Management of pemphigus vulgaris: challenges and solutions

References

• IoannidesDLazaridouERigopoulosDPemphigusJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol2008221478149618637862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AmagaiMKlaus-KovtunVStanleyJRAutoantibodies against a novel epithelial cadherin in pemphigus vulgaris, a disease of cell adhesionCell1991678698771720352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HertlMJedlickovaHKarpatiSPemphigus. S2 guideline for diagnosis and treatment – guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV)J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol20152940541425338479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BystrynJCSteinmanNMThe adjuvant therapy of pemphigus. An updateArch Dermatol19961322032128629830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MartinLKWerthVPVillaneuvaEVMurrellDFA systematic review of randomized controlled trials for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceusJ Am Acad Dermatol20116490390821353333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MurrellDFDickSAhmedARConsensus statement on definitions of disease end points and therapeutic response for pemphigusJ Am Acad Dermatol2008581043104618339444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PfűtzeMNiedermeierAHertlMEmingRIntroducing a novel autoimmune bullous skin disorder intensity score (ABSIS) in pemphigusEur J Dermatol20071741117324820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenbachMMurrellDFBystrynJCReliability and convergent validity of two outcome instruments for pemphigusJ Invest Dermatol20091292404241019357707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RahbarZDaneshpazhoohMMirshams-ShahshahaniMPemphigus disease activity measurments pemphigus disease area index, autoimmune bullous skin disorder intensity score, and pemphigus vulgaris activity scoreJ Am Acad Dermatol20141503266272
   Google Scholar
• AlmugairenNHospitalVBedaneCAssessment of the rate of long-term complete remission off therapy in patients with pemphigus treated with different regimens including medium- and high-dose corticosteroidsJ Am Acad Dermatol201369458358810.1016/j.jaad.2013.05.01623850258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RatnamKVPhayKLTanCKPemphigus therapy with oral prednisolone regimens: a 5-year studyInt J Dermatol1990293633672361795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarmanKEAlbertSBlackMMBritish Association of DermatologistsGuidelines for the management of pemphigus vulgarisBr J Dermatol200314992693714632796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OlszewskaMKolacinska-StraszZSulejJEfficacy and safety of cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and cyclosporine (ciclosporin) as adjuvant drugs in pemphigus vulgarisAm J Clin Dermatol200782859217428113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chams-DavatchiCEsmailiNDaneshpazhoohMRandomized controlled open-label trial of four treatment regimens for pemphigus vulgarisJ Am Acad Dermatol200757462262817583373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AtzmonyLHodakELeshemYAThe role of adjuvant therapy in pemphigus: a systematic review and meta-analysisJ Am Acad Dermatol201573226427126088689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FemianoFGombosFScullyCPemphigus vulgaris with oral involvement: evaluation of two different systemic corticosteroid therapeutic protocolsJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol20021635335612224691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FernandesNCMenezesMPulse therapy in pemphigus: report of 11 casesAn Bras Dermatol201388467267524068153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MentinkLFMackenzieMWTothGGRandomized controlled trial of adjuvant oral dexamethasone pulse therapy in pemphigus vulgaris: PEMPULS trialArch Dermatol200614257057616702494
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SchiavoALPucaRVRuoccoVAdjuvant drugs in autoimmune bullous diseases, efficacy versus safety: facts and controversiesClin Dermatol20102833734320541689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AnsteyAVWakelinSReynoldsNJBritish Association of Dermatologists Therapy, Guidelines and Audit Subcommittee. Guidelines for prescribing azathioprine in dermatologyBr J Dermatol20041511123113215606506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BadalamentiSAKerdelFAAzathioprineWolvertonSEComprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy2nd edLondonElsevier2007183195
   Google Scholar
• MeggittSJAnsteyAVMohd MustapaMFReynoldsNJWakelinSBritish Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines for the safe and effective prescribing of azathioprine 2011Br J Dermatol201116571173421950502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chams-DavatchiCMortazavizadehADaneshpazhoohMRandomized double blind trial of prednisolone and azathioprine, vs Prednisolone and placebo, in the treatment of pemphigus vulgarisJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol201327101285129223062214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chams-DavatchiCEsmailiNDaneshpazhoohMRandomized controlled open-label trial of four treatment regimens for pemphigus vulgarisArch Dermatol200757622628
   Google Scholar
• ChaidemenosGApallaZKoussidouTHigh dose oral prednisone vs prednisone plus azathioprine for the treatment of oral pemphigus: a retrospective, bi-centre, comparative studyJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol20112520621020569289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MimouniDAnhaltGJCumminsDLTreatment of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus with mycophenolate mofetilArch Dermatol200313973974212810504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeissertSMimouniDKanwarAJTreating pemphigus vulgaris with prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trialJ Invest Dermatol20101302041204820410913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IoannidesDApallaZLazaridouERigopoulosDEvaluation of mycophenolate mofetil as a steroid-sparing agent in pemphigus: a randomized, prospective studyJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol20122685586021752101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EnkAHKnopJMycophenolate is effective in the treatment of pemphigus vulgarisArch Dermatol199913554569923781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PowellAMAlbertSAl FaresSAn evaluation of the usefulness of mycophenolate mofetil in pemphigusBr J Dermatol200314913814512890207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChrysomallisFIoannidesDTeknetzisATreatment of oral pemphigus vulgarisInt J Dermatol1994338038077822089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CumminsDLMimouniDAnhaltGJOral cyclophosphamide for treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceusJ Am Acad Dermatol20034927628012894077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WerthVPFivensonDPandyaAGMulticenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of dapsone as a glucocorticoid-sparing agent in maintenance-phase pemphigus vulgarisArch Dermatol2008144253218209165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BaumSGreenbergerSSamuelovLMethotrexate is an effective and safe adjuvant therapy for pemphigus vulgarisEur J Dermatol201222838722266247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchmidtEGoebelerMZillikensDRituximab in severe pemphigusAnn N Y Acad Sci2009117368369119758216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZambrunoGBorradoriLRituximab immunotherapy in pemphigus: therapeutic effects beyond B-cell depletionJ Invest Dermatol20081282745274718997839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EmingRNagelAWolff-FrankeSRituximab exerts a dual effect in pemphigus vulgarisJ Invest Dermatol20081282850285818563178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KasperkiewiczMShimanovichIMeierMTreatment of severe pemphigus with a combination of immunoadsorption, rituximab, pulsed dexamethasone and azathioprine/mycophenolate mofetil: a pilot study of 23 patientsBr J Dermatol201216615416021910700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HertlMZillikensDBorradoriLRecommendations for the use of rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) in the treatment of autoimmune bullous skin diseasesJ Dtsch Dermatol Ges2008636637318201220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KanwarAJVinayKSawatkarGUClinical and immunological outcomes of high and low dose rituximab treatments in pemphigus patients: a randomized comparative observer blinded studyBr J Dermatol201417061341134924640990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AmberKHertlMAn assessment of treatment history and its association with clinical outcomes and relapse in 155 pemphigus patients with response to a single cycle of rituximabJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol201529477778225185723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GregoriouSGiatrakouSTheodoropoulosKPilot study of 19 patients with severe pemphigus: prophylactic treatment with rituximab does not appear to be beneficialDermatology201422815816524557145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LupiFMasiniCCoronaRPudduPDe PitàOTherapy with rituximab for autoimmune pemphigus: results from a single-center observational study on 42 cases with long-term follow-upJ Am Acad Dermatol201267461762222243765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AhmedARSpigelmanZCavaciniLATreatment of pemphigus vulgaris with rituximab and intravenous immune globulinN Engl J Med20063551772177917065638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZakkaLRShettySSAhmedARRituximab in the treatment of pemphigus vulgarisDermatol Ther (Heidelb)201221723205339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AmagaiMIkedaSShimizuHPemphigus Study GroupA randomized double-blind trial of intravenous immunoglobulin for pemphigusJ Am Acad Dermatol20096059560319293008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArnoldDFBurtonJShineBAn “n-of-1” placebo-controlled crossover trial of intravenous immunoglobulin as adjuvant therapy in refractory pemphigus vulgarisBr J Dermatol20091601098110219222460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarboneJAdverse reactions and pathogen safety of intravenous immunoglobulinCurr Drug Saf2007291818690945
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• López-RoblesEAvalos-DíazEVega-MemijeETNFalpha and IL-6 are mediators in the blistering process of pemphigusInt J Dermatol20014018518811422521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JacobiAShulerGHertlMRapid control of therapy-refractory pemphigus vulgaris by treatment with the tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor infliximabBr J Dermatol200515344844916086769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PardoJMercaderPMahiquesLSanchez-CarazoJLOliverVForteaJMInfliximab in the management of severe pemphigus vulgarisBr J Dermatol200515322222316029365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-RabascoAAlsina-GibertMPau-CharlesIIranzoPInfliximab therapy failure in two patients with pemphigus vulgarisJ Am Acad Dermatol2012675e196e19723062908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HallRP3rdFairleyJWoodleyDA multicentre randomized trial of the treatment of patients with pemphigus vulgaris with infliximab and prednisone compared with prednisone aloneBr J Dermatol201517276076825123295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoussemartLJacobelliSBatteuxFAutoimmune bullous skin diseases occurring under anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: two case reportsDermatology2010221320120520720390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZillikensDDerflerKEmingRRecommendations for the use of immunoapheresis in the treatment of autoimmune bullous diseasesJ Dtsch Dermatol Ges2007588188717910670
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BehzadMM€obsCKneiselACombined treatment with immunoadsorption and rituximab leads to fast and prolonged clinical remission in difficult-to-treat pemphigus vulgarisBr J Dermatol201216684485222092243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan-LimRBystrynJCEffect of plasmapheresis therapy on circulating levels of pemphigus antibodiesJ Am Acad Dermatol19902235402298963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KasuyaAMorikiMTatsunoKHirakawaSTokuraYClearance efficacy of autoantibodies in double filtration plasmapheresis for pemphigus foliaceusActa Derm Venereol201393218118222948906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RanughaPSKumariRKarthaLBParameswaranSThappaDMTherapeutic plasma exchange as a crisis option in severe pemphigus vulgarisIndian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol20127850851022772632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YehSWSamiNAhmedRATreatment of pemphigus vulgaris: current and emerging optionsAm J Clin Dermatol2005632734216252932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PerottiCTorrettaLViarengoGFeasibility and safety of a new technique of extracorporeal photochemotherapy: experience of 240 proceduresHaematologica19998423724110189389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WollinaULangeDLooksAShort-time extracorporeal 36. photochemotherapy in the treatment of drug-resistant autoimmune bullous diseasesDermatology199919814014410325460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GollnickHPOwsianowskiMTaubeKMUnresponsive severe generalized pemphigus vulgaris successfully controlled by extracorporeal photopheresisJ Am Acad Dermatol1993281221248425956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrajapatiVMydlarskiPRAdvances in pemphigus therapySkin Therapy Lett2008134718506357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar