Prevalence and Patient Outcomes of Adult Primary Hypercholesterolemia and Dyslipidemia in the UK: Longitudinal Retrospective Study Using a Primary Care Dataset from 2009 to 2019

References

• British Heart Foundation. UK factsheet; 2021. Available from: www.bhf.org.uk/what-we-do/our-research/heart-statistics. Accessed May 3, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111–188. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Heart Network. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics: 2017 Edition. Brussels, Belgium: European Heart Network; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Rosei E, Salvetti M. Management of hypercholesterolemia, appropriateness of therapeutic approaches and new drugs in patients with high cardiovascular risk. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2016;23(3):217–230. doi:10.1007/s40292-016-0155-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(32):2459–2472. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borén J, Chapman MJ, Krauss RM, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(24):2313–2330. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ference BA, Graham I, Tokgozoglu L, Catapano AL. Impact of lipids on cardiovascular health. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:1141–1156. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376(9753):1670–1681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHS England. NHS long term plan; 2019. Available from: https://www.longtermplan.nhs.uk/online-version/chapter-3-further-progress-on-care-quality-and-outcomes/better-care-for-major-health-conditions/cardiovascular-disease/. Accessed March 18, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Assessment and Reduction, Including Lipid Modification. Clinical Guideline 181. London: NICE; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• NHS England, Accelerated Access Collaborative. Summary of national guidance for lipid management for primary and secondary prevention of CVD; 2020. Available from: www.england.nhs.uk/aac/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2020/04/lipid-management-pathway-guidance.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Morrell J, Wierzbicki T. 10 steps before you refer for: lipids. Br J Cardiol. 2009;16:242–245.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ezetimibe for Treating Primary Heterozygous-Familial and Non-Familial Hypercholesterolaemia. Technology Appraisal Guidance 385. London: NICE; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Alirocumab for Treating Primary Hypercholesterolaemia and Mixed Dyslipidaemia. Technology Appraisal Guidance 393. London: NICE; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evolocumab for Treating Primary Hypercholesterolaemia and Mixed Dyslipidaemia. Technology Appraisal Guidance 394. London: NICE; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Bempedoic Acid with Ezetimibe for Treating Primary Hypercholesterolaemia or Mixed Dyslipidaemia. Technology Appraisal 694. London: NICE; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Organon Pharma (UK) Limited. Zocor 10mg film-coated tablets—summary of product characteristics; 2021. Available from: www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1010. Accessed March 18, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• NICE. British National Formulary. Available from: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/. Accessed March 18, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Danese MD, Gleeson M, Kutikova L, et al. Management of lipid-lowering therapy in patients with cardiovascular events in the UK: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(5):e013851. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese MD, Sidelnikov E, Kutikova L. The prevalence, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and treatment of patients at very high risk of cardiovascular events in the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(8):1441–1447. doi:10.1080/03007995.2018.1463211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, et al. 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(39):2999–3058. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Board JB. Joint British Societies’ consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3). Heart. 2014;100(Suppl 2):ii1–ii67. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(25):2387–2397. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1410489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulcher J, O’Connell R. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2015;385(9976):1397–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Assessment and Reduction, Including Lipid Modification. Clinical Guideline 181. London: NICE; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Kotseva K, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, et al. Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(8):824–835. doi:10.1177/2047487318825350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray KK, Molemans B, Schoonen WM, et al. EU-wide cross-sectional observational study of lipid-modifying therapy use in secondary and primary care: the DA VINCI study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020;28:1279–1289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: a Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(24):e285–e350. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaini Y, Danese M, Sidelnikov E, et al. A longitudinal evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors, treatment patterns, and outcomes in patients with documented cardiovascular disease treated with lipid lowering therapy in the United Kingdom. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(Supplement_2). doi:10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3510
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds TM, Pottle A, Quoraishi SH. Current perspectives on the attainment of lipid modification goals relating to the use of statins and ezetimibe for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the United Kingdom. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2021;17:227–237. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S269879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averna M, Banach M, Bruckert E, et al. Practical guidance for combination lipid-modifying therapy in high- and very-high-risk patients: a statement from a European Atherosclerosis Society Task Force. Atherosclerosis. 2021;325:99–109. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allahyari A, Jernberg T, Hagstrom E, Leosdottir M, Lundman P, Ueda P. Application of the 2019 ESC/EAS dyslipidaemia guidelines to nationwide data of patients with a recent myocardial infarction: a simulation study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(40):3900–3909. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert J, Lindahl B, Melhus H, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and statin intensity in myocardial infarction patients and major adverse outcomes: a Swedish nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(3):243–252. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaum C, Brunner FJ, Gossling A, et al. Target populations and treatment cost for bempedoic acid and PCSK9 inhibitors: a simulation study in a contemporary CAD cohort. Clin Ther. 2021;43(9):1583–1600. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.07.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar