anxiety in patients with sensitive skin. Skin Res Technol. 2022;28(4):556–563. doi:10.1111/srt.13156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runeman B, Faergemann J, Larko O. Experimental Candida albicans lesions in healthy humans: dependence on skin pH. Acta Derm-Venereol. 2000;80(6):421–424. doi:10.1080/000155500300012819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thune P, Nilsen T, Hanstad IK, Gustavsen T, Dahl HL. The water barrier function of the skin in relation to the water content of stratum corneum, pH and skin lipids. The effect of alkaline soap and syndet on dry skin in elderly, non-atopic patients. Acta Derm-Venereol. 1988;68(4):277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selander C, Zargari A, Mollby R, Rasool O, Scheynius A. Higher pH level, corresponding to that on the skin of patients with atopic eczema, stimulates the release of Malassezia sympodialis allergens. Allergy. 2006;61(8):1002–1008. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01108.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issachar N, Gall Y, Borrel MT, Poelman MC. pH measurements during lactic acid stinging test in normal and sensitive skin. Contact Dermatitis. 1997;36(3):152–155. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00399.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berardesca E, Cespa M, Farinelli N, Rabbiosi G, Maibach H. In vivo transcutaneous penetration of nicotinates and sensitive skin. Contact Dermatitis. 1991;25(1):35–38. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01770.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SY, Yin J, Wang XM, Liu YQ, Gao YR, Liu XP. A new discussion of the cutaneous vascular reactivity in sensitive skin: a sub‐group of SS? Skin Res Technol. 2018;24(3):432–439. doi:10.1111/srt.12446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson MK, Perkins MA. Evaluation of a quantitative clinical method for assessment of sensory skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;45(4):205–213. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450403.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieamant GC, Velazquez PMC, Eberlin S, Nogueira C, Werka RM, Queiroz ML. Neuroimmunomodulatory compound for sensitive skin care: in vitro and clinical assessment. J Cosmet Dermatol-Us. 2008;7(2):112–119. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00373.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Issachar N, Gall Y, Borrel MT, Poelman MC. Correlation between percutaneous penetration of methyl nicotinate and sensitive skin, using laser Doppler imaging. Contact Dermatitis. 1998;39(4):182186. doi:;39(4):182186. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05890.x
   Google Scholar
• Sun L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Li X, Ma Y. The evaluation of neural and vascular hyper-reactivity for sensitive skin. Skin Res Technol. 2016;22(3):381–387. doi:10.1111/srt.12278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham H, An SM, Lee EJ, Lee E, Kim HO, Koh JS. Itching sensation and neuronal sensitivity of the skin. Skin Res Technol. 2016;22(1):104–107. doi:10.1111/srt.12236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee E, An S, Lee TR, Kim HK. Development of a novel method for quantitative evaluation of sensory skin irritation inhibitors. Skin Res Technol. 2009;15(4):464–469. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00391.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz CS, Pfeuffer P, Raith P, Brocker EB, Trautmann A. Radiocontrast media-associated exanthema: identification of cross-reactivity and tolerability by allergologic testing. Eur J Radiol. 2009;72(1):167–171. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma YF, Yuan C, Jiang WC, Wang XL, Humbert P. Reflectance confocal microscopy for the evaluation of sensitive skin. Skin Res Technol. 2017;23(2):227–234. doi:10.1111/srt.12327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Li L, Chen J, Chen T, Yuan C. Distinguishing rosacea from sensitive skin by reflectance confocal microscopy. Skin Res Technol. 2020;26(5):671–674. doi:10.1111/srt.12851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luedtke MA, Papazoglou E, Neidrauer M, Kollias N. Wavelength effects on contrast observed with reflectance in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy. Skin Res Technol. 2009;15(4):482–488. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00394.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zha WF, Song WM, Ai JJ, Xu AE. Mobile connected dermatoscope and confocal laser scanning microscope: a useful combination applied in facial simple sensitive skin. Int J Cosmetic Sci. 2012;34(4):318–321. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00726.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darvin ME, Schleusener J, Lademann J, Choe C. Current views on non-invasive in vivo determination of physiological parameters of the stratum corneum using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Skin Pharmacol Phys. 2022;35(3):125–136. doi:10.1159/000521416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani R, Holmes J, Rerkasem K, Papanas N. Blood Vessel Density Measured Using Dynamic Optical Coherence Tomography is a Tool for Wound Healers. Int J Low Extr Wound. 2021;153473462110173. doi:10.1177/15347346211017334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang WC, Zhang H, Xu Y, et al. Cutaneous vessel features of sensitive skin and its underlying functions. Skin Res Technol. 2020;26(3):431–437. doi:10.1111/srt.12819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu DT, Yan JN, Cui Y, Liu W. Quantifying facial skin erythema more precisely by analyzing color channels of The VISIA Red images. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2016;18(5):296–300. doi:10.3109/14764172.2016.1157360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XY, Liu YY, Liu YX, et al. A predictive model for differential diagnosis between rosacea and sensitive skin: a cross-sectional study. Chinese Med J-Peking. 2020;133(17):2132–2134. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000001001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Viennet C, Jeudy A, Fanian F, He L, Humbert P. Assessment of the efficacy of a new complex antisensitive skin cream. J Cosmet Dermatol-Us. 2018;17(6):1101–1107. doi:10.1111/jocd.12486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong S, Lee SH, Park BD, Wu Y, Man G, Man MQ. Comparison of the Efficacy of Atopalm((R)) Multi-Lamellar Emulsion Cream and Physiogel((R)) Intensive Cream in Improving Epidermal Permeability Barrier in Sensitive Skin. Dermatology Ther. 2016;6(1):47–56. doi:10.1007/s13555-016-0097-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Jin Y, Humbert P, et al. An herbal cream reduces erythema of sensitive skin. J Cosmet Dermatol-Us. 2021;20(3):792–797. doi:10.1111/jocd.13610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berardesca E, Bonfigli A, Cribier B, et al. A Split-Face Study Assessing the Clinical Benefit, Tolerability and Subject Satisfaction of a Dermocosmetic in Subjects with Rosacea Associated with Erythema and Sensitive Skin. Clin Cosmet Inv Derm. 2020;13:751–758. doi:10.2147/CCID.S266879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatemi S, Jafarian-Dehkordi A, Hajhashemi V, Asilian-Mahabadi A, Nasr-Esfahani MH. A comparison of the effect of certain inorganic salts on suppression acute skin irritation by human biometric assay: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Res Med Sci. 2016;21:102. doi:10.4103/1735-1995.193174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins SS, Subramanyan K, Liu D, Bryk M. Cleansing, moisturizing, and sun-protection regimens for normal skin, self-perceived sensitive skin, and dermatologist-assessed sensitive skin. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(Suppl 1):63–68. doi:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04s1008.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berardesca E, Abril E, Serio M, Cameli N. Effects of topical gluco-oligosaccharide and collagen tripeptide F in the treatment of sensitive atopic skin. Int J Cosmetic Sci. 2009;31(4):271–277. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00495.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isoda K, Seki T, Inoue Y, et al. Efficacy of the combined use of a facial cleanser and moisturizers for the care of mild acne patients with sensitive skin. J Dermatol. 2015;42(2):181–188. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.12720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draelos ZD, Gunt H, Zeichner J, Levy S. Clinical Evaluation of a Nature-Based Bakuchiol Anti-Aging Moisturizer for Sensitive Skin. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(12):1181–1183. doi:10.36849/JDD.2020.5522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornkessel A, Flach M, Arens-Corell M, Elsner P, Fluhr JW. Functional assessment of a washing emulsion for sensitive skin: mild impairment of stratum corneum hydration, pH, barrier function, lipid content, integrity and cohesion in a controlled washing test. Skin Res Technol. 2005;11(1):53–60. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2005.00091.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muizzuddin N, Marenus KD, Maes DH. Factors defining sensitive skin and its treatment. Am J Contact Dermat. 1998;9(3):170–175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pierard GE, Goffin V, Hermanns-Le T, Arrese JE, Pierard-Franchimont C. Surfactant-induced dermatitis: comparison of corneosurfametry with predictive testing on human and reconstructed skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33(3):462–469. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(95)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messaraa C, Drevet J, Jameson D, Zuanazzi G, De Ponti I. CanPerformance and GentlenessBeReconciled? A Skin Care Approach for Sensitive Skin. Cosmetics-Basel. 2022;9(2):214.
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet SJ, Dykes P, Snatchfold J. Single application of lamellar moisturizers provides significantly increased hydration of the stratum corneum for up to 24 hours in a randomized trial. J Cosmet Dermatol-Us. 2020;19(11):3091–3095. doi:10.1111/jocd.13361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nojiri H, Ishida K, Yao X, Liu W, Imokawa G. Amelioration of lactic acid sensations in sensitive skin by stimulating the barrier function and improving the ceramide profile. Arch Dermatol Res. 2018;310(6):495–504. doi:10.1007/s00403-018-1833-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan YM, Wang XM, Yuan C, et al. Skin sensitivity and intolerance in Shanghai: cumulative influence of different meteorological parameters. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2015;34(2):132–138. doi:10.3109/15569527.2014.914036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueniche A, Philippe D, Bastien P, et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 on skin reactivity. Benef Microbes. 2014;5(2):137–145. doi:10.3920/BM2013.0001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neukam K, De Spirt S, Stahl W, et al. Supplementation of flaxseed oil diminishes skin sensitivity and improves skin barrier function and condition. Skin Pharmacol Phys. 2011;24(2):67–74. doi:10.1159/000321442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trojahn C, Dobos G, Blume-Peytavi U, Kottner J. The skin barrier function: differences between intrinsic and extrinsic aging. Giorn Ital Dermat V. 2015;150(6):687–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farage MA. Vulvar susceptibility to contact irritants and allergens: a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2005;272(2):167–172. doi:10.1007/s00404-005-0732-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandby-Moller J, Poulsen T, Wulf HC. Epidermal thickness at different body sites: relationship to age, gender, pigmentation, blood content, skin type and smoking habits. Acta Derm-Venereol. 2003;83(6):410–413. doi:10.1080/00015550310015419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jourdain R, Maibach HI, Bastien P, De Lacharrière O, Breton L. Ethnic variations in facial skin neurosensitivity assessed by capsaicin detection thresholds. Contact Dermatitis. 2009;61(6):325–331. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01641.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Papoiu AD, Coghill RC, Patel T, Wang N, Yosipovitch G. Ethnic differences in pain, itch and thermal detection in response to topical capsaicin: African Americans display a notably limited hyperalgesia and neurogenic inflammation. Brit J Dermatol. 2010;162(5):1023–1029. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09628.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aramaki J, Kawana S, Effendy I, Happle R, Loffler H. Differences of skin irritation between Japanese and European women. Brit J Dermatol. 2002;146(6):1052–1056. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04509.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson MK. Population differences in acute skin irritation responses. Race, sex, age, sensitive skin and repeat subject comparisons. Contact Dermatitis. 2002;46(2):86–93. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.460205.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar