Colistimethate sodium for the treatment of chronic pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis: an evidence-based review of its place in therapy

References

• Emerson J, Rosenfeld M, McNamara S, Ramsey B, Gibson RL. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other predictors of mortality and morbidity in young children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002;34(2):91–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Patient Registry: Annual Data Report 2012. Bethesda, MD: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation; 2013. Available from: http://www.cysticfibrosisdata.org/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=149756. Accessed May 9, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Proesmans M, Vermeulen F, Boulanger L, Verhaegen J, De Boeck K. Comparison of two treatment regimens for eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in children with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2013;12(1):29–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taccetti G, Bianchini E, Cariani L, et al; Italian Group for P aeruginosa Eradication in Cystic Fibrosis. Early antibiotic treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa eradication in patients with cystic fibrosis: a randomised multicentre study comparing two different protocols. Thorax. 2012;67(10):853–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillquist YP, Cho E, Davidson AG. Economic effects of an eradication protocol for first appearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients: 1995 vs 2009. J Cyst Fibros. 2011;10(3):175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langton Hewer SC, Smyth AR. Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;7(4):CD004197.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen CR, Pressler T, Høiby N. Early aggressive eradication therapy for intermittent Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway colonization in cystic fibrosis patients: 15 years experience. J Cyst Fibros. 2008;7(6):523–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brochet MS, McDuff AC, Bussières JF, et al. Comparative efficacy of two doses of nebulized colistimethate in the eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children with cystic fibrosis. Can Respir J. 2007;14(8):473–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlewood JM, Koch C, Lambert PA, et al. A ten year review of colomycin. Respir Med. 2000;94(7):632–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey BW, Dorkin HL, Eisenberg JD, et al. Efficacy of aerosolized tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(24):1740–1746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey BW, Pepe MS, Quan JM, et al. Intermittent administration of inhaled tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Inhaled Tobramycin Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(1):23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesemann HG, Steinkamp G, Ratjen F, et al. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study of aerosolized tobramycin for early treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998;25(2):88–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinkamp G, Tümmler B, Malottke R, von der Hardt H. Treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64:1022–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy KS, Quittner AL, Oermann CM, Gibson RL, Retsch-Bogart GZ, Montgomery AB. Inhaled aztreonam lysine for chronic airway Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(9):921–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retsch-Bogart GZ, Quittner AL, Gibson RL, et al. Efficacy and safety of inhaled aztreonam lysine for airway Pseudomonas in cystic fibrosis. Chest. 2009;135(5):1223–1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oermann CM, Retsch-Bogart GZ, Quittner AL, et al. An 18-Month study of the safety and efficacy of repeated courses of inhaled aztreonam lysine in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45(11):1121–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman LR, Ramsey BW. Cystic fibrosis therapeutics. The road ahead. Chest. 2013;143(1):207–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickie KJ, De Groot WJ. Ventilatory effects of aerosolized kanamycin and polymyxin. Chest. 1973;63(5):694–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans ME, Feola DJ, Rapp RP. Polymyxin B sulfate and colistin: old antibiotics for emerging multiresistant gram-negative bacteria. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33(9):960–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers MJ, Cohen J. Comparison of the binding of gram-negative bacterial endotoxin by polymyxin B sulphate, colistin sulphate and colistin sulphomethate sodium. Infection. 1986;14(2):79–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozkurt-Güzel C, Gerçeker AA. Post-antibiotic effect of colistin, alone and in combination with amikacin, on Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2012; 65(2):83–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaibani P, Lombardo D, Lewis RE, et al. In vitro activity and post-antibiotic effects of colistin in combination with other antimicrobials against colistin-resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. Epub March 19, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Biswas S, Brunel JM, Dubus JC, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Rolain JM. Colistin: an update on the antibiotic of the 21st century. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012;10(8):917–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK. Toxicity of polymyxins: a systematic review of the evidence from old and recent studies. Critical Care. 2006; 10(1):R27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumbarello M, De Pascale G, Trecarichi EM, et al. Effect of aerosolized colistin as adjunctive treatment on the outcomes of microbiologically documented ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by colistin-only susceptible gram-negative bacteria. Chest. 2013;144(6):1768–1775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Ioannidou E, et al. Colistin therapy for microbiologically documented multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections: a retrospective cohort study of 258 patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35(2):194–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalopoulos A, Fotakis D, Virtzili S, et al. Aerosolized colistin as adjunctive treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: a prospective study. Respir Med. 2008;102(3):407–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen T, Pedersen SS, Garne S, Heilmann C, Høiby N, Koch C. Colistin inhalation therapy in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1987;19(6):831–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway SP, Pond MN, Watson A, Etherington C, Robey HL, Goldman MH. Intravenous colistin sulphomethate in acute respiratory exacerbations in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax. 1997;52(11):987–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay S, Singh M, Cater JI, Ogston S, Franklin M, Olver RE. Nebulised antipseudomonal antibiotic therapy in cystic fibrosis: a meta-analysis of benefits and risks. Thorax. 1996;51(4):364–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touw DJ, Brimcombe RW, Hodson ME, Heijerman HG, Bakker W. Inhalation of antibiotics in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 1995;8(9):1594–1604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway SP. Nebulized antibiotic therapy: the evidence. Chron Respir Dis. 2005;9(1):35–41.
   Google Scholar
• Heijerman H, Westerman E, Conway S, Touw D, Döring G; Consensus Working Group. Inhaled medication and inhalation devices for lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis: A European consensus. J Cyst Fibros. 2009;8(5):295–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flume PA, O’Sullivan BP, Robinson KA, et al; Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Pulmonary Therapies Committee. Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: chronic medications for maintenance of lung health. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(10):957–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Döring G, Flume P, Heijerman H, Elborn JS; Consensus Study Group. Treatment of lung infection in patients with cystic fibrosis: current and future strategies. J Cyst Fibros. 2012;11(6):461–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlewood JM, Miller MG, Ghoneim AT, Ramsden CH. Nebulised colomycin for early Pseudomonas colonization in cystic fibrosis. Lancet. 1985;1(8433):865–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederiksen B, Koch C, Høiby N. Antibiotic treatment of initial colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa postpones chronic infection and prevents deterioration of pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1997;23(5):330–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss RB. Administration of aerosolized antibiotics in cystic fibrosis patients. Chest. 2001;120(Suppl 3):S107–S113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss RB. Long-term benefits of inhaled tobramycin in adolescent patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest. 2002;121(1):55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenoir G, Antypkin YG, Miano A, et al. Efficacy, safety, and local pharmacokinetics of highly concentrated nebulized tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pediatr Drugs. 2007;9 Suppl 1:S11–S20.
   Google Scholar
• Chuchalin A, Csiszér E, Gyurkovics K, et al. A formulation of aerosolized tobramycin (Bramitob) in the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Paediatr Drugs. 2007; 9 Suppl 1:S21–S31.
   Google Scholar
• Hodson ME, Gallagher CG, Govan JR. A randomised clinical trial of nebulised tobramycin or colistin in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(3):658–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cystic Fibrosis Trust. Antibiotic Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis: Report of the UK Cystic Fibrosis Trust Antibiotic Working Group. 3rd ed. Bromley: Cystic Fibrosis Trust; 2009. Available from: http://www.cysticfibrosis.org.uk/media/82010/CD_Antibiotic_treatment_for_CF_May_09.pdf. Accessed May 9, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Adeboyeku D, Scott S, Hodson ME. Open follow-up study of tobramycin nebuliser solution and colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2006;5(4):261–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster A, Haliburn C, Döring G, Goldman MH; Freedom Study Group. Safety, efficacy and convenience of colistimethate sodium dry powder for inhalation (Colobreathe DPI) in patients with cystic fibrosis: a randomised study. Thorax. 2013;68(4):344–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstan MW, Flume PA, Kappler M, et al. Safety, efficacy and convenience of tobramycin inhalation powder in cystic fibrosis patients: The EAGER trial. J Cyst Fibros. 2011;10(1):54–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstan MW, Geller DE, Minić P, Brockhaus F, Zhang J, Angyalosi G. Tobramycin inhalation powder for P. aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis: The EVOLVE trial. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011;46(3):230–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assael BM, Pressler T, Bilton D, et al; AZLI Active Comparator Study Group. Inhaled aztreonam lysine vs. inhaled tobramycin in cystic fibrosis: A comparative efficacy trial. J Cyst Fibros. 2013;12(2):130–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Máiz L, Girón RM, Olveira C, et al. Inhaled antibiotics for the treatment of chronic bronchopulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013;14(9):1135–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan G, Singh M, Dwan K. Inhaled antibiotics for long-term therapy in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(3):CD001021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlewood KJ, Higashi K, Jansen JP, et al. A network meta-analysis of the efficacy of inhaled antibiotics for chronic Pseudomonas infections in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2012;11(5):419–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasr SZ, Sakmar E, Christodoulou E, Eckhardt BP, Streetman DS, Strouse PJ. The use of high resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) of the chest in evaluating the effect of tobramycin solution for inhalation in cystic fibrosis lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45(5):440–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballmann M, Smyth A, Geller DE. Therapeutic approaches to chronic cystic fibrosis respiratory infections with available, emerging aerosolized antibiotics. Respir Med. 2011;105 Suppl 9:S2–S8.
   Google Scholar
• Pamp SJ, Gjermansen M, Johansen HK, Tolker-Nielsen T. Tolerance to the antimicrobial peptide colistin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms is linked to metabolically active cells, and depends on the pmr and mexAB-oprM genes. Mol Microbiol. 2008;68(1):223–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann G, Yang L, Wu H, et al. Colistin-tobramycin combinations are superior to monotherapy concerning the killing of biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(10):1585–1592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanDevanter DR, Ballmann M, Flume PA. Applying clinical outcome variables to appropriate aerosolized antibiotics for the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis. Respir Med. 2011;105 Suppl 9:S18–S23.
   Google Scholar
• Henwood CJ, Livermore DM, James D, Warner M; Pseudomonas Study Group. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: results of a UK survey and evaluation of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy disc susceptibility test. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;47(6):789–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalopoulos AS, Karatza DC. Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections: the use of colistin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010;8(9):1009–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, et al. Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(9):589–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson J, McNamara S, Buccat AM, Worrell K, Burns JL. Changes in cystic fibrosis sputum microbiology in the United States between 1995 and 2008. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45(4):363–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taccetti G, Campana S, Marianelli L. Multiresistant non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria in cystic fibrosis patients: the results of an Italian multicenter study. Italian Group for Cystic Fibrosis microbiology. Eur J Epidemiol. 1999;15(1):85–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciofu O, Giwercman B, Pedersen SS, Høiby N. Development of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during two decades of antipseudomonal treatment at the Danish CF Center. APMIS. 1994;102(9):674–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt TL, Sparrow M, Warner M, Stefanidou M. Survey of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from UK patients with cystic fibrosis to six commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents. Thorax. 2003;58(9):794–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schülin T. In vitro activity of the aerosolized agents colistin and tobramycin and five intravenous agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients in southwestern Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49(2):403–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livermore DM. Multiple mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: our worst nightmare? Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(5):634–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenza G, Radike K, Schoen C, et al. Resistance to tobramycin and colistin in isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from chronically colonized patients with cystic fibrosis under antimicrobial treatment. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010;42(11–12):885–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiPuma JJ. Microbiological and immunologic considerations with aerosolized drug delivery. Chest. 2001;120(Suppl 3):S118–S123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurley MN, Ariff AH, Bertenshaw C, Bhatt J, Smyth AR. Results of antibiotic susceptibility testing do not influence clinical outcome in children with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2012;11(4):288–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Ferris W, et al. Combination antibiotic susceptibility testing to treat exacerbations of cystic fibrosis associated with multiresistant bacteria: a randomised, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9484):463–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters V, Ratjen F. Combination antimicrobial susceptibility testing for acute exacerbations in chronic infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD006961.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders DB, Bittner RC, Rosenfeld M, Redding GJ, Goss CH. Pulmonary exacerbations are associated with subsequent FEV1 decline in both adults and children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011;46(4):393–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders DB, Bittner RC, Rosenfeld M, Hoffman LR, Redding GJ, Goss CH. Failure to recover to baseline pulmonary function after cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(5):627–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkins MD, Rendall JC, Elborn JS. Incidence and risk factors for pulmonary exacerbation treatment failures in patients with cystic fibrosis chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chest. 2012;141(2):485–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan G, Jahnke N, Remmington T. Inhaled antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:CD008319.
   Google Scholar
• Flume PA, Mogayzel PJ Jr, Robinson KA, et al; Clinical Practice Guidelines for Pulmonary Therapies Committee. Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: treatment of pulmonary exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(9):802–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson RL, Burns JL, Ramsey BW. Pathophysiology and management of pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(8):918–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Döring G, Conway SP, Heijerman HG, et al. Antibiotic therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis: a European consensus. Eur Respir J. 2000;16(4):749–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zobell JT, Young DC, Waters CD, et al. Optimization of anti-pseudomonal antibiotics for cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: VI. Executive summary. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013;48(6):525–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledson MJ, Gallagher MJ, Cowperthwaite C, Convery RP, Walshaw MJ. Four years’ experience of intravenous colomycin in an adult cystic fibrosis unit. Eur Respir J. 1998;12(3):592–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway SP, Etherington C, Munday J, Goldman MH, Strong JJ, Wootton M. Safety and tolerability of bolus intravenous colistin in acute respiratory exacerbations in adults with cystic fibrosis. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34(11):1238–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young DC, Zobell JT, Waters CD, et al. Optimization of anti-Pseudomonal antibiotics for cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: IV. Colistimethate sodium. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013;48:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gounden R, Bamford C, van Zyl-Smit R, Cohen K, Maartens G. Safety and effectiveness of colistin compared with tobramycin for multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallel H, Hergafi L, Bahloul M, et al. Safety and efficacy of colistin compared with imipenem in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a matched case-control study. Intensive Care Med. 2007; 33(7):1162–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koomanachai P, Tiengrim S, Kiratisin P, Thamlikitkul V. Efficacy and safety of colistin (colistimethate sodium) for therapy of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Int J Infect Dis. 2007;11(5):402–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartzell JD, Neff R, Ake J, et al. Nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistin (colistimethate sodium) treatment at a tertiary care medical center. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(12):1724–1728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florescu MC, Lyden E, Murphy PJ, Florescu DF, Fillaus J. Long-term effect of chronic intravenous and inhaled nephrotoxic antibiotic treatment on the renal function of patients with cystic fibrosis. Hemodial Int. 2012;16(3):414–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Aloul M, Miller H, Alapati S, Stockton PA, Ledson MJ, Walshaw MJ. Renal impairment in cystic fibrosis patients due to repeated intravenous aminoglycoside use. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;39(1):15–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etherington C, Bosomworth M, Clifton I, Peckham DG, Conway SP. Measurement of urinary N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase in adult patients with cystic fibrosis: before, during and after treatment with intravenous antibiotics. J Cyst Fibros. 2007;6(1):67–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch-Weser J, Sidel VW, Federman EB, Kanarek P, Finer DC, Eaton AE. Adverse effects of sodium colistimethate. Manifestations and specific reaction rates during 317 courses of therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1970;72(6):857–868.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fekety FR Jr, Norman PS, Cluff LE. The treatment of gram-negative bacillary infections with colistin. The toxicity and efficacy of large doses in forty-eight patients. Ann Intern Med. 1962;57:214–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosso JA, Liptak CA, Seilheimer DK, Harrison GM. Toxicity of colistin in cystic fibrosis patients. DICP. 1991;25(11):1168–1170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhariwal AK, Tullu MS. Colistin: re-emergence of the ‘forgotten’ antimicrobial agent. J Postgrad Med. 2013;59(3):208–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddison J, Dodd M, Webb AK. Nebulized colistin causes chest tightness in adults with cystic fibrosis. Respir Med. 1994;88(2):145–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd ME, Abbott J, Maddison J, Moorcroft AJ, Webb AK. Effect of tonicity of nebulised colistin on chest tightness and pulmonary function in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax. 1997;52(7):656–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham S, Prasad A, Collyer L, Carr S, Lynn IB, Wallis C. Bronchoconstriction following nebulised colistin in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 2001;84(5):432–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alothman GA, Alsaadi MM, Ho BL, et al. Evaluation of bronchial constriction in children with cystic fibrosis after inhaling two different preparations of tobramycin. Chest. 2002;122(3):930–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaizik WH, Trociewicz K, Ratjen F. Bronchial reactions to the inhalation of high-dose tobramycin in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(1):122–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy KS. Compounded colistimethate as possible cause of fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(22):2310–2311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govan JR, Glass S. The microbiology and therapy of cystic fibrosis lung infection. Rev Med Microbiol. 1990;1:19–28.
   Google Scholar
• Steinkamp G, Wiedemann B, Rietschel E, et al; Emerging Bacteria Study Group. Prospective evaluation of emerging bacteria in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2005;4(1):41–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liou TG, Adler FR, FitzSimmons SC, Cahill BC, Hibbs JR, Marshall BC. Predictive 5-year survivorship model of cystic fibrosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(4):345–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toleman MA, Bennett PM, Bennett DM, Jones RN, Walsh TR. Global emergence of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia mediated by acquisition of sul genes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(4):559–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu K, Yau YC, Matukas L, Waters V. Biofilm compared to conventional antimicrobial susceptibility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(3):1546–1548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne KE, Gould IM. Combination antimicrobial susceptibility testing of multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from cystic fibrosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(8):4071–4077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San Gabriel P, Zhou J, Tabibi S, Chen Y, Trauzzi M, Saiman L. Antimicrobial susceptibility and synergy studies of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(1):168–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Ridderberg W, Hansen CR, et al. Early treatment with inhaled antibiotics postpones next occurrence of Achromobacter in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2013;12(6):638–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tullis DE, Burns JL, Retsch-Bogart GZ, et al. Inhaled aztreonam for chronic Burkholderia infection in cystic fibrosis: a placebo-controlled trial. J Cyst Fibros. 2014;13(3):269–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nation RL, Li J. Colistin in the 21st Century. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009;22(6):535–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD. Defining the dosage units for Colistin Methanesulfonate: urgent need for international harmonization. Antimicrob Agents Therapy. 2006;50(12):4231–4232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Payne DJ1, Gwynn MN, Holmes DJ, Pompliano DL. Drugs for bad bugs: confronting the challenges of antibacterial discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6(1):29–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colomycin Injection [product information]. Forest Laboratories UK Ltd; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Colistimethate for Injection [product information]. X-Gen Pharmaceuticals; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Colo-Mycin® M Parenteral [product information]. Parkedale Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Reed MD, Stern RC, O’Riordan MA, Blumer JL. The pharmacokinetics of colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;41(6):645–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Coulthard K, Milne R, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous colistin methanesulphonate in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;52(6):987–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratjen F, Rietschel E, Kasel D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of inhaled colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57(2):306–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne NM, Keavey PM, Perry JD, Gould FK, Spencer DA. Comparison of lung deposition of colomycin using the HaloLite and the Pari LC Plus nebulisers in patients with cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88(8):715–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar