Clinical management of achalasia: current state of the art

References

• VaeziMFPandolfinoJEVelaMFACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of achalasiaAm J Gastroenterol2013108812381249 quiz 125023877351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClarkSBRiceTWTubbsRRRichterJEGoldblumJRThe nature of the myenteric infiltrate in achalasia: an immunohistochemical analysisAm J Surg Pathol20002481153115810935657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RichterJEThe diagnosis and misdiagnosis of achalasia: it does not have to be so difficultClin Gastroenterol Hepatol20119121010101121699819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KessingBFBredenoordAJSmoutAJErroneous diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease in achalasiaClin Gastroenterol Hepatol20119121020102421683804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VaeziMFRichterJEDiagnosis and management of achalasia. American College of Gastroenterology Practice Parameter CommitteeAm J Gastroenterol199994123406341210606295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrancisDLKatzkaDAAchalasia: update on the disease and its treatmentGastroenterology2010139236937420600038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PandolfinoJEGawronAJAchalasia: a systematic reviewJAMA2015313181841185225965233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BiegerDHopkinsDAViscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the medulla oblongata in the rat: the nucleus ambiguusJ Comp Neurol198726245465623667964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ToyamaTYokoyamaINishiKEffects of hexamethonium and other ganglionic blocking agents on electrical activity of the esophagus induced by vagal stimulation in the dogEur J Pharmacol19753116371236195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CollmanPITremblayLDiamantNEThe central vagal efferent supply to the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter of the catGastroenterology19931045143014388387041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoyalRKRattanSNature of the vagal inhibitory innervation to the lower esophageal sphincterJ Clin Invest197555511191126164484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoyalRKRattanSSaidSIVIP as a possible neurotransmitter of non-cholinergic non-adrenergic inhibitory neuronesNature198028857893783806107863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YamatoSSpechlerSJGoyalRKRole of nitric oxide in esophageal peristalsis in the opossumGastroenterology199210311972041612326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoldblumJRWhyteRIOrringerMBAppelmanHDAchalasia. A morphologic study of 42 resected specimensAm J Surg Pathol19941843273378141427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoeckxstaensGEAchalasia: virus-induced euthanasia of neurons?Am J Gastroenterol200810371610161218557706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RaymondLLachBShamjiFMInflammatory aetiology of primary oesophageal achalasia: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of Auerbach’s plexusHistopathology199935544545310583560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WongRKMaydonovitchCLMetzSJBakerJRJrSignificant DQw1 association in achalasiaDig Dis Sci19893433493522920639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VerneGNHahnABPineauBCHoffmanBJWojciechowskiBWWuWCAssociation of HLA-DR and -DQ alleles with idiopathic achalasiaGastroenterology19991171263110381906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-de-LeonAMendozaJSevilla-MantillaCMyenteric antiplexus antibodies and class II HLA in achalasiaDig Dis Sci2002471151911837716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AtesFVaeziMFThe pathogenesis and management of achalasia: current status and future directionsGut Liver20159444946326087861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GockelIBohlJREckardtVFJungingerTReduction of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) associated with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (n-NOS) in patients with achalasiaAm J Gastroenterol2008103485686418070236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GockelIBohlJRDoostkamSEckardtVFJungingerTSpectrum of histopathologic findings in patients with achalasia reflects different etiologiesJ Gastroenterol Hepatol200621472773316677160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PandolfinoJEKahrilasPJAmerican gastroenterologicalAAGA technical review on the clinical use of esophageal manometryGastroenterology2005128120922415633138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SpechlerSJCastellDOClassification of oesophageal motility abnormalitiesGut200149114515111413123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SalvadorRCostantiniMZaninottoGThe preoperative manometric pattern predicts the outcome of surgical treatment for esophageal achalasiaJ Gastrointest Surg201014111635164520830530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PratapNReddyDNCan achalasia subtyping by high-resolution manometry predict the therapeutic outcome of pneumatic balloon dilatation?: author’s replyJ Neurogastroenterol Motil201117220521603005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de OliveiraJMBirgissonSDoinoffCTimed barium swallow: a simple technique for evaluating esophageal emptying in patients with achalasiaAJR Am J Roentgenol199716924734799242756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VaeziMFBakerMERichterJEAssessment of esophageal emptying post-pneumatic dilation: use of the timed barium esophagramAm J Gastroenterol19999471802180710406238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AnderssonMLundellLKosticSEvaluation of the response to treatment in patients with idiopathic achalasia by the timed barium esophagogram: results from a randomized clinical trialDis Esophagus200922326427319431219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TuckerHJSnapeWJJrCohenSAchalasia secondary to carcinoma: manometric and clinical featuresAnn Intern Med1978893315318686541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DoddsWJStewartETKishkSMKahrilasPJHoganWJRadiologic amyl nitrite test for distinguishing pseudoachalasia from idiopathic achalasiaAJR Am J Roentgenol1986146121232866701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KahrilasPJKishkSMHelmJFDoddsWJHarigJMHoganWJComparison of pseudoachalasia and achalasiaAm J Med19878234394463548347
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SchererJRKwiatekMASoperNJPandolfinoJEKahrilasPJFunctional esophagogastric junction obstruction with intact peristalsis: a heterogeneous syndrome sometimes akin to achalasiaJ Gastrointest Surg200913122219222519672666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VelaMFManagement strategies for achalasiaNeurogastroenterol Motil20142691215122125167952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VaeziMFRichterJECurrent therapies for achalasia: comparison and efficacyJ Clin Gastroenterol199827121359706766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BortolottiMMariCLopilatoCPorrazzoGMiglioliMEffects of sildenafil on esophageal motility of patients with idiopathic achalasiaGastroenterology2000118225325710648452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoogerwerfWAPasrichaPJPharmacologic therapy in treating achalasiaGastrointest Endosc Clin N Am2001112311324vii11319064
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AnneseVBassottiGCocciaGA multicentre randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with oesophageal achalasia. GISMAD Achalasia Study GroupGut200046559760010764700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PattiMGFeoCVArceritoMEffects of previous treatment on results of laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasiaDig Dis Sci199944112270227610573373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HorganSHuddaKEubanksTMcAllisterJPellegriniCADoes botulinum toxin injection make esophagomyotomy a more difficult operation?Surg Endosc199913657657910347294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmithCDStivalAHowellDLSwaffordVEndoscopic therapy for achalasia before Heller myotomy results in worse outcomes than heller myotomy aloneAnn Surg20062435579584 discussion 584–58616632991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KumarARSchnoll-SussmanFHKatzPOBotulinum toxin and pneumatic dilation in the treatment of achalasiaTec Gastrointest Endosc20141611019
   Google Scholar
• VaeziMFRichterJEWilcoxCMBotulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trialGut19994422312399895383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PasrichaPJRaiRRavichWJHendrixTRKallooANBotulinum toxin for achalasia: long-term outcome and predictors of responseGastroenterology19961105141014158613045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LambrozaASchumanRWPneumatic dilation for achalasia without fluoroscopic guidance: safety and efficacyAm J Gastroenterol1995908122612297639219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThomasVHarishKSunilkumarKPneumatic dilation of achalasia cardia under direct endoscopy: the debate continuesGastrointest Endosc200663473416564896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VelaMFRichterJEKhandwalaFThe long-term efficacy of pneumatic dilatation and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasiaClin Gastroenterol Hepatol20064558058716630776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CamposGMVittinghoffERablCEndoscopic and surgical treatments for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysisAnn Surg20092491455719106675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TusetJALujanMHuguetJMCanellesPMedinaEEndoscopic pneumatic balloon dilation in primary achalasia: predictive factors, complications, and long-term follow-upDis Esophagus2009221747919021691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EckardtAJEckardtVFCurrent clinical approach to achalasiaWorld J Gastroenterol200915323969397519705490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GockelIJungingerTBernhardGEckardtVFHeller myotomy for failed pneumatic dilation in achalasia: how effective is it?Ann Surg2004239337137715075654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FarhoomandKConnorJTRichterJEAchkarEVaeziMFPredictors of outcome of pneumatic dilation in achalasiaClin Gastroenterol Hepatol20042538939415118976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EckardtVFAignherrCBernhardGPredictors of outcome in patients with achalasia treated by pneumatic dilationGastroenterology19921036173217381451966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EckardtVFGockelIBernhardGPneumatic dilation for achalasia: late results of a prospective follow up investigationGut200453562963315082578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DagliUKuranSSavasNFactors predicting outcome of balloon dilatation in achalasiaDig Dis Sci20095461237124218975085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EckardtVFKanzlerGWestermeierTComplications and their impact after pneumatic dilation for achalasia: prospective long-term follow-up studyGastrointest Endosc19974553493539165313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MetmanEHLagasseJPd’AlterocheLPiconLScottoBBarbieuxJPRisk factors for immediate complications after progressive pneumatic dilation for achalasiaAm J Gastroenterol19999451179118510235189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanuytselTLerutTCoosemansWConservative management of esophageal perforations during pneumatic dilation for idiopathic esophageal achalasiaClin Gastroenterol Hepatol201210214214922064041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RichterJEUpdate on the management of achalasia: balloons, surgery and drugsExpert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol20082343544519072391
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AliAPellegriniCALaparoscopic myotomy: technique and efficacy in treating achalasiaGastrointest Endosc Clin N Am2001112347358vii11319066
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RichardsWOTorquatiAHolzmanMDHeller myotomy versus Heller myotomy with Dor fundoplication for achalasia: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trialAnn Surg20042403405412 discussion 412–41515319712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StefanidisDRichardsonWFarrellTMSAGES guidelines for the surgical treatment of esophageal achalasiaSurg Endosc201226229631122044977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RawlingsASoperNJOelschlagerBLaparoscopic Dor versus Toupet fundoplication following Heller myotomy for achalasia: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized-controlled trialSurg Endosc2012261182621789646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MelvinWSNeedlemanBJKrauseKRWolfRKMichlerREEllisonECComputer-assisted robotic heller myotomy: initial case reportJ Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A200111425125311569517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SweetMPNipomnickIGasperWJThe outcome of laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia is not influenced by the degree of esophageal dilatationJ Gastrointest Surg200812115916517710504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MineoTCAmbrogiVLong-term results and quality of life after surgery for oesophageal achalasia: one surgeon’s experienceEur J Cardiothorac Surg20042561089109615145014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GlatzSMRichardsonJDEsophagectomy for end stage achalasiaJ Gastrointest Surg20071191134113717623258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KadakiaSCWongRKPneumatic balloon dilation for esophageal achalasiaGastrointest Endosc Clin N Am2001112325346vii11319065
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OrtegaJAMadureriVPerezLEndoscopic myotomy in the treatment of achalasiaGastrointest Endosc19802618107358270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PasrichaPJHawariRAhmedISubmucosal endoscopic esophageal myotomy: a novel experimental approach for the treatment of achalasiaEndoscopy200739976176417703382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• InoueHMinamiHKobayashiYPeroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for esophageal achalasiaEndoscopy201042426527120354937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lujan-SanchisMSuarez-CallolPMonzo-GallegoAManagement of primary achalasia: the role of endoscopyWorld J Gastrointest Endosc20157659360526078828
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von RentelnDInoueHMinamiHPeroral endoscopic myotomy for the treatment of achalasia: a prospective single center studyAm J Gastroenterol2012107341141722068665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BhayaniNHKurianAADunstCMSharataAMRiederESwanstromLLA comparative study on comprehensive, objective outcomes of laparoscopic Heller myotomy with per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for achalasiaAnn Surg201425961098110324169175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StavropoulosSNModayilRJFriedelDSavidesTThe International Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy Survey (IPOEMS): a snapshot of the global POEM experienceSurg Endosc20132793322333823549760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BecharaRIkedaHInoueHPeroral endoscopic myotomy: an evolving treatment for achalasiaNat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol201512741042626035678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StavropoulosSNDesiletsDJFuchsKHPeroral endoscopic myotomy white paper summarySurg Endosc20142872005201924935204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TalukdarRInoueHReddyDNEfficacy of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) in the treatment of achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysisSurg Endosc201529113030304625539695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChengYSMaFLiYDTemporary self-expanding metallic stents for achalasia: a prospective study with a long-term follow-upWorld J Gastroenterol201016405111511720976849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SharmaPKozarekRPractice Parameters Committee of American College of GRole of esophageal stents in benign and malignant diseasesAm J Gastroenterol20101052258273 quiz 27420029413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhaoJGLiYDChengYSLong-term safety and outcome of a temporary self-expanding metallic stent for achalasia: a prospective study with a 13-year single-center experienceEur Radiol20091981973198019296113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiYDChengYSLiMHChenNWChenWXZhaoJGTemporary self-expanding metallic stents and pneumatic dilation for the treatment of achalasia: a prospective study with a long-term follow-upDis Esophagus201023536136720353447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoretoMOjembarrenaEBarturenACasadoITreatment of achalasia by injection of sclerosant substances: a long-term reportDig Dis Sci201358378879623179151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NiknamRMikaeliJMehrabiNEthanolamine oleate in resistant idiopathic achalasia: a novel therapyEur J Gastroenterol Hepatol201123121111111521971376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RichterJEEsophageal motility disorder achalasiaCurr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg201321653554224136218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeydenJEMossACMacMathunaPEndoscopic pneumatic dilation versus botulinum toxin injection in the management of primary achalasiaCochrane Database Syst Rev20064CD00504617054234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WangLLiYMLiLMeta-analysis of randomized and controlled treatment trials for achalasiaDig Dis Sci200954112303231119107596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MikaeliJBishehsariFMontazeriGInjection of botulinum toxin before pneumatic dilatation in achalasia treatment: a randomized-controlled trialAliment Pharmacol Ther200624698398916948810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhuQLiuJYangCClinical study on combined therapy of botulinum toxin injection and small balloon dilation in patients with esophageal achalasiaDig Surg200926649349820090338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoeckxstaensGThe European experience of achalasia treatmentGastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)20117960961122299000
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WeberCEDavisCSKramerHJGibbsJTRoblesLFisichellaPMMedium and long-term outcomes after pneumatic dilation or laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia: a meta-analysisSurg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech201222428929622874676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PandolfinoJEKwiatekMANealisTBulsiewiczWPostJKahrilasPJAchalasia: a new clinically relevant classification by high-resolution manometryGastroenterology200813551526153318722376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RohofWOSalvadorRAnneseVOutcomes of treatment for achalasia depend on manometric subtypeGastroenterology20131444718725 quiz e713–e71423277105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GhoshalUCRanganMA review of factors predicting outcome of pneumatic dilation in patients with achalasia cardiaJ Neurogastroenterol Motil201117191321369487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoeckxstaensGEZaninottoGRichterJEAchalasiaLancet20143839911839323871090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PerssonJJohnssonEKosticSLundellLSmedhUTreatment of achalasia with laparoscopic myotomy or pneumatic dilatation: long-term results of a prospective, randomized studyWorld J Surg201539371372025409838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar